Silwet* Surfactants

agriculture
chemicals
plastics
lubrication
release
metal working
textiles
water treatment
construction
specialties

2
Silwet* Surfactants
Silwet surfactants are a very versatile line offering virtually unlimited
capabilities in many diverse applications. How deep an active
penetrates a substrate, how evenly a coating wets a surface, how
well particles get dispersed in a formulation or how far and thin an
aqueous product spreads on a leaf can make the difference
between application success and failure.
Our Silwet surfactants can provide the critical performance
difference in your applications. They have high surface activity
and can dramatically reduce the interfacial tension at very low
addition levels. Due to the combination of different chemistries
- where each chemistry adds their respective set of properties –
Momentive's Silwet surfactants can adapt to a multitude of needs
and environments.

*Silwet is a trademark of Momentive Performance Materials Inc.

3
The Silwet* Surfactant Portfolio
Silicone
Most Silwet surfactants are block surfactants of silicone,
ethyleneoxide (EO) and/or propyleneoxide (PO). Typically they have Lubricity
a pendant structure (Figure 1) or a linear (ABA)-structure (Figure 2). Low Interfacial Tension
Silwet compositions depend on the respective magnitude of the Defoaming
variables x, y, m and n.
Silwet trisiloxanes are a unique range of products (Figure 3).
These materials are referred to as superspreaders, because they
can provide active spreading and penetration to water-based Silwet* Surfactants
formulations (Figure 5).

Ethyleneoxide Propyleneoxide
■■ A molecule with significant ■■ A material of high Water Solubility Oil Solubility
silicone content will exhibit polypropyleneoxide content
Profoaming Defoaming
lubricity (e.g. fiber lubricants), will be self-dispersible or
release (shear stable, water soluble in non-polar solvents. Wetting Deaeration
based release agents) friction It reduces the interfacial
reduction (e.g. assembly tension of such solvents and
of plastic parts), slip/mar thus aids the wetting, flow
resistance, gloss and sheen and leveling of formulations
in polish applications, and based on such solvents. It
moderate foam control. will often perform as a foam-
■■ A product with high control and deaeration agent
polyethyleneoxide content (anti-cratering).
will be self-dispersible or
soluble in water or polar
solvents. It reduces the
interfacial tension and thus
aids the wetting, flow and
leveling of formulations
based on such solvents.

*Silwet is a trademark of Momentive Performance Materials Inc.

4
 Z

Me

Pendant Structure O
n

Figure 1

Silicone-polyether block surfactant

O
Wide range, versatility m

Me Me Me Me Me
Me Me
Si Si Si Si
Me Me
O O O
x y

Linear (ABA) Structure Me Me Me Me

Me Me Me Me

Figure 2 O O Si Si Si O O
Z O O O O Z
x
Silicone-polyether block surfactant n m m n
Molecule orientation, softness

O
n

Trisiloxane Structure
Figure 3 O
m
Alkylenoxide Trisiloxane
Superspreading
Me Me
Me Me
Si Si Si
Me O O Me

5
Silwet* Triangle Need foaming, antifogging, Need defoaming in water Need release, lubricity,
leveling or water solubility? or water based systems, coefficient of friction
The Silwet triangle offers Surfactants nearest to deaeration or oil solubility? reduction, slip, defoaming,
easy access to a range of ethyleneoxide, at the left hand Silwet surfactants closest surface tension reduction,
Silwet surfactants. Each point vertex can be considered. to propyleneoxide, at the sheeting or gloss?
within the triangle depicts a right hand vertex can be Consider Silwet surfactants at
percent composition based on considered. the top of the pyramid with the
silicone, ethylene oxide (EO) highest silicone content.
and polypropylene oxide (PO).
Each vertex equals a product
containing 100% by weight of Need maximum static
silicone (top), EO (bottom left) and dynamic surface
and PO (bottom right). Silicone tension reduction and
• Lubricity thus wetting, spreading,
• Foam Control leveling or antifog?
• Release Silwet Trisiloxanes can be
100 considered.
Pendant
Silwet Triangle Linear
Figure 4 When you need a
Trisiloxane
combination of properties
80 from opposing corners
of the Silwet triangle?
Silwet* L-7622 Silwet surfactant grades
from the center with the best
Silwet* L-7602 Silwet* L-8500 formulation stability in your
60
Silwet* L-8610 product can be considered.
0 0
Silwet* L-7604 Silwet* L-7001
Silwet L-77* 20 40 20 Silwet* L-7280
Silwet* L-7657
Silwet* L-7605 40 40
Silwet* L-7600 Silwet* L-7500
60 20 60

80 80

100 0 100
Silwet* L-7200 Silwet* L-7210
Ethylene oxide Silwet* L-7002 Silwet* L-7220 Propylene oxide
• Water Solubility Silwet* L-7230 • Oil Solubility
• Wetting • Foam Control
• Profoaming • Deaeration

*Silwet is a trademark of Momentive Performance Materials Inc.

6
Wetting Also, many low surface energy requirements such as, a water provide spreading.
substrates - especially those soluble product that supports
To provide efficient coverage, In general, spreading
with sharp edges - are difficult foam or, alternatively, one that
a formulation must stay increases with lower surface
to cover. helps to suppress it.
evenly distributed on a tension, but that is not the
surface. Insufficient wetting Silwet surfactants offer low only factor. Size and structure
can be encountered if a surface tension contribution Spreading of the surfactant molecule also
formulation retreats from a of the silicone portion of the play key roles in spreading
polymer. However, unmodified While wetting can be achieved your product across a surface
surface leaving uncovered
silicones are not soluble in by applying a formulation or into a substrate.
areas or craters. Silwet*
water or polar solvents like on a surface by brush, roller
surfactants can significantly Due to their special design,
methanol or ethanol. By or blade, in the case of
reduce the surface tension of Silwet trisiloxane surfactants
attaching polyalkyleneoxide, spreading, the formulation
formulations. This means that and Silwet* Hydrostable*
Silwet surfactants can proactively spreads onto a
in most cases formulations surfactants can provide
achieve higher solubility, while surface on its own. This is
containing small amounts excellent spreading
maintaining the benefits of the especially useful to reduce
of Silwet surfactants spread performance and are thus
silicone. application time or if a
easier and more evenly referred to as superspreaders
formulation is applied by
on surfaces or penetrate We can provide a selection (Figure 5). The most common
spray.
substrates more deeply of products to support both use levels in the range from
compared to the same aqueous and non-aqueous While all spreaders are wetting 0.01% to 0.75 % weight
formulation without. formulations, combined aids, not all wetting aids are sufficient to achieve the
with a unique set of desired effect.
properties, depending on your

2s 40s

Figure 5

Comparison of the spreading water Silwet L-77 spreader

behavior of water, 0.5% weight Silwet L-7602 surfactant
Silwet L-7602 surfactant and 10s 50s
0.5% weight Silwet L-77* spreader
on polyethelene (PE) surface.

Note: Test results. Actual results may vary.

20s 60s

30s 70s

*Silwet, Silwet L-77 and Hydrostable are trademarks of Momentive Performance Materials Inc.

7
Gloss, Release & Foaming & Emulsifiers &
Antiblock Defoaming Dispersants
Silicone can provide excellent The secret to stabilizing foam Our specialty surfactants
release and lubricity, especially lies in the interface between go straight to the oil/water
for rubber-to-rubber, plastic- the liquid and the entrapped or particle/water interface
to-plastic or plastic-to-steel air. Profoamers stabilize where stability is essential to
friction. For waterborne this interface preventing prevent or delay separation.
applications silicone emulsions the bubbles from bursting. They are especially useful to
are often used. These are Defoamers destabilize the compatibilize silicone based
white emulsions prone to barrier forcing the air to products or silicone coated
creaming and separation, escape more quickly. particles, like pigments. Their
especially if diluted to low low surface energy can make
Silicone – due to its
active content (0.5% to 5% them effective at low dosage
low surface tension – is
weight-% are most commonly and their high molecular
attracted to this interface
used). weight keeps them at the
and destabilizes it. As a
interface while protecting them
Silwet* surfactants translate result, Silwet surfactants
against aggregation. 0.5% to
this benefit of lubricity into a with a high silicone content
2.0% weight addition level,
stable, soluble or dispersible act as defoamers, while
based on the weight of the
form. In contrary to common the surfactants with low
dispersed phase are good
emulsions no additional silicone content and high
starting levels. The finer the
components - like emulsifiers water solubility act as foam
achieved particle size of the
and thickeners – are needed. stabilizers.
emulsion droplets or the larger
Where the silicone component the surface of the particle to
dominates, another silicone disperse, the more Silwet
property also comes into surfactant is needed.
the foreground – a glossy
In many cases Silwet
appearance or color
surfactants act synergistically
deepening effect on plastic
with other organic emulsifiers,
surfaces, known from many
so your products durability can
polish formulations and
be increased.
conditioning agents. Again the
water compatibility of Silwet
surfactants allows formulating
gloss providing products
without the need to add
other additives, which might
diminish the effect.

