Level 5
Semester 9
Module (Family medicine)
I d e nt i f i c a t i o n
Prepared by: Dr. Mohamed Moharram
Under supervision of: Prof. Dr. Sahar El-dakrory
INSTRUCTOR INFORMATION
• Name: Mohamed Moharram
• Department: forensic medicine and toxicology
• Official e-mail: mohamedmoharram85@gmail.com
• Mobile or WhatsApp number (optional):
• Office hours: Monday and Tuesday Available time: ……………day: 00:00-
00:00 AM
Office number and place:
Mission and Vision of Faculty
رسالة الكلية:
تلتزم كلية الطب البشري – جامعة الدلتا للعلوم والتكنولوجيا بتقدیم برنامج تعليمي تكاملي متميز یقوم
على المھـارة والمعرفـة ویھـدف الى تخریج أطبـاء قـادرین على الوفـاء بواجبـاتھم المھنيـة واألخالقيـة،
والتعليم الطبي المستمر والمشاركة الفعالة في البحث العلمي وخدمة المجتمع.
رؤیة الكلية:
تسعى كلیة الطب البشري -جامعة الدلتا للعلوم والتكنولوجیا من خالل تطبیق برنامج التعلم القائم على
اكتســاب الجدارات أن تكون في مقدمة المؤسسات الطبیة التعلیمیة المتمیزة على المستوى المحلي
والقومى والعالمي.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of the lecture, the students will be able to:
1. Know the importance of identification in the living and dead people.
2. Know what information can be obtained skeletal remains.
3. Know the medico-legal importance of teeth examination.
4. Identify the age and sex from skeletal remains or a single bone.
Case scenario
A group of friends have decided to camp in the desert. While they were
digging to build their tents, they found a collection of bones (2 sternum and
one femur). They told the local authorities who called the forensic team to
examine these skeletal remains.
Q1. Does the remains belong to one person or more?
Q2. How can the forensic team identify the age from skeletal remains?
Learning outcome 1
The importance of identification in the
living and dead people
Identification
It means recognition of a person through certain
features that differentiate him from all other persons
(individuality).
Identification is necessary in living body:
Identification is necessary in dead body:
Learning outcome 2
What information can be obtained skeletal remains?
ORIGIN OF BONE
PERSON OR MORE
Identification AGE
Of
collection SEX
Of
RACE
bones
STATURE
DEFORMITIES
TIME PASSED SINCE DEATH
CAUSE OF DEATH
Learning outcome 3
Age identification from skeletal
remains
AGE identification
skull
Mandible and Teeth Union of the epiphysis
skull
Fontanels
Dimensions
Sutures
Fontanels
Sutures 2-4ys
40ys
25-30
ys
50ys
Sutures
70 ys
Mandible and Teeth
24
12
18 6
9
Milk teeth: 20 in number {10 upper and 10 lower)
-The eruption starts at about 6 months after birth &
Completed the end of the 2nd year.
-There are no milk premolars.
11
9 8 7
10
6
12
18-
25
Permanent teeth: 32 in number {16 in upper jaw & 16 in lower jaw}
Number of permanent teeth = (Age in years – 5) x 4.
Dentition
Mixed
Mixed dentition:
Between 6-10 y, the child has both temporary and permanent
teeth. In mixed dentition, the total number of teeth is always
24.
Medico-legal importance of teeth examination:
1.Personal identification: Irregularities, Crowdness, Deformities, Dental fillings etc.
2. Age estimation
3. Sex determination : Identifying Y-chromosome in dental pulp
4. Occupation and habits : Tailors: show notched upper incisors from wear and tear.
smokers: Dark brown stains on the back of incisors.
5.Identification of the type and date of a crime: From the site and date of the abrasions
and contusions of the bite
Mandible
Union of the epiphysis with the shaft
Ossification begins centrally in an epiphysis spreads peripherally as it gets bigger
Determination of age based on union of epiphyses with a range of ± 6 months
1. Sternum
2. Hyoid bone
3. Hip bone
60 y
4. Lower Limb
5. Upper limb
40y
1. Sternum
2. Hyoid bone
3. Hip bone
4. Lower Limb
5. Upper limb 40
23 y
1. Sternum
2. Hyoid bone
3. Hip bone
4. Lower Limb 15y
5. Upper limb
6y 21y
17 y
18 y
1. Sternum
2. Hyoid bone 16 y
3. Hip bone 21 y
4. Lower Limb
5. Upper limb
18 y
Lower 21y
23 y
18 y
limb& 15 y
17 y
Hip 6y
16 y
bone 21 y
18 y
23
20 y y 20 y
1. Sternum
2. Hyoid bone
3. Hip bone
4. Lