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CHAPTERt
Sim
3.b9
CPU Acumulatx Symbol
12|12
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A
AND
16
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16
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AL I E
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A LasTAUCTLON REGASTER
3.NVERT
a

Hox the Ceukut Tuituhon cdes tosHes

A thdata ahe stotd in
Cenmpute heads eacdi iaback
aud plaes it in a ceata
oo aegisle The ceubet then tepxt the
5. NAND A AB biaay Cocde the iatuihion aud brccead
þxoceacd
B
micooatiu.
LAn Anitaten Loda
hat ta
la shei cpratisa. gti dhidid
bu NOR A B: þant ad eah pant hae it s n
B 1

Cade an inut ctisu

bit ttdene Auh
Leheateuaadd ttatet. i
ssaen dome
A
AB
CxoR) Ldata stoxed csde t

to b
shest
NOR A
=q8tA8)AB oo dound Shene Hhe
x =A'B4 AR'Oo memog
keted
 Date
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Page

Baste Conmpuate Snatucton (AzNoT _0oL

AND > AND mamc Ead to AC 3

o ooN
Add tmemas k d to HC
T> A
ADD
LDA > Laad O r d to AC
1
BUN > Bxnch cniomienally
BSABa h ad Bave etum addse
1Sz > ncemet audaibit zeso. o
latu
BooLEAN ALaEBRA
BcelcanAlyeha gea that dial
Aith bivag adables a Mth Table
The aziabea ae designated by a te
ane AND, ORoT. dailitat th aalyis aad conveuet
digital Cixuik I `ide
Deuiaal Biaarg alebaaicam a tuthtable
4Exbxen în
alatieab hehaeen hinas4. aniablu
(A.B)AND Ae
Expe in algcbaie dom He inbut sufat
36
elatiouaih Lagi diagzanu
atut
exbsesid algebaially
 thenefot,
the
o lyed Qne
te tut
wyiz)=atz
tot a
tauctieu
Ageba Bobltan Sdendithes
ef Basi
instutieA Il 12
the 15
ode Gperotie B
ashene sregiakxLaddoenhe
modeII i abecit
Addres Ctode
1112 AB'
+A''+A'B'+ABC'+
+ARC AR+ABC
(B+B)Ac' G+A)A
+
Oenowite Cadecodeohenahien fhe sn
ARctAA'C)zl ARc'+
nd semaiig
hit 3 the meawy
Ste and bid the cetains 4astctin A'+A)=L ARtc+ABL FCAB.c=
(o) Aum einyþrduct
(AND) in
anable bina alexbs Cantia
LTONS CoNRUTER and
Aniker Dare Page
Anikets Date
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Date
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Date
Page

Aheiy the shenatea a t t to be

excuted. Sinnialyan intut-sthut B1

nemou and eiognized b the

A oo-lol
t mot bit the iastuh'eu
I5

NAND (
NOR
+)

f= A8C+ ABc't+A'
AB (etc+Ak OMpLEMENT OF fUNLTION
The
Ihe. Caalemant a duntaaEsae
A

Ttha4le hen the

exbeed in algebi
lderiad meana De Mogaus theosn
A he heonem
C Canbe exhened Jelle
DeMosga's Thenem

axxXuXn) t txat...txn
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3
De
Table Trth
Decnal
15 121 o
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l45,6,1) EA.B,c:
2

(keMap) NaKanuagh
p
Ma-Vaiable
p four SIMPLIÆICATLON HAp
+B'k F8,)-A C
ABc' ABC+
AB'+< B'+ |>flA.B.c)
A f'R
Mhree-vanable
Mah A
ates AND using Ac' fAB+
Gata Daiensal Gata NoR and NAND
Hah Vaniable Two
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Aniket Date
Alslzs AssiNMENT >2
Date Aniket
Atep
CPU Simula tor Sumi data 2 oj2-byt locaion dn
atod.
Buit-Sn kat-1
Stop
Coeate 2 Jlu Textl and uachiue
Extenion
Exses hat aspean the
aneby langage Agatati
de Hhen the hiley
aachi
amlate (o end
1ta

add
thsa togethen lutiil a
Ha
unbes iiiadn, Thenit negatie 3 be taalats
He dum. [not
Sneluding tu at nnbe Cenhider
3Aseabler
Ksanatx dependa
;! called cemnet and it stant th Qud
Start ihead
Cane)
sed
anguagetianalat lika ct compilea
ito code
ead n acc
Qdd m
add m to
ject Cacde
the
jstat tte
load Soad the nals
esseleto language
to nacinangut
 Date AnikeT
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angage Cenpilex sasu hoodbut ar

and Hhen toauslate Modiy Micoiateuchie
iterpeky ead
syntachay and an lonieat the
mahine