Note: Test results. Actual results may vary.

*Silwet is a trademark of Momentive Performance Materials Inc.

8
Figure 6

Contact angle measurements

on polystyrene of (I) water and
aqueous solutions of (II) 0.25%
weight Octylphenolethoxylate
and (III) 0.10% weight Silwet
L-77* Spreader.

Note: Test results. Actual results may vary.

Aqueous Stability

The silicone backbone of Silwet* surfactants is prone to hydrolysis Typically, each type of Silwet surfactant shows long term stability
under either acidic or alkaline conditions in aqueous systems. This within the pH-range listed below:
effect is more pronounced with trisiloxanes where hydrolysis starts
when the pH is below 6 (acidic) or higher than 8 (alkaline). This Stable from:
hydrolysis quickly degrades the silicone component and thus the
Silwet Trisiloxanes pH 6.5 to 7.5
superspreading properties that are critical in many applications.
In order to overcome this hydrolysis, Momentive has developed Silwet Surfactants - pendant & linear pH 5.5 to 8.5
and manufactures Silwet* Hydrostable*, which combines the Silwet Hydrostable surfactants pH 2.0 to 12.0
exceptional spreading and wetting performance of Silwet (best case)
trisiloxanes with an aqueous stability ranging from pH 2 to pH 12. 1 Silwethydrostable surfactants not shown in diagrams or tables.
2 Due to their chemical structure, long term stability cannot be achieved in aqueous formulation.
This pH-range allows moderate stability.

Surfactant Wt.-% Eq. surface Relative pH-Stability

tension spread area range
[mN·m-1]
Organic 0.5 ~35 4 n/a
Silwet L-77 0.1 20.5 172 6.5-7.5
Silwet Hydrostable 68 0.1 21.0 130 6.0-8.0
Silwet Hydrostable 611 o.1 25.8 100 6.0-11.0
Silwet Hydrostable 212 0.1 26.7 105 2.0-12.0
Note: Typical data are average data and actual results may vary. Typical data shall not be used as product specifications.
Test results. Actual results may vary.

*Silwet, Silwet L-77 and Hydrostable are trademarks of Momentive Performance Materials Inc.

9
Table 1
Application and Use Levels Recommended use level [weight %]
Silwet* dose rate Textile fiber processing
recommendations for selected
applications. Fiber finish 0.5 - 2.01
Texturising finish 0.5 - 2.01
Chemical specialities
Levelling agent 0.1 - 1.0
Anti-static agent 0.1 - 1.0
Anti-fog agent 0.1 - 1.0
Lubricant agent 0.5 - 100
Solvent based coatings/inks
Mar resistance 0.05 - 2.0
Water based coatings
Urethane bubble release 0.05 - 2.0
Flow and leveling 0.05 - 2.0
Metal working
Cutting fluid 0.1 - 2.0
Rolling oil 0.2 - 1.0
Plastic Processing
Anti-blocking agent 0.1 - 1.0
Anti-static 0.1 - 1.0
Lubricant / release
Rubber and Plastic 0.5 - 1.0
Paint and glue receptivity 1.0 - 3.0
1Parts by weight additive per hundred parts textile

*Silwet is a trademark of Momentive Performance Materials Inc.

10
Table 2

Penetration
Surfactants

Defoaming

Emulsifier
Pigments
Silwet* product-property matrix

Disperse
Lubricity

Release
Wetting
Silwet*

Foama

Gloss

O/W
Silwet L-77* Foaming ++++ + +++ + + ++ +++
Silwet L-7001 Moderate + + + + + +
Silwet L-7002 Moderate + + + + +
Silwet L-7200 Foaming + + ++++ + + ++ + +
Silwet L-7210 Defoaming + ++ + + ++ +++
Silwet L-7220 Defoaming + + + +++
Silwet L-7230 Foaming + + + + + +
Silwet L-7280 Moderate ++++ + +++ + + ++ +++
Silwet L-7500 Defoaming ++ + ++
Silwet L-7600 Foaming ++ ++ + + +
Silwet L-7602 Defoaming ++ ++ + + + ++ ++ +++
Silwet L-7604 Moderate + ++ + + +
Silwet L-7605 Foaming + + + +
Silwet L-7608 Foaming ++++ + +++ + + ++ +++
Silwet L-7622 Defoaming ++++ ++++ ++++
Silwet L-7657 Foaming + + + +
Silwet L-8500 Defoaming ++ + ++++ ++++ +
Silwet L-8610 Defoaming ++ ++ + + + ++ + +
a Foaming in aqueous systems
Note: Typical data are average data and actual values may vary. Typical data shall not be used as product specifications.

