MARKING KEY

SECTION A: CENTRAL AFRICAN HISTORY

There are three (3) questions in this section. Answer all questions in this section.

QUESTION 1 [10 MARKS]

I. Paris Evangelical Mission Society

II. London Mission Society
III. Missionaries administered or preached the gospel by preparing the Africans through teaching them
basic literacy.
IV. White Fathers
V. Tropical diseases
Lack of Supplies
Harsh Climate
VI. PICTURE 2-David Livingstone
VII. France

. QUESTION 2 [10 MARKS]

Study the map and answer the questions below.

The map illustrates the movement of GROUP Z.

I. The Sahara desert was a natural blocker or hinderance

II. Linguistic evidence
III. Savanna region of Nigeria, Cameroon or Benin
IV. Eastern stream and Western stream
V. Centralized Society is a society in which power or authority is concentrated in one entity being the
leader.
VI. Decision Making is imposed

QUESTION 3 [10 MARKS]

The map below shows the KONGO in Central Africa. Answer the questions that follow.

I. The Bemba
II. Katanga Region-Upper Kasai River or Democratic Republic of Congo
III. Luba-Lunda migrations
IV. Famine
Exploration
Overpopulation
Warfare
Epidemics
Exhaustion of local resources
Climate change
V. Kongolo Mwamba
VI. Kalala Ilunga
VII. Mutomboko

SECTION B
Question 1
 The Bantu Migration from their origins in southern West Africa saw a gradual population movement sweep
through the central, eastern, and southern parts of the continent starting in the mid-2nd millennium BCE and
finally ending before 1500 CE. Their heartland was the savannah and rain forest regions around the Niger River
of southern West Africa modern Nigeria, Cameroon, and Gabon. With them, the Bantu brought new
technologies and skills such as cultivating high-yield crops and iron-working which produced more efficient
tools and weapons.

 The Bantu migration from West Africa started in the mid-2nd millennium BCE and ended before 1500 CE.
 Bantu people brought new technologies and skills such as cultivating high-yield crops and iron-working which
produced more efficient tools and weapons.
 The Bantu people spoke various dialects of the Bantu language and were mainly agriculturalists.
 The main Bantu expansion was vast and fast and the Bantu shared their knowledge of iron-smelting, pottery-
making, and farming skills with indigenous forager and nomadic tribes.
 The Bantu migration led to the spread of the Bantu and Bantu-related languages, iron-smelting and smithing
technology, pottery techniques, agricultural tools and techniques, deforestation and the spread of certain
foods into new areas.
 The Bantu people's iron tools improved agricultural yields and their iron weapons made them formidable
military opponents.

Reasons for the Bantu migration include the following:

 exhaustion of local resources - agricultural land, grazing lands, and forests

 overpopulation
 famine
 epidemics
 increased competition for local resources
 warfare between rival tribes or as a consequence of succession disputes
 climate change affecting crops
 a spirit of adventure

The migration of the Luba-Lunda peoples from Central Africa to other regions was influenced by several
factors. Here are some key causes:

1. Overpopulation: As their population grew, there was increased pressure on local resources such as agricultural
land, grazing areas, forests, and water sources.
2. Resource Exhaustion: The Luba-Lunda kingdoms faced resource depletion due to expanding populations,
leading to competition for available resources.
3. Tribal Rivalries and Conflicts: Internal disputes and tribal rivalries prompted migrations to escape conflict.
4. Climate Change and Natural Calamities: Environmental changes, including climate shifts and natural disasters,
affected crop yields and livelihoods.
5. Spirit of Adventure: Some individuals sought new opportunities and experiences beyond their existing
territories.
6. Epidemics and Famine: Disease outbreaks and food shortages also played a role in migration.
The Luba-Lunda peoples settled in Katanga around the 15th century and founded a centralized state during the
17th century. The Lunda Empire, in particular, expanded south-eastward, establishing a capital in the Luapula
River valley to the south of Lake Mweru (in present-day Zambia). Although the exact reasons for their
migration are not always clear, contact with the Portuguese may have played a part
Question 2
The Luba-Lunda migration had significant effects on the political, social, and cultural landscape of Central
Africa, particularly in Zambia, Angola, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Some of the effects include:
Political Effects:

 Establishment of kingdoms and empires, such as the Luba and Lunda kingdoms, which became powerful
political entities in the region.
 Development of a complex system of governance, including monarchies and decentralization of power.
Social Effects:
 Displacement and assimilation of indigenous populations, leading to cultural exchange and the creation of new
social hierarchies.
 Introduction of new agricultural practices, such as irrigation and terracing, which improved food security.
Cultural Effects:

