SEX AND

GENDER and
GROUP 3 SOCIAL
Cardenas, Laica Laleyn C.
Falamig, Frenchesca
Macasaet, Hannah Mae
CONSTRUCTION
Manguiat, Jose Andres Juri
Vivar, Princess Ashley Rose OF GENDER
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MERCEDES
Sex
Sex
● Refers to physical or physiological differences between
males and females including primary sex characteristics
and secondary characteristics.

● Individuals have it since the day they are born, there is no

variation from culture to culture or time to time and it is
impossible to change
Intersex
● An umbrella term that describes the differences in sex
characteristics that do not fit the typically binary idea of
male and female.

● It means a person’s sex development is different from

most other people.
Genitalia
● Refers to the male and female reproductive organs
Chromosomes
● A structure that holds your genes
● 46 total of chromosomes; 23 pairs
● The 23rd pair identifies as the sex chromosomes which
will determine if the human was born as male or female.
Hormones
● It affect people in different ways throughout their
lives because they are silent prime movers of
behavior and personality.
● Hormones also have a hand in behavioral activities
such as sleep, mood, movement, and sexual function
● Main function is to communicate between organs and
tissues throughout the body to regulate physiology
and behavior.
Types of Sex Characteristics:
● Primary Sex Characteristics
● Secondary Sex Characteristics
Primary Sex Characteristics
● These are present from birth because it is any of our
body parts directly concerned with reproduction.
● Estradiol- Plays a significant role in sexual arousal,
sperm production and erectile function.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
● It is easily identifiable such as vocal pitch, facial hair, and
breast development
● A physical feature that emerges during puberty
Gender
 GENDER
● Gender refers to the socially constructed
characteristics of women, men, girls, and boys.
These include roles, norms, and behaviors
associated with being a woman, man, girl, or boy,
as well as relationships with one another
DIMENSION OF GENDER