*Silwet and Silwet L-77 are trademarks of Momentive Performance Materials Inc.

11
Table 3

Surfactants

Molecular
Structurel

Ratio EO/
Structural information on Silwet*

Capm [Z]

Percent
number

[g/mol]

actives
surfactants.

weight
Silwet*

CAS-

PO
Silwet L-77* Trisiloxane 27306-78-1 All EO CH3 600 100%
Silwet L-7001 Pendant 67762-85-0 40/60 CH3 20,000 75%
Silwet L-7002 Pendant 67762-87-2 50/50 (CH2)3CH3 8,000 100%
Silwet L-7200 Pendant 68937-55-3 75/25 H 19,000 100%
Silwet L-7210 Pendant 68937-55-3 20/80 H 13,000 100%
Silwet L-7220 Pendant 68937-55-3 20/80 H 17,000 100%
Silwet L-7230 Pendant 68937-55-3 40/60 H 29,000 100%
Silwet L-7280 Trisiloxane 134180-76-0 40/60 H 600 100%
Silwet L-7500 Pendant 68550-66-4 All PO (CH2)3CH3 3,000 100%
Silwet L-7600 Pendant 68938-54-5 All EO CH3 4,000 100%
Silwet L-7602 Pendant 68938-54-5 All EO CH3 3,000 100%
Silwet L-7604 Pendant 68937-54-2 All EO H 4,000 100%
Silwet L-7605 Pendant 68938-54-5 All EO CH3 6,000 100%
Silwet L-7608 Trisiloxane 67674-67-3 All EO H 600 100%
Silwet L-7622 Pendant 68938-54-5 All EO CH3 10,000 100%
Silwet L-7657 Pendant 68937-54-2 All EO H 5,000 100%
Silwet L-8500 Linear 161755-53-9 All PO H 2,800 100%
Silwet L-8610 Linear 102783-01-7 All EO H 1,700 100%
Note: Typical data are average data and actual values may vary. Typical data shall not be used as product specifications.
l Generic structural types as displayed in Figure 3, Figure 4 & Figure 5.
m Variable‚ Z’ as per generic structural types as displayed in Figure 3, Figure 4 & Figure 5.
n Estimated HLB-values calculated by the formula: Estimated HLB = weight-% (EO) · 20.

*Silwet and Silwet L-77 are trademarks of Momentive Performance Materials Inc.

12
Table 4

Ratio EO/PO
Surfactants
Solubility of Silwet* surfactants in
selection of solvents at 25ºC

Hexanes

Acetone

Xylenes

CH2Cl2
(77ºF) and at 0.1%, 1. 5%. 20%

Silwet*

Water
and 80% weights.

Silwet L-77* All EO DDDIG SDIDS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS

Silwet L-7001 EO/PO SSDDS IIIII SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Silwet L-7002 EO/PO SSSSS IIIIS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Silwet L-7200 EO/PO SSSSG IIIIS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Silwet L-7210 EO/PO SDDIG IIIIS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Silwet L-7220 EO/PO DDDDI SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Silwet L-7230 EO/PO SSSSG IIIIS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Silwet L-7280 EO/PO DDDGS SSDDS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Silwet L-7500 All PO IIIIG SSSDS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Silwet L-7600 All EO SSSSS IIIII SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Silwet L-7602 All EO DDDDG SIIIS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Silwet L-7604 All EO SSSSS IIIII SSSSS SSSSH SSSSS
Silwet L-7605 All EO SSSSS IIIII SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Silwet L-7608 All EO SDDIG SIIIS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Silwet L-7622 All EO IIIIG SSIID SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Silwet L-7657 All EO SSSSS IIIII SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Silwet L-8500 All PO IIIII SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Silwet L-8610 All EO SDIIG SIIII SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
Note: Typical data are average data and actual values may vary. Typical data shall not be used as product specifications.

S = Soluble: Clear or slightly hazy solution.

D = Dispersible: Hazy, stable dispersion, partially soluble.
I = Insoluble: Unstable dispersion, separates on standing into two phases.
G = Gel: A clear Gel at low water concentration, except an opaque gel in the case of Silwet* L-7500.

*Silwet and Silwet L-77 are trademarks of Momentive Performance Materials Inc.

