- main characteristics ofthe 3¢ of farming are used of joses of modem inputs, siding variety (ee cticides and pesticidesy {isthe main food USES ‘crop in north and omar Baira and Rabi tis acropwhichis Indias the are: a is the largest Reween pate Miktegoninina. Guensomem poker eae TMs 26 crop requ ne teoken ook pulses in the world. 2€241 growing season eee as ich requires ‘These are the major atthe tne orenenne hardly needsirigaon. 21"Ct027-C and Goaeaee Tipeni “+ requires 60 to 70cm Rabilsacropofdy —growswelinold Major pulses that are Geatear” Cater.) Eeiooms emer rset arenes, bescindengne eanogin growing zones in the liow black soils. Kammataka,UP.Bihar, Pulses need less the Karnataka is the Andhra Pradesh and ‘moisture and survive a try: the Ganga largest producer of ‘Madhya Pradesh. ‘even in dry Wiplains inthe agi followed by Tamil conditions. North-west and black Nadu ey rol Poltevay el tbe _— Cea saeae Deccan. Madhya The major wheat eel 3 oe eae Maharashtra and qo Bhat, Rajasthan and ee Bats of Madhya —— Pradesh. _—y {tisan equatorial crop, Cotton, jute, hemp and) Cotton grows wellin Itis also known as ‘but under special natural silk are the drier parts of the black Golden fibre. conditions, itis also four major fibre crops cotton soil ofthe Jute grows wellon grown in tropical and grown in india. Deccan plateau. ‘welkdrained fertile ‘subtropical areas. The first three are Itrequires high sollsin the flood ‘Itrequires moist and derived fromthe crops _temperature, ight plains, where soils are yumid climate with ‘grown in the soil, the rainfall or irigation, renewed every year. ‘rainfall of more than latter is obtained from 210 frost-free days ‘Itrequires high 200 cm and cocoons of the ‘and bright sunshine temperature, temperature above silkworms fed on forts growth. ‘Major jute producing 25°C. ‘green leaves specially Itisa kharif crop and states are Bihar, Itis mainly grown in mulberry. Tequires 6-8 months to ‘Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Rearing of silkworms mature. Odisha, Meghalaya, Kematake, and for the production of Cotton producing ey ‘Andaman and Nicobar silk fibre is known as states are MP, Islands and Garo hills sericulture. Karnataka, Andhra it . Sqr Pratlesh, Tamil Nadu, Sw aa ici aiah small patches of land with the , nd family/community labour. Thegt 0 of the soil and suitability of othe 1. Primitive Subsistence Agriculture is practised wit! primitive tools like hoe, Dao and digging sticks, Bn of farming depends upon monsoon, natural ferti etvironmental conditions to the crops grown. _ 2. Slash and Burn Agriculture is a method of agriculture a in Le ees se vegetation is felled and burned, the land is ‘croppe! or a to a ae 1d of agriculture, wee farm Bet more seo Soe pareleakat methods. This allows farmers te ch harvest. : : ne ae estate, especially in a tropical or semi tropj ion i farm or ropical or 3 ane nae coffee, sugar cane, or the like is cultivated, Usually by resident labourers. < 5. canoes Farming: Farming for a profit, where food is produced by advanced technological means for sale in the market. ; 6. Cropping Pattern means the proportion of area under various crops at a point of time. 7. Fodder Crops: Crops that are cultivated primarily for animal feed. By extension, natural Fo grasslands and pastures are included whether they are cultivated or not. 8, Tube Wells: A well consisting of an iron pipe with a solid steel point and lateral perforations near the end, which is driven into the earth until a water-bearing stratum is reached, when a suction pump is applied to the upper end. 9. Millets: A cereal grown in warm countries and regions with poor soils, bearing a large crop of small seeds which are chiefly used to make flour. 10. Pulses are part of the legume family, but the term ‘pulse’ refers only to the dried seed, Dried peas, edible beans, lentils and chickpeas are the most common varieties of pulses, Pulses are very high in protein and fibre, and are low in fat. 41. Non-food Crops: An industrial crop, also called a non-food crop, is a crop grown to produce goods for manufacturing, for example - of fibre for clothing, rather than food for consumption. forest rest ig ture is a metho a ‘er subsistence farming le choice questions, () Which one of the followi: ibesa sy: i Hee oe its following describes a system of agriculture, where a single crop is grow (@) Shifting Agriculture (0) Horticulture Ans. (b) Plantation Agriculture (ti) Which one of the following is a rabi crop? (@) Rice () Gram : Ans, () Gram (6) Plantation Agriculture (@) Intensive Agriculture () Millets (@) CottonGi) Which one of the following is a leguminous crop? (a) Pulses (6) Jowar il ns (©) Millets (d) Sesame On ‘Answer the