● A person's gender is the complex interrelationship

between three dimensions:body,identity and social
gender.
BODY
● We often assume that bodies have two forms of genitalia, which are
classified as female or male. However, there are intersex traits that
biological occurrence variations should be enough reason to stop the
simplistic notion that there are two body classification based on sex.
Masculinity and femininity are equated with specific physical
attributes exist, labeling us more or less a man/woman based on the
degree to which those attributes exist. This gendering of our bodies
affects how we feel about ourselves and how others perceive and
interact with us. It is the opposite of what we believe bodies can be.
IDENTITY
● Gender identity is a natural component of an individual's makeup that extends
beyond how we present ourselves to others. It is related to or opposite of the
sex assigned to them at birth. However, it is not limited to a binary
(girl/woman, boy/man) as it is a continuum that can change over time. There
is a great deal of variation in how people and groups experience, understand,
and express gender through the roles they play, the expectations placed on
them, their relationships with others, and the complex ways that gender is
institutionalized by society. Additionally, the words someone chooses to
express their gender identity may also change over time. As a result, naming
one's gender can be a complicated and evolving issue because there are few
words that accurately capture an individual's internal experience.
 SOCIAL GENDER
● Social gender is the third dimension that includes gender expression,the
way we communicate our gender to other through clothing, hairstylesand
mannerisms.Also, society uses those to reinforce conformity to current
gender norms.Practically, everything is assigned a gender such as
toys,colors,and clothes are some of the more visible examples.We begin
to teach children about gender from very early age.Given the prevalence
of the gender binary,children face lots a pressure to express their gender
within narrow,selective,outdated,and stereotypical definition of "boy" and
"girl". Expectations regarding gender are strictly to be communicated
through every aspect of our lives, including family,
community,culture,peers, school,media,and religion.Gender roles and
expectations are so entrenched in our culture that difficult to imagine
things any other ways
SEX AND GENDER ROLES
Cardenas, Laica Laleyn C.
Sex Role
● A function that a male or female assumes
because of the primary physiological or
anatomical differences between the sexes.
● A biologically determined role done by
only one of the sexes.
FEMALE MALE
Gestation Ovum
Fertilization
Child Bearing Sperm determine
sex of child
Lactation
Gender Role
● Roles assigned to men and women based on their
gender.
● Refers to activities considered appropriate and
acceptable for boys or girls, men or women.
● Part of gender norms
● Society’s evaluation of behavior as masculine or
feminine.
Gender-based behavior
● Socially constructed according to
what they believe to be
differences in male/female
behavior.
FEMALE GENDER MALE GENDER
ROLES ROLES
Femininity Masculinity
· Submissiveness · Dominance
· Modesty · Assertiveness
· Nurturance · Independence
 FEMININE MASCULINE
ROLE ROLE
· Cooking · Fishing
· Child Care · Hunting
· House Care · Repair Work
 GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR
FEMALE MALE
Reproductive Role Productive Role
Child bearing and child Provider, joint
rearing responsibility
Organizing households
Community Role Community Role
Community managing Community politics
An extension of reproductive
Organized at formal
role into community action
political level
Community politics
Ex. Traditional decision
Tend to be leaders by the virtue
of relationships with other men making structures
Rank and file (voluntary) Leaders often paid
Traditional gender roles divide women and
men from each other. It denies women
access to the public world of work,
achievement, power, and independence. It
denies men access to the nurturant and
other-oriented world of domestic life and
being emotive. However, the good news
is gender roles do change.
 Sex Role Gender Role
Same in all society, May differ from society to
Universal society
Never change in history Can change with history
Can be performed only one Can be performed with both
the sexes sexes
Biologically determined Socially, culturally
Three Aspects of Gender Roles
1. Position within the social structure. Hierarchy
indicating:
a. Where women and men belong
b. Are expected to belong
2. Behaviors prescribe for women and men
3. Proper relationship between roles
GENDER STEREOTYPE
● the tendency or attitude, to ascribe particular traits,
characteristics, and roles distinctly to men and traits,
characteristics, and roles distinctly to women.
"A gender stereotype is harmful when it limits
women's and men's capacity to develop their personal
abilities, pursue their professional careers and/or
make choices about their lives". (Gender Stereotyping,
n.d.)
 SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPE
According to the Pocket Oxford Dictionary, a
stereotype is a 'person or thing seeming to conform
to a heavily accepted type. Sex-role stereotypes are
defined as the rigidly held and oversimplified
beliefs that MALES & FEMALES possess distinct
(and similar) psychological traits and
characteristics.'
 Feminine Masculine
Females are thought to be Males are thought to be
Emotional Unemotional
Not aggressive Very aggressive
Not good in making decisions Very good in making decisions
Dependent Independent
Gentle Rough
Tactful Blunt
EFFECTS OF SEX ROLE STEREOTYPE
1. Impression Management
Person perception refers to the different mental processes we use to form
impressions of other people. It is not limited to how we create
impressions, but the different conclusions we make about others based
on our ideas (Cherry, 2020)
2. Self-fulfilling Prophecy
The effect of sex-role stereotypes through self-fulfilling prophecy is
more damaging because conformity is deeply rooted. People tend to
believe in the stereotype as the best way to behave as females or males.
Social Construction Of
Gender
Manguiat, Jose Andres Juri A.
Social Construction Of Gender
- The social construction of gender refers to the way
gender roles are learned through socialization and
interaction with others.
- Gender is a socially constructed concept. A social
construction is an idea that is created and accepted
by society.
How is gender
socially
constructed?
How is gender socially constructed?

Gender is thus “socially

constructed” in the sense that,
unlike biological sex, gender is a
product of society.
Gender is socially constructed through the
following ways:
1. Language- Speaking naturally about a topic, then we socially
construct it. This process is called linguistic determinism.
2. Media- Dominant discourses in media socially construct reality
as well.
3. Discourse- This is a term used to describe social narratives soon
as natural because it has been cyclical. Normative gendered
discourse is repeated over and over again everywhere we look.
Gender is socially constructed through the
following ways:
We can also see evidence of social construction by looking at how the topic
changes across social contexts, such as:
a. Time- Across generations, definitions of masculinity and femininity
change. The idea of the stay-at-home father would have been shameful and
ridiculous in the fifties, but today is increasingly common. Similarly, the
idea that a woman would lead a country and be a president was out of the
question before, but today it is a known reality.
b. Culture- Social constructs also change across cultures. But over the course
of history, societies across the globe started to bend towards a more
patriarchal structure.
Examples of Social Construction Of Gender (Drew, 2023)