13
Table 5

Specific Gravity
Estimated HLB

(ASTM D-2369)
Polyether Type

Viscosity b cSt

Flash Point °C
Cloud Point a
Silwet* Typical Physical

CMC wt.%
Surfactant

Tension c
Surface

VOC g/l
Properties

Silwet

d
Silwet L-77* All EO k 20 20.5 Low 1.007 116 0.007 29.8
Silwet L-7001 EO/PO 39 1700 28.2 Med 1.030 97 0.002 8.6
Silwet L-7002 EO/PO 39 900 30.5 Med 1.028 123 0.003 11.7
Silwet L-7200 EO/PO 77 2500 34.2 High 1.064 123 0.002 10.1
Silwet L-7210 EO/PO 25 1000 30.3 Low 1.070 135 0.009 8.7
Silwet L-7220 EO/PO 24 1100 26.8 Low 1.017 143 0.010 7.0
Silwet L-7230 EO/PO 40 4000 32.4 Med 1.033 135 0.020 13.4
Silwet L-7280 EO/PO k 35 21.5 Low 1.002 143 0.003 2.7
Silwet L-7500 All PO i 140 i Low 0.987 121 i 11.1
Silwet L-7600 All EO 64 110 25.1 High 1.066 74 0.005 12.2
Silwet L-7602 All EO k 100 26.6 Low 1.027 127 0.003 13.3
Silwet L-7604 All EO 50 420 25.4 High 1.063 79 0.004 17.4
Silwet L-7605 All EO 93 210 30.2 High 1.068 138 0.030 5.4
Silwet L-7608 All EO k 35 21.5 Low 1.020 118 0.010 12.1
Silwet L-7622 All EO i 400 i Low 1.019 110 i 13.9
Silwet L-7657 All EO 89 600 27.6 High 1.090 129 0.002 8.7
Silwet L-8500 All PO i 250 i Low 0.988 113 i n.a.
Silwet L-8610 All EO k 125 25.7 Low 1.032 132 0.005 n.a.
Note: Typical data are average data and actual values may vary. Typical data shall not be used as product specifications.
a Typical Values on Gardner Varnish Scale.
b Apparent Specific Gravity at 25/25°C (35/25°C for Silwet* L-7605).
c Pensky-Martens, Closed Cup, ASTM method D93.
d Typical Viscosity at 25°C (35°C for Silwet* L-7605).
e 1% Solutions, 5 minute reading ASTM D1173-53.
f Typical Values at 25°C on 0.1% (w/w) aqueous solutions using either De Nouy Ring or Wilhelmy Plate Method.
g Typical values measured visually on 1% (w/w) aqueous solutions.
h ASTM D-2392.
i Insoluble in water.
k Dispersible in water at 1% (w/w) but hazy ;cloud point at 0.1% is < 10 ˚C

*Silwet and Silwet L-77 are trademarks of Momentive Performance Materials Inc.

14
Application Selector
Table 6

Silwet* Surfactants

Silwet L-7608
Silwet L-7280
Silwet L-7600
Silwet L-7602
Silwet L-7604
Silwet L-7605
Silwet L-7657
Silwet L-7622
Silwet L-8610
Silwet L-7001
Silwet L-7002
Silwet L-7200
Silwet L-7210
Silwet L-7220
Silwet L-7230
Silwet L-7500
Silwet L-8500
Silwet L-77*
Markets Applications

Chemicals Wetting • • • o o o o
Spreading • • • • • •
Flow & Leveling • • • • • • •
Lubricant (aqueous) o o o • o • • o o
Libricant (non-aqueous) • •
Antifog • • • • o o o o
Sheeting • • • o o o
Slip, Mar Resistance o • • •
Defoamer (aqueous) • • • • • •
Defoamer (non-aqueous) • • • o
Profoamer • • • • o •
Foam Stabilization • •
Oils Emulsification o o o • o • • •
Solids Dispersion • • • o o o o • o o • o o

Polishes Finish, Gloss, Sheen • o • • o •

Grease Cleaner • • • •

Plastics & Rubber Urethane Bubble Release • •

Metal to Plastic Lubricant • • •
Lubricant • • •
Antiblock & Release • • o • o o • •

Metal Working Cutting Fluids Additives • •

Rolling Oils Additives • •
• = Suggested
o = Alternative

*Silwet and Silwet L-77 are trademarks of Momentive Performance Materials Inc.

15
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*Silwet, Silwet L-77 and Hydrostable are trademarks of Momentive Performance Materials Inc.

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