following questions in $0 words, () Name one important beverage crop ai i ical condi oN a Be crop and specify the geographical conditions required for ‘Ans, Tea is considered as an important beverage crop. The tea ires tropical dinate and deep and fede well drained soil w grow winch isles rch pea ene al (i Name one staple crop of India and the regi e regions where itis produced. ‘Ans. Rice is a staple food crop of India. It 5 ir - " ceased areas and the deli egiong Pg ae a (iii) Enlist the various institutional refo i ; een ae "rm programmes introduced by the government in the Ans. Bee cca: Pe POUy ‘Provision for crop insurance’, ‘subsidy’ on agricultural inputs and Fesources Such a8 power and fertilisers, ‘Grameen banks, ‘Kisan Credit Cards lent insurance scheme’ are some of the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers. 3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words, ( Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agriculture production. ‘Ans. Some ofthe: are: (@) The Green and White revolution which aimed at improving Indian agriculture productivity. (0) To ensure an increase in agriculture production, the government prioritised collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of the zamindari system. (©) Land reform was the main focus of the First Five Year Plans. ‘There were other benefits introduced for the farmers like ~ @ The government of India embarked upon introducing agricultural reforms to improve Indian agriculture in the 1960's and 1970's. () The green Revolution based on the use of package technology and the white Revolution (operation flood) were some of the strategies initiated to improve the lotof Indian agriculture. (0) In 1980's and 1990's, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated, which included both institutional and technical reforms. (@) Provision for crops insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease. (e) Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rate of interest were some important steps in this direction. () Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced by the government of India for the benefit of farmers. ©) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced. (). The government also announced minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middle ives taken by the government to ensure the increase in agriculture production men, (ii) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice. (@) Rice is a Kharif crop which is grown in the north and north eastern plains, coastal areas and deltaic regions of India. 4 () It needs high temperature (above 25°C) and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm. . (9 Itgrows with the help of irrigation via canals and tube wells in the areas with less rainfall. Geography; Contemporary India-Il 195 =“Multiple Chotce Questions Choose and write the correct option. 1. Which of the following describes a system of agriculture, where a single Crop is grown on large area? i ¥ (a) Shifting agriculture () Plantation agriculture (©) Horticulture (d) Intensive agriculture 2. Tick the characteristics of Commerci (a) Plots of land are fragmented. (b) Higher doses of modern inputs. (0) The yield is usually low. (@) The pressure of population is high on land. 3. Choose the correctly matched pair about the agriculture in India from the following op (a) Rabi crops are sown - October to December pi (b) Gram - paddy crops (© Aus, Aman and Boro - Government schemes (@ Kissan Credit Card — Increased the production jal farming. 4. Which of the following pulses does not help in restoring soil fertility? (@) Moong (@) Gram (©) Peas (@) Arhar 5. Observe the flow chart given below. Taree ete) 9 (ort What will come in the empty box? : 2 oe (6) maize (©) millets (@) pulses . Choose the correctly matched paii oon ly matched pair about the non-food crops in India from the following (a) Cotton - Karnataka (b) Rubber ~ As (c) Jute - UP. i i oa ieee (@) Fibre Crops — Nicobar Islands (a) Kharif crop (b) Zaid crop (6) Rabi cro p @ None of these3, Jhumming in Brazil is called: (a) Ladang (0) Masole (© Roca (@) None of these 9, Kharif: Rabi : barley, Zaid : watermelon (a) gram (0) wheat (0 oilseeds @ moong 40, The three crop seasons of India are- (@) Aus, Aman and Boro () Rabi, Kharifand Zaid (© Baisakh, Paus and Chait @) None of the above 11, Ashort season in between Rabi and Kharif season is known as- (a) Aus (6) Boro (©) Zaid @ None of these 12, The two main wheat growing regions are- (@) The Ganga-Sutluj plains and the Deccan trap (#) North-Eastern part and Eastern-Coastal plains (0) Deccan Plateau and Konkan Coast (@ None of the above 18, Which is the ideal condition for the growth of sugarcane? (@) Temperature