1. Portrayal of Women and Men in Movies

Generally, women tend to portray damsels in distress in films. This
portrayal is always made worst by the misrepresentation that transpires
when depicted. This portrayal conveys messages that normalize and
idealize a construction of femininity.
2. Parental Discourse
Parents know from the start the language they use teaches their children
how they should behave. They usually are more lenient towards their
daughters by encouraging them to play with dolls and use feminized
language to describe them.
Examples of Social Construction Of Gender (Drew, 2023)

3. Gendered Workplaces
My mother told me that when she was young and in school, her only
dream was to be an engineer. There were only two options for women to
study during her time, teaching and nursing. This option limitation was
not challenged by women because of follow strict gendered job roles.
4. Patriarchal Social Construction
Today, our culture is still a patriarchal social hierarchy. It is still the
norm to have men as company heads or country leaders. Perhaps most
known of this was that 2023 is still a man's world.
Examples of Social Construction Of Gender (Drew, 2023)

5. Subtle Discrimination
It refers to biased acts that cannot objectively establish as discriminatory
because it often goes unnoticed. An example is when choosing female and
male equally qualified candidates, the human resource director subtly
discriminates by breaking ties in favor of male candidates.
6. Role Models
We always look up to someone we can emulate or admire because of
their good behavior and are efficient or skilled in their chosen field. These
people are our role models.
Examples of Social Construction Of Gender (Drew, 2023)

7. Disney Films

From Cinderella to Snow White, Disney became one of the most influential sellers of
the Damsel in Distress storyline. But its storylines were heavily gendered and strongly
criticized.

8. Two Spirit

"Two-Spirit" is a term used within some Indigenous communities, encompassing

cultural, spiritual, sexual and gender identity."(Two-Spirit, n.d.) There is a long history
of a two-spirit gender identity in some Native American cultures.

9. Children's Toys

Children's toys provide us with a notable understanding of how society constructs

gender.
SOCIALIZATION
Macasaet, Hannah Mae S.
SOCIALIZATION
- It is the process through which individuals become
members of the society.
- It includes the processes of acquiring knowledge,
skills, attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors.
- It begins at birth and continues throughout life.
Three Primary
Goals of
Socialization
1. Socialization teaches impulse control and helps
individuals develop a conscience.
2. Socialization teaches individuals how to prepare
for and perform certain social roles,
occupational roles, gender roles, and the roles
of institutions (e.g., marriage & parenthood).
3. Socialization cultivates shared sources of
meaning and value.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
● People, groups, and social institutions that affects
one’s self-concept, attitudes, and behaviors and
teach people what society expects of them.
● They tell them what is right & wrong.
● They give them the skills they need to function.
Five Agents of
SOCIALIZATIO
N
1. FAMILY
● Is the primary agent of socialization
because it is the child’s first and closest
social environment.
● The child gets into society by learning the
main aspects of the societal culture.
FOUR PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION
WITHIN THE FAMILY:
1. Manipulation
- molding, treating boys and girls differently from the
moment they were born.
1. Canalization
- directing children’s attention to gender-appropriate
objects.
SOCIALIZATION WITHIN THE
FAMILY:
3. Verbal Appellation
- telling children what they are and what is expected
of them.
4. Activity Exposure
- familiarizing children with gender-appropriate
tasks.
2. SCHOOL
● Is the social institution in which formal or
programmed learning occurs.
● Is an emotional neutral environment where
objective treatment is given to the child.
● Provides a societal norm that is generally
accepted by everyone.
3. PEERS
● Composed of people of the same age, similar social
statuses, and shared interests.
● Provide adolescents’ first socialization experience
outside the domain of their families.
● Essential source of emotional support and
companionship.
● Peer pressure- influence individuals to behave in
ways they might ordinarily regard as unacceptable.
4. MASS MEDIA
● Influences the individual’s personal and social
development to become a member of society.
● Brought diverts cultures and knowledge across
the world near an individual.
● They became an instrument of social power and
impacted us with their messages.
5. RELIGION
● Can be both formal and informal institutions.
● Is an important avenue of socialization for
many people.
● Synagogues, temples, churches, mosques, and
the likes— teach participants how to interact
with their religion’s material culture.
5. RELIGION
● Provide affirmations of values taught in families
and school.
● Also uphold gender norms.
● Promotes a shared set of socialized values
handed down from one generation to
generation.
GENDER DISCRIMINATION

GENDER BIAS
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