 Spread of Luba-Lunda art, architecture, and craftsmanship, such as wood carvings and textiles.
 Development of a rich oral tradition, including stories, myths, and legends.
 Introduction of new religious beliefs and practices, such as ancestor worship and the use of magic and
divination.
Economic Effects:

 Expansion of trade networks, including the trade in copper, ivory, and slaves.
 Development of new technologies, such as metalworking and pottery.
Demographic Effects:

 Significant population growth and movement, leading to the creation of new ethnic groups and identities.
Overall, the Luba-Lunda migration had a profound impact on the history and development of Central Africa,
shaping the political, social, cultural, economic, and demographic landscape of the region.
Question 3
a. The London Missionary Society (LMS) was an evangelical missionary society that worked in many
parts of the world, including Central Africa. The aims of the LMS in Central Africa were to ¹ ²:

 Spread Christianity to the people of Central Africa

 Establish missions and churches in the region
 Provide education and medical care to the local population
 Promote the values of the Bible, such as love, forgiveness, and kindness
 Encourage the development of local leadership and self-sufficiency in the churches and communities they
served
The activities of the LMS in Central Africa included ¹ ²:

 Evangelism and preaching

 Establishing and maintaining missions and churches
 Providing education through schools and training institutions
 Offering medical care through hospitals and clinics
 Translating the Bible and other Christian literature into local languages
 Encouraging economic development through agriculture, trade, and commerce
 Advocating for social justice and human rights
 Building relationships and partnerships with local leaders and communities
b. The Universities' Mission to Central Africa (1857 - 1965) was a missionary society established by
members of the Anglican Church within the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, and Dublin. It
was firmly in the Anglo-Catholic tradition of the Church, and the first to devolve authority to a bishop
in the field rather than to a home committee. Founded in response to a plea by David Livingstone, the
society established the mission stations that grew to be the bishoprics of Zanzibar and Nyasaland, and
pioneered the training of black African priests
The Universities' Mission to Central Africa had major goals:

 Establish a mission presence in Central Africa

 Oppose the slave-trade
 Sending a mission led by a bishop into Central Africa
 Training black African priests
 Establishing a mission station near Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi)
 Setting up a base in Zanzibar
 Providing education through schools and training institutions
 Offering medical care through hospitals and clinics
 Translating the Bible and other Christian literature into local languages
 Encouraging economic development through agriculture, trade, and commerce
 Advocating for social justice and human rights

Question 4
From 1991 to 2001, Zambia underwent significant economic, social, and political changes, including:
Economic Changes:

 Liberalization of the economy, including privatization of state-owned enterprises

 Introduction of market-oriented reforms and structural adjustment programs
 Devaluation of the kwacha, the national currency
 Increase in foreign investment, particularly in the mining sector
 Growth of the tourism industry
Social Changes:

 Increased access to education and healthcare, leading to improvements in human development indicators
 Expansion of urban centers and growth of the middle class
 Changes in traditional social structures and cultural practices
 Increased awareness and activism around issues like HIV/AIDS and gender equality
Political Changes:

 Transition from a one-party state to a multi-party democracy in 1991

 Election of Frederick Chiluba as president in 1991, marking the beginning of the Third Republic
 Adoption of a new constitution in 1996
 Increased political participation and civil society activism
 Challenges to the government's human rights record and allegations of corruption. These changes had a
profound impact on Zambia's development trajectory, shaping the country's economic, social, and political
landscape in the decades that followed.

Question 5
a) John Smith Moffat, son of Robert Moffat, made significant contributions to the development of
Christianity and politics in Central Africa through his work as a missionary and colonial official. His
contributions include;

 Founding the first permanent mission among the Ndebele of Mzilikazi in present-day Zimbabwe.
 Translation work on the Tswana Bible.
 Securing a treaty of friendship between the British and the Ndebele king, Lobengula.
 Holding various government posts, contributing to the administration of what is now Botswana.
 Advocating for the rights of the Ndebele people and facilitating communication between British authorities
and local leaders.
b) Father Dupont, a French missionary, made significant contributions to the development of
Christianity and politics in Central Africa through his work in the region. His contributions include ¹:

 Being one of the first missionaries to evangelize in the region.

 Translating the Bible into local languages.
 Establishing missions and churches.
 Providing education and healthcare services.
 Promoting social justice and human rights.
 Encouraging economic development.
 Building relationships with local leaders and communities.
 Facilitating dialogue between Christian missionaries and African traditional religions.