of 21 to 27 degrees Celsius and an annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm () Temperature below 17 degrees Gelsius and 50 to 75 cm of rainfall (©) Temperature of 25 degrees Celsius and 200 cm of rainfall (@ None of the above 14. Rice requires high humidity with cm of rainfall. (@) above 100 cm (@) below 100 cm (©) above 75 cm (@ above 60 cm 15, How has it been possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan? (a) With rooftop water reserves (b) Canals (© Lakes (@) Rivers 16. Choose the correctly matched pair about the major crops of India from the following options: (@) Millets ~ North eastern part of the country (®) Wheat - North western part of the country (©) Pulses — South western part of the country (@) Rice — South eastern part of the country . Choose the correctly matched pair about the main crop growing states of India from the following options: (a) Cotton - Meghalaya (c) Wheat - Uttar Pradesh . Choose the correctly matched pair about the agriculture pattern of India from the following (b) Rubber - Garo hills of Meghalaya (@) Jute= Nicobar islands options: (a) Primitive subsistence agriculture — Dao and digging sticks (6) Slash and burn agriculture — cotton and tobacco (0) Intensive Subsistence agriculture — felled and burned vegetation (@ Commercial farming - hoeANSWERS 1? Lo 2.) 8. (a) 4.) 5.) 6. (a) ie \ 9. (d) 10.) 1 12,@) ‘13. (@) 4.) 15.) ic © a! 17.) 18. (a) 5 j ns 1. Complete the following, table with correct information with regard to cultivation Of Rice; ib ICESE Same Poe 21a ‘Annual rainfall required | Cropping Season | Temperature, owt redo 100 cm (@) 2 2. Complete the following table with correct information for A and ‘Annual rainfall required Climate Sugarcane ar? A-? Hot and Humid ADEE A-75 cms B-21°- 27°C Correct the following statements and rewrite them. 1. Kharif crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from Apri to June. 2, Wheatis grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaicregios, 3. Major Ragi producing States are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana 4. Pulses is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop. ANSWERS 1. Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June. 2. Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaicregions 8. Major Bajra producing States are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryan 4, Sugarcane is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop. The following questions consist of two statements — Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer thst questions selecting the appropriate option given below: (@) Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A. (6) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (@) Ais correct but Ris wrong, (d) Ais wrong but Ris correct., Assertion(A) + Indian coffee is known in the world for its good qu: Reason (R) + The Asian variety initially brought from Yemen is produced in the country. , Assertion(A) + India is believed to be the original home of the cotton plant. Reason (R) + Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India. , Assertion(A) + Organic farming is much in vogue today because it is practised without factory made chemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides. Reason (R) : Hence, it does not affect the environment in a negative manner, j. Assertion(A) : Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high value crops. Reason (R) : Thiswill increase income and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously. ANSWERS L@ 2. (6) 3. (a) 4. (a) EXPLANATIONS OF SELECTED ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS 1. The Arabica variety initially brought from Yemen is produced in the country 2, Cotton is one of the main raw materials for cotton textile industry. Read the passages given below and answer the questions that follow: PASSAGE-1 Sustained uses of land without compatible techno-institutional changes have hindered the pace of agricultural development. Inspite of development of sources of irrigation most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture. For a growing population, this poses a serious challenge. Agriculture which provides livelihood for more than 60 per cent of its population, needs some serious technical and institutional reforms. Thus, collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after Independence. ‘Land reform’ was the main focus of our First Five Year Plan, The right of inheritance had already lead to fragmentation of land holdings necessitating consolidation of holdings. (@ What was the main focus of the ‘First Five Year Plan’? (ii) What was the serious challenge for the growing population? (iii) Agriculture provided livelihood to how much population? PASSAGE-2 Agriculture has been practised in India for thousands of years. Sustained uses of land without compatible techno-institutional changes have hindered the pace of agricultural development. Ingpite of development of sources of irrigation most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture. For a growing population, this poses a serious challenge. Agriculture which provides livelihood for more than 60 per cent of its population, needs some serious technical and institutional reforms. Thus, collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after Independence.