COURSE COACH: FAIRA A.

PANGKALAN

COURSE DESCRIPTION: ADJE 1- Logic (Inductive and Deductive Reasonings)

MODULE 1 - UNDERSTANDING PHILOSOPHY AND ITS BRANCHES

- Basic to philosophy is the principle that everything in the world has a cause. Generally,
philosophy asks questions about the universe and mans place in it and it is what makes
philosophy different from other branches of knowledge because it has answers for the
aforementioned questions while the other branches dont have.

UNIT 1: THE ESSENCE OF PHILOSOPY

What is PHILOSOPHY?

It was Phytagoras, a renowned Greek philosopher, who coined the term philosophy. The
word philosophy is derived from the two Greek words philia (love) and sophia (wisdom)
which translated means the “Love of Wisdom”. It talks about the investigation of the
most important truth within life. It investigates all things in their ultimate causes,
reasons and principles through human reason.

BITTLE (1941) defined philosophy as the "science of beings in their ultimate reasons,
causes and principles acquired by human reason".

Meanwhile Piñon (1973) defines philosophy as the science of things bybtheir ultimate
principles and causes as known by natural reason alone.

Whatever its definitions are, philosophy emphasizes four main points:

1. Philosophy is a science

2. Science of things

3. Ultimate principles and causes

4. known only by natural reason.

PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY

Man, as a rational being, makes decisions or draws conclusions according to his reasons.
However, along with man's rationality are his limitations to comprehend the meaning of
the vast totality of the universe. Theology comes in eventually. Man has no choice but
to acknowledge the existence of God. Man uses philosophy for rational explanations
and uses theology for moral surety.

ESSENCE OF PHILOSOPHY

It is said that philosophy does not take anyone to the end of the rainbow where one
can find a pot of gold . Lke an art, it is not concerned with the practicalities of human life
but rather philosophy aims to teach man how to have a happy life.

BASIC QUESTIONS IN PHILOSOPHY

1. What is the origin of the world of everything that exist?

2. Why do these things exist rather than not exist at all?

3. Is there God? If so how can we justify the goodness of God in the fare of evil.
4. What is the meaning and purpose of life? Why do we have to suffer?
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

BRANCHES DEFINITION KEY QUESTIONS

✓Logic (from Classical ✓What is correct

1. LOGIC Greek λόγος(logos), reasoning?
originally meaning the ✓What distinguishes a
word, or what is spoken, good argument from a bad
but coming to mean one?
thought or reason is most ✓How can we detect a
often said to be the study fallacy in argument?
of arguments. ✓What are the criteria in
determining the validity of
Logic is the systematic
an argument.
study of correct reasoning.
However the subject is
grounded, the task of the
logician is the same: to
advance an account of valid
and fallacious inference to
allow one to distinguish. It
teaches us how to
differentiate between good
and bad reasoning and how
to construct valid
arguments.

2. ETHICS ✓Ethics is also known as ✓How do we determine a

philosophical ethics, ethical right conduct?
theory, moral theory and
✓In other words, what
moral philosophy. It is a
makes a right conduct?
branch of philosophy that
✓ What is good life and can
involves systematizing,
we attain it?
defending, and
✓What is the difference
recommending concepts of
between human act and
right and wrong conduct,
actions that are based on
often addressing disputes
instinct?
of moral diversity. The term
✓What do people think is
comes from the Greek
right?
word ethikos/ethos which
means “custom or habit”.
The super field within
philosophy known axiology
includes both ethics and
aesthetics and is unified by
each sub-branch’s concern
with value. Philosophical
ethics investigates what is
the best way for humans to
live, and what kinds of
actions are right or wrong
 in particular circumstances.

3. EPISTEMOLOGY ✓Epistemology referred to ✓What is knowledge?

as the theory of knowledge.
✓What do we know?
It is derived from the Greek
words episteme ✓ How is knowledge
(knowledge) and logos acquired?
(study). ✓What are the structures
✓It delves into the and limits of knowledge?
definition, scope, ✓What makes justified
parameters of knowledge beliefs justified?
and knowledge formation.
It seeks to explain how we
acquire knowledge, how
knowledge relates to
notions like justification,
truth, and belief, and how
and where it falls in the
spectrum of certainty and
error.

4. METAPHYSICS ✓The word “metaphysics” ✓What is the meaning of

is the study of things life?
beyond the physical which
✓ What is the origin of the
has been split two Greek
world?
words meta (beyond/after)
and physika (physical ✓Is there life after death?
nature). ✓Is there a God?
✓It is the branch of ✓What is truth?
philosophy that examines ✓ What is a person?
the fundamental nature of
reality, including the ✓What makes a person the
relationship between mind same through time?
and matter, between ✓Is the world strictly
substance and attribute, composed of matter?
and between potentiality ✓ Do people have minds? If
and actuality. so, how is the mind related
to the body?

✓ Do people have free

wills?

5. COSMOLOGY The scientific study of the

universe on the largest
scales of space and time,
particularly the
profounding of theories
concerning its origin,
nature, structure, and
evolution.

6. AESTHETICS / The philosophical

ESTHETICS investigation of art,
including all the visual arts,
music, literature, drama,
and dance. The term
originally denoted the
study of sense-experience
generally, and began to
emerge as a subfield of
philosophy concerned with
beauty close up and artistic
value with the work of
BAUMGARTEN and KANT in
the 19th century.

7. THEODICY The defense and

vindication of GOD. Defined
as both omnipotent and
good in the light of evil in
the world. The term was
first used by Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz in 1710.

ACTIVITY 1

Answer briefly:

1. Define philosophy (explain the term in your own words).

= For me philosophy is a kind of existence that defines everything in it's scope within human reason. It
ask "how" that certain existence exist and for "what" reason that it exists. Each questions intention is
to know more about it's principle and reason ot thing.

2. Explain your philosophy of the following:

a. Love = there' no limit on how much you can give or receive or no limit on who to receive or give it.

b. Education = knowledge is better that being an idiot.

c. Friendship = a source of strength, it's about having people in our lives who offer sound advice.
ACTIVITY 2

1. Explain the meaning of these terms/ phrases:

a. Reason = Reason is the ability yo form and operate upon concepts in abstraction, in accordance with
rationality and logic.

b. Natural reason = Natural reason is a reason functioning without resilience on religious belief. Reasoning
is the movement from premises that are known, ultimately from premises that are self-evident,yo
demonstrate conclusions.

c. Ultimate causes of a thing = ultimate causes" refer to the fundamental reasons or explanations for why
a thing exists or occurs.

d. correct thinking = Having acceptably proper or correct convictions, beliefs

2. Why do you think philosophy today is no longer given serious attention?

= Because we are now in the era wherein modern technology reign supreme above all, we tend to
focus on what's new or new trend that we have forgotten our philosophy.

3. Discuss the importance of philosophy in your life.

= The reason that shapes who we are right now, our philosophy defines who we are and what we are.