A
What is lexical semantics?
Linguistic discipline
What is opositeness? What is the difference between complementaries and antonyms? Give at
least one example of complementaries and one example of antonyms.
Incompatibility je když se dvě slova nepřekrývají. Completentary jsou ty kde máme dvě možnosti a
nic jiného (dead-alive). Antonyms mají škálu (long-short)
List two near synonyms for each of the following words
Wild – Untamed, Undomesticated, Feral
Quick – Swift, Speedy, Hasty, Fast
Difficult – Hard, challenging
Child – kid, infant, offspring
What is the difference between paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations? Name at least three
paradigmatic relations
Paradigmatické vztahy jsou vztahy na teoretické úrovni (vertikální) – synonymie, antonymie,
meronymie
Syntagmatické vztahy jsou vztahy mezi slovy v rámci konkrétní promluvy (horizontální) – kolokace,
vztah slovesa a předmětu.
What is homonymy? List at least three words that are homonymous?
Homo = stejné
Nymy = pojmenování
Homonymie je náhodná identita formy. Píše se stejně, vyslovuje se stejně, ale nesouvisí společně.
Raketa = dva významy, nic společného. Bark…
Describe metonymy. List at least two different examples of metonymy.
It’s a figure of speech/trope based on association. Dva výrazy které spolu souvisí ale ne na základě
podobnosti ale na základě asociace/souvislosti. We need more brains – potřebujeme víc lidí, mozek
značí lidí. Room 323 isn’t answering. Where are you parked?
List two meronyms.
Part of relationship.
Car – wheels, driving wheel, engine
Jacket – Cuffs, Pockets, zipper
Computer – Case, CPU, GPU, motherboard
Body - Hands, legs
Desk – Leg, board
What is the difference between descriptive and non-descriptive meaning? Illustrate that difference
on at least two different examples.
Descriptive je dictionary význam, doslovný. Non-descriptive jsou emoční zabarvení, to co cítíme že to
slovo vyjadřuje. Někdo řekne laskavě – myslí to naštvaně ač význam je milý. Deskriptivní je objektivní
význam slova, nondescriptive je subjektivní. Please go away – descriptive. Get lost – non descriptive.
B
What is lexical semantics?
Linguistic discipline.
What are the 3 basic types of meaning according to Geoffrey Leech? Briefly explain each of them.
Conceptual – ve slovníku.
Associative – stylistické, emoční zabarvení.
Thematic – Pokud je zapojeno ve větě, jestli je to réma nebo téma.
List two possible opposite for each of the following words.
Hot – Cold, freezing, cool.
Tough – soft, tender.
Single – Double, multiple, married, coupled
Cheap – Expensive, Pricy
Identify the types of anomaly in the following sentences.
The desk kept coughing all the time – Improbality. Desk cannot cough – impossible.
My misery is better than yours. – Misery can’t be better (dissonance)
Jason kicked the ball with his foot. – With his foot is unnecessary/redundant.
My brother grows herbs, some veggies and tired of living with me. – Tired of living with me doesn’t
belong to the rest(zeugma)
What is synonymy? Give at least three examples of synonymous expressions.
Relationship between two words based on identity. Words that have the same or similar meaning.
Fast – quick, cold-cool, dark-shady
What is polysemy? What are the two main subtypes of polysemy? List at least three words that are
polysemous.
Linear and nonlinear – Podřadné a nepodřadné. Lineární – dog je buď pes, nebo male pes
Nonlinear – metafory, nemají spolu nic společné.
Mnohovýznamovost. When a word has multiple meanings that are related.
Dog,
What are the three pillars of metaphor in cognitive linguistics? List at least two examples of
metaphor.
Cognitive phenomenon
Mapping between two domains
It is experientially grounded/Result of experience.
List two taxonyms for each of the following words.
Taxonyms – Type of
Sport – Football, box, swimming.
Vehicle – Car, train, bus, plane.
Bird – Pigeon, Raven, Crow
Genre – Fantasy, sci-fi
Shoe – Boot, sandal, slipper, flip-flop, trainers.
Describe the terms centre and periphery in terms of lexicon and use examples to illustrate the
difference.
Centre – most commonly used words, important for talking.
Periphery – Not common, not that important, often archaic words.
Wizard – centre. Something is cool – centre. After some time gets peripheral.
Expire – dnes pro produkty (centre), dříve když někdo umřel(peripheral)