‘Land reform’ was the main focus of our First Five Year Plan, The ‘righ, already led to fragmentation of land holdings necessitating consolidation gf (i) What is the most important occupation of the people of India? (i) Why farmers are still depend upon monsoons? (iii) What do you understand by the term ‘collectivisation’? OF inheri holding, hag ANSWERS 1. () Its main focus was on ‘Land reforms’ (ii) The serious challenge was that inspite of development of sources of j irrigation i farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and natural lig Of the f to carry on their agriculture. ferilty in oda, Q (ii) Agriculture provided livelihood to 60% of the population. 2. (i) Agriculture ( (i) Inspite of development of sources of irrigation most of the farmers in large parts ofthe con still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture. ( (i) Combining land of various farmers and then performing the agricultural activities on coeas basis. lective Each of the following questions is of 2 marks. Q.1. (Why is India called an ‘agrarian’ country? (ii) Which factors are playing an important role in the development of a plantation? Ans. _() Two thirds of India’s population are engaged in agricultural activities. Agriculture s 3 primary activity. (i) A well developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation ares, processing industries and markets. ( Which main cropping patterns are followed in India? (ii) rite the amount of annual rainfall required for the cultivation of Wheat. [CBSE 2020, 323)l} () India has three cropping seasons—rabi, kharif and zaid. () Which are the major wheat producing states of India? (ii) What do you know about millet, jowar? Ans. (Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh. (i) Jowar is the third most important food crop. It is a rain-fed crop, mostly grown in mais areas which hardly need irrigation, Q.4. What do you know about the ragi crop? Ans” Ragi is ery rich in iron, calcium, other micronutrients and roughage. It isa crop of dy rei and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black sols. (© Which factors contribute to increasing production of maize? (@) Write the temperature requirement of Maize o Ans. () Use of modern inputs such as HYV seeds, increasing production of maize Q5. - [case 2020, 325!) fertilisers and irrigation have contributed 0(CBSE 2020, 92/5/1) ndspun khi ure to promote | vest any one 7 sug «Government sI : ‘ py aunching schemes for its promotion roviding loan facilities. jjould promote it by reducing the cost of khadi os @ Gio BYP ;couraging new designs of Khadi yen ie “ny other relevant point [CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (32/5/1)) jy Name the major maize produ ag states of India, Y (i Name the major pulses grown in Ind (i Kamataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. {i The major pulses that are grown in India are tur (arhar), urad, mong, masur, peas and ‘Ans. jute losing its importanc i Which institutional reforms were introduced for farmers? os, () Due tots high cost, is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing materials, particularly the nylon. (i Collectivisation, consolidation of land holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, ete. .8. Which two revolutions revolutionised Indian agriculture? ‘Ans. The Green Revolution based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution were some of the strategies initiated to improve Indian agriculture. | g.10. Which schemes were introduced by the government for the benefit of farmers? ‘Ans. Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some schemes introduced by the government of India for the benefit of the farmers. | Q.11. Name the two major beverage crops grown in India. Describe their growing areas. [CBSE 2019, 32/2/1) 8 s) Two major beverage crops: Tea and coffee Tea growing areas:- Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala Coffee producing states: Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (32/2/1)) Fach of the following questions is of 3 marks. Q.1. What is primitive subsistence farming? Ans, (i) It is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools. (i) This type of farming depends upon the monsoons and natural fertility of the soil. (ii), Itis also called ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. Q.2. What is ‘slash and burn’ agriculture? Ans. (j) In this agriculture, farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other crops to sustain their families. (i) When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. (iii) This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes. Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low, as the farmers do not use fertilisers or any modern inputs.Q.3. Describe the three cropping seasons of India. oR Describe any three main features of Rabi crop season and Kharif crop season, q (CBSE Dethi 9, OR fa Describe any three main features of Kharif crop season. ‘Ans. (i) Rabi season: (a) Crops sown in winters and harvested in summers. () Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard, a (0) States growing rabi crops are: Punjab, Haryana, Himachal, Jammu and Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Kash, (ii) Kharif season: (a) Crops grown with the onset of monsoons and harvested in September or October. (® Important Khari growing states are: Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Otis Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra. (© Crops grown during this season are: tice, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, mong, urad, cotoy, jute, groundnut and soyabean. (iii) Zaid season: (a) It falls in between the rabi and kharif seasons. (0) It’s a short season during the summer months. {@) Major crops grown are: watermelon, muskmelon, cucumbers, vegetables and fodder crop, Q.4. What do you know about rubber plantations in India? ‘Ans. (i) Rubber is an equational crop but is also grown in tropical and subtropical areas. (ii) Terequires a moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm and tempera above 25°C. (ii) Itis grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya. India ranks fifth among the world’s largest natural rubber producers. Q.5. What climatic conditions are required for growing cotton? e Ans. (i) Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan Plateau. (i) It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation. (ii) Italso requires 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth. Irs a Kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature. Q.6. Write any three changes in Indian agriculture after the Green Revolution. Ans. (i) HYV seeds are used for better output of some major crops like wheat and rice. (#) For irrigation, canals are laid to provide water to all water scarce states. f (iit) Use of fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides has enhanced the production of various crops@ Ans 7. Differentiate between commercial farming and plantation ing, crops are grown only for ‘commercial purposes. (i) Farmers make use of higher doses of modern inputs, HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers, (@ In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on. a large area. (i) Labour is employed to work in large tracts of land, using capital intensive devices. insecticides, etc. (ii) E.g.: Tea Gardens produce tea, and coffee plantations produce coffee. g.8. What do you understand by ‘Bhoodan’ and ‘Gramdan’? Some poor landless villagers demanded some land for their economic well-being. Vinoba Bhave could not assure but promised to talk to the government regarding that. Suddenly Shri Ram Chandra Reddy, stood up and offered 80 acres of land to be distributed among 80 landless villagers. This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’. Similarly, some zamindars, owners of many villages, offered to distribute some villages among the landless. It was known as ‘Gramdan’. This Gramdan & Bhoodan movement was initiated by Vinoba Bhave. It is also known as the ‘Bloodless Revolution’ Ans. Q.9. Categorise the following as Kharif crops and Rabi crops: (CBSE 2019, 32/5/1) @ Wheat (ii) Maize (iii) Barley (iz) Peas (e) Bajra (vi) Tur (Arhar) _ Kharif and Rabi crops: Wheat Rabi Maize Kharif/Rabi Barley Rabi Peas Rabi Bajra Kharif _ Tur(4rhar) Kharif [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (32/5/1)] What is Jhumming’? . Jhumming’s slash and burn agriculture, practised in north eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland, etc. This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes only. Why do we need technical and institutional reforms in agriculture? * In spite of the development of sources of irrigation, most of the farmers in large parts of the Country still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture. For