Data anddo. instruehen

Retiuing
Tnkxheus
aDeadigTathsig hat the istucien eas to dado

back - Lstth
updating ygtes
tu sesoulk te exeutie

To exelute the bocgsam Ao to the et Machie gneudgiatess, bnemgayeteh

seaene and nicoiatuhn

into Hae ain

MainLa]ir

deesde-in
be ladeila bia Aeaeue mioinatutey
2) Dota
Ragiten azd Lend statmont ox iautetieu
naacai
 Date
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Date
Page

lik
and mm
’Risiste’Ne

gikn
RitrAay
Ceudtiahet Hhle aud load- Test le
RAM
i t d in mesry
Aith ietH fo be exbatsed in 2"-ke&k), i
hihela,edtable stots seme input-euthut dat Deby - Exeut þacgsam
Atoe
debuaig it
utucidth-ls iwtal- edi teble
angta
data ugita-ata nagiata (a) to tK
dta 16,editabe

Cseat
eidth 1)edtebl

Can be becaat
Ac
 Date
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Date
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aslslay (aNPLENENT
ath Table
O
o

12
LaoEl
A
B

The Camplesmut cresala elatained.an

gtycleang
4 AND ad DR aherat'e
Camblene cach budiidal vaiable
13
Bodut Bunt Siabliahbni
The baolcan exhxiins deried ea tte
þaecatiug exauple l
exped in DON'T CARE CONTLTION
podet temAND the &n
centu te The 1 and 0 in te aebseutHe
onvenient to miats t t aku
to 1
lalgebit dee nA matt he þaodues
nhioa hacd
Siste the
n ay
thee temm AnDi ct Haat
atput i to he ox taia naint
 Date
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aklax
brodue eiter Ox
may brodue AssiGNMENT 3
intm Hhat nayShe said to be de
dunctiouDout Car Candi ties
Care ceudiiee
nasked
Conditeuw lau he ued to
lden'tCan BoaleaAyebsa
A'Bc + AC
cCaRtA
cAA) 6+A) :(A'+A -)
ElA.8,c)- lo,) A+B)

AB+AB Cc'+c)
XalD) 2
AB+AB
3 8a'+ A) ’ B

QAR +A(
6l|o 1
ABCtABC AB +AC
A(B+C)

Vaiable ma
arA,&,cDl3,1,ll,3,45)

s
 Date
Poçe
Aniket Aniret

CoMBLNAILONALCIRUITS
ke Lagi iuits baially caageigd
to
1.mbinatiua
edbak
Qnd the
eecdback batte
lexist
hae aemet
A
hinput Cabiaial stput
Vhsiable Vaxiable

A
IA Conhina tieua Ciiuit Can be ducbed
tauth able Ahoui vVanables and the'm
betdeanthe 'n' Aubut
S t t Vahiableu
Ha! Addex

X-OR Gat
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o
o
Sm

N
Addir

ooo
Block Diagam
full S

o
Boolean Exþasi COHBINATION CRLuIT SEQUENTIAL GRuL
2
C-AB+ (AB +A B
4
1

elenet
Adde
 Date
Aniket
Poce 21

the Conbinaieual oi'gita Gzuit te

9n A fhpek i a biaasy cell cabable
depeud Ga apu Hat ae þaxsent at or he nommal ale and
diaital cinuit Hhe Compleneut als tas
i ikee t base conbinatitu cizuutt
in pacie 'alo
maintaii a
biaazy stat util dieted by a clock
Snud stoage eleneut,ih regid t to sithtats
b deucibed in em Scquehal
lcisut TypESDe ELIp. fLoP

Stqyential
at
cinuit basially thene an Sequenu 1.SR ELIP- fOP

S R
The mast Lommo e Sequadial Cizut
the Synchnono type Synchzonola Syuatd. eantaO
iait enbloy SigualiHat eet e Set to 1
tazageelemeut `uy at discrete intant
mdetoiak
ewng deie called a cdock pude qeuehaty. (b) charutene thble
gueaB
dack
has thae uhutabeled slor set)K(leuet

haat bsodues Asmetime, Hae dih- e

sutut ik gdiatd Lh a small
lock þuse

The stoage
elemuta
se4eutial cisuit ea layed in clockad
calld
Lcaang inespecte
 Dote
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Date
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4tate D=O
aleedALorito tte ales int zengstata
langesfem ot 1tsut alt+1)-D
meansHhe

tauitieHhe soutput doeA no canse

Saeu beth s and K eaal to 1te TK fLIP-£LOP
oudput i wnbredictable aud may goto
ether o o1alu)u the J k Qtt1
ata No
cleas.
the
autput Set to 1
te tae oLLmne e a clock Complmut

in Hat tae udeteminat loudh'eu

J Qndk behae ike iuhut Sand R

Set to1
A

la clock teansto siiteea the sthuts

the SR
Jock tauitie
 Tiwe
the end to i aud stat nast clouk
Koea pleatAtet
(postie tigual lack
the
anactitic
able
o
H
X
X
D X
Elip-flop Tk taikien
do lizksela
clack Teo lkee
Conditieus
X I dungnd
ag Saput single
X
FLIP-ALDP al9l2sR
TARLEExciTAIION
chang Canot TQtt1)
time Negote
odock/ fP-fLOP
Page
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Page
Date
 Date
Page