a growing population, this poses a serious challenge. Agriculture needs some serious technical and institutional reforms.Q14. Q. 15. Q. 16. Each of the following questions is of 5 marks. Q.1. What type of climate is required for the production of sugarcane? What are the - Jute is known as ‘golden fibre’. It grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains Q.12, Describe any three institutional reforms taken by the Indian Government in the agriculture, . Explain any three features of Indian agriculture. (®) Two-thirds of India’s population is engaged in agricultural activities, Gi) Agriculture isa primary activity, which produces most of the food that is consumed, (ii) Italso produces raw material for various industries. (iv) Some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices, etc, are also exported to earn forg exchange. oy Which erop is known as a ‘golden fibre’? Explain any two geographical conditions essent for the cultivation of this crop. Mention its four uses. where soils are renewed every year. West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha, Meghalaya ate the major jute producing states of India. It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, caper and other artefacts. Due to its high cost, itis losing market to synthetic fibres and packing material, particularly nylon. Explain four technological reform initiatives taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production. Technological reform: ( Green Revolution in agriculture and White Revolution in milk were introduced, (ii) Tractors, harvesters, threshers and tubewells, etc., and technological devices were introduced. (iii) For better production, fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides were also produced. (fv) The governmentalso announced the minimum support price, which checks the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen. How can you say that ‘India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world’? India is the largest producer as well as consumer of pulses in the world. Since pulses are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet, these are used by most of the Indian population They need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. Being a leguminous crop, all these crops except arhar, help in restoring soil fertility. Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation with other crops. Major pulses grown in India are—tuvar, urad, moong, masur, peas and gram. by-products of sugarcane?@ Ikis a tropical as well as a subtropical crop, (i) It grows well in hot and humid climate, Beenetar'™ * ‘etperarire’ betiveen 91°C 0" 740 dita atu dat let bevces TOR 100 cm. (jv) Irrigation is required in regions receiving low rainfall. By-products: cis the main source of sugar, gur (jaggery), khandsari and molasses. 2, What type of farming is called plantation farming? Which factors are needed to promote them in In ns. () Plantation is a type of commercial farming, (@ In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area. (ii) The plantation also includes the processing of that crop in the nearby industries. (a) Plantations cover large tracts of land using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers. (@) All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries. (2) In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc. are important plantation crops. (#ii) Since the production is mainly for market, a well developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and markets play an important role in the development of plantations. Q.3. Highlight any three differences between primitive subsistence farming and intensive subsistence farming. [CBSE 2019, 32/4/2) Ans. 3 IMITIVE _SURSITENCE COMMERCIAL FARMING SO FARMING [Topper’s Answer 2019 (32)/4/2))4. “Irrigation has changed statement. ‘Ans. (#) Well-developed irrigation facilities have less by ensuring regular supply of water. (i) Major shift- The development of proper ir water-intensive and commercial crop. : (iii) The development of tube wells, irrigation pumps 1p the farming land has enabled Peasan to irrigate a large plot of land. ; 7 ‘The following are the effects of developing proper irrigats d the dependency of peasants on Mong rigation facilities has enabled peasants to grpy, the jon facilities: (This has resulted in the brininess of the earth. (ii) Ithas increased productivity eee a r irrigation facilities has resulted and aided in changing the cropy (ii) “The development of inrigaiet ch was earlier grown in Northeastern India because herd attern. For instance, rice, : e ] Pat fal favourably helped the production of rice. Now production of rice can be seen in seas of low rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and parts of Rajasthan. Q.5. Name the two most important cereal crops in India. Describe the conditions required to gray these two crops. [CBSE 2019, 32775) ‘Ans. Rice and Wheat A, Rice: (@ ‘Temperature: It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature, and high humidity. ‘This means a monthly temperature of about 25° C with minor variation during the sowing, growing and harvesting season, is suitable for the growth of the plant. 3 Rainfall: Rice needs abundant rainfall, i.c., more than 100 cm. It can grow in areas with les, rainfall, but with assured irrigation. Rice is grown in Punjab and Haryana with the help of @) irrigation. Soil: Rice can grow ina variety of soils including silts, loams and gravels, but itis grown bes in alluvial soil with a sub-soil of impervious clay. Areas of production: Rice is cultivated in almost all the states of India, but most of its cultivation is concentrated in the river valley, deltas of rivers and the coastal plains. ‘The main rice producing states are West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Puna, Odisha, Karnataka, Assam and Maharashtra. B. Wheat: (Temperature: Cool and moist weather is required during growth, and warm and dry dimate during ripening is needed. (i) Rainfall: 50-70 cm rainfall is required. Rainfall is necessary and beneficial, 15 days after sowing, and 15 days before ripening. A few winter showers or assured irrigation ensures bumper harvest (ii) Soil: Light loamy soil is required. It can also be grown in black soil. Important producers | Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh are the main producers of (iii) Qo Ans wheat. Q.6. Explain any five technological and institutional reforms in Indian agriculture. [CBSE 2020, 32/2] Ans, Technological and Institutional reforms in Indian Agriculture. (@ Collectivisation and consolidation of land holding. (i) Abolition of Zamindari. (iii) Land reforms were the main focus of our first five-year plan. (iz) Provision of crop insurance against droughts, floods, cyclones ete. to protect farmers7, Why Bhoodan Gramdan movement init 2. pahood ‘ment initiated by Vinoba Bhave is called the Blood-less Vinoba Bhave was designated as Mahatma Gandhi’ [Competency Based Question] 's spiritual heir and took part in Satyagraha. ‘gramme swarajya and launched a padyatra to called “Bhoodan”, Sor ddy proposed to divide 80 acres of land among, ae ie Land Cellsag Ace args te Be ana Onroad up lg HOMES but » many landowners decided to donate a portion of their property to the poor farmers that's wh 3 eth FR aeiSion’ why the Bhoodan-Gramdan movement is also known as the Blood-less He was one of the votaries of Gandhi's concept of spread Gandhij’s message, Shri R 80 landless villagers, amt ChandraRe Q.8 a al es: fibre crops grown in India, Describe the conditions required for growth of rops with their growing areas. o [CBSE 2019, 32/3/1) 029. Suggest the initiatives taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural | production. Ans.” () Therightofinheritance hasled to fragmentation oflandholdings. Therefore, collecivisation, consolidation of landholdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence. (i) The Green Revolution based on the use of package technology and White Revolution were initiated to improve Indian agriculture. (ii) Land development programme was initiated, which included provision for crop insurance against famine, flood, cyclone, fireand disease, establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies, etc. (iv) Kissan credit cards, Personal Accident Insurance schemes were introduced for the benefit of farmers. (Canaranhy: Contemporary India 207 —(v) Sper (vi) To check the exploitation 1d agricultural programmes for farmers are run on the her bulletins ani oy and television. of farmers by speculators and middlemen, the inanerative and procurement prices for 4<™%ey i pons announces minimum support price, " nt crops. Qu (@) O) © Ans. (@) © © Mark the following on the given outline map of Indi Major areas where rice is grown. “Major areas where wheat is grown. Major areas where jowar is grown. Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand. Punjab, Utar Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana. sce INDIA INDIAN, @Pn Mark the following on the given outline politi (@) Major sugarcane producing siatey Po imal (6) One rubber producing state, {@) Major cotton producing states, (d) Twotea producing states. (o) One coffee producing state, () One jute producing state. (o) Maharashtra, Telany hee p peas gana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh (9. Haryana, Tamilnadu, es Madhya Pradesh (@) Tamil Nadu () Bihar