Date
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hed atbl at
STATE TABUE
4nhet auh
cambinata tabla leda
cilled
stt table The 4mbst x' lext ata
lexataien
den'! Cane cendihe
PectState Anbut A
aale neþstseud doo
SEQUENTIAL

D
oo

A'x

SIATE DLAGRAM
-B
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Poge -
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1alalay CHAPTER>3 DATA REPRESENIAI Deimal to Hecoadleial 2

L25 (14).
adx deinal
unbea Satent hexadeumal, bianga
conveie |*16'+9%16
7Decial
Bakdix (25)
Binag 8
Hexadeuisal lb
Deinmal to Bivay eA(35),o Biaay
935

225 8A35 3
9

value Hexadeianal
16353 2
le3)e
35), = (icoo), =(43) =(93)
onseidtne
Cmindu 5

g-(25 825 2. 32 t 22t|35

Sanetaiyg
to be bauser Binaoy do Dctal
0ctato Detmal LA

(3
3*8tE
24
 Date
Poge
Aniket Dcte
Ariket

23lalau CHARTER4

Cemblemet Gntemal handane organigakau igal

Cesplenaeut
lagica Mauapaatieu thche
Taesunie haincperation hentaued

ioetehation

ainfomaianaaut
anathexiaplazement
deaiguated Ajnbotii
oheatoThe
by mia
tatemeut denstua
deigaati a aeplacemeut eHae eutut
ource chauge aen t
Aiaudom
Riag - OLoolol
Hemo tiatea
euimeut called a
ne

Stmatki ta be stoed 'ta.

Lalled a sozste eeenatiea'A memät.
kd i be sybolized y Hu letha
Readi
 Date Aniket Anikets
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Hhe anhmie wicoohenatom dedined by

HlaR]eR1 etateme
R3Ri + R2
Nadi- ke cad ehenatien Can be teted as
Conaplimeud he
R22
tae menA

Table
Selecled by HaeAeldus AR.
Arithmet Micgochhaton
R3RL R2
elemeuty shehataA R34-AL-R2
hentoed sith tt data stodin ugsens R24- R+1

hagisex to auslhen
anittiweti
cpeatieu
hon-neuc data atoed in
egiste

The baic
baj titthweie micsoaheratien ane Addihe
ubtatip, incneutdesenet and ait
 Date
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CugeTCA >2 Diettal Cemþontud -acale dateqaatlen -LSI deiea,

h<s 2coand a tens thousand
lCetai

higa Cixuib, ase costuted th inega ogsawable modlule

Satsqyatd ciuit (r)
xuih (r) Ansenicandutr
Small lien Cygtal cal.
Asthia a

te egied ciuit
in ii ecnalngu athen a NANDaNOR
Mauy diornt
Snent ate Kat og
uit{ hae beeA

HediunAale faleyahi (usI) hodue cemenenually

3. Laae -scale Gnteata (LS L)
4ntotoa
-Emitte-Coubled e
Medalexide senicanductor
-Small-stale Gutegatiau s- deuies coulai MOS seicDnduds
seaal iudebeudk gatu ina single þackage CNOC - lomplemeutay melal-oxide
hat ha
Cennekd dietyto te pinu in t ideahgeadlagi daly
backaseThe ner been in spenatigu
inited Lonidered
nler þiy availabe in theTC. adamta in igaaheed
chenake MOS
CMOS
a
lo to 200
Ceuswtien
 Date
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+5 +3
A
ECL 2 high-5.2 -O.4 t1.15
LCMOC25
A D
failie

Dz
DELODERS

eded tatmaiea
A Decoderi a cbiaation

coded inut maxnMwm

A decodin has n
au nx m_decod on
Du.

Enable Tuputa Anthhlele ss 3to8 ine Decader

o-loloolooo
os
o
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odoloOololo
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A, A Ao lo
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D,DD. D,DDo (Enable
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)
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Dy
D atu NAND th derode 2to-4
i
Di E
2
D. deoder 20
2X4
too2X4 (ensbaucted
sth RX8decoder
inaut euabde cue hai decode abeAQ The
Exasien Decoder Couei to-otal
generato gatis AND the
X X
Cebinahi thThe Vaniablu input biuasy4 taee -tae o
do
Da Ao Ahou
D3 D
uthable
Page
Anikset Date Aniket Page
Date
 Date
Page
Aniket Aniket s
Dcte
Page

ENCon ER
Cebinahgny
a detere ic t
Saput data
seleckd
nyee ejnaten deodtne
Hines aud
ha
isaa sutputins genesau binay
Code to tii input a

Aoo Da
oo9 De Ds DaD Da Do A Ho

oo

A DtD,+Ds+D

4eto-d bine mukjlexe

MuLTIPLEXERS able
A Mulkple xen i Cainake ircit tat Selet
2inhut datains aud dit t to a
ugle ouhutn Tae seletiga I
tabat data
a det d seleciera Anbut A
n"to-1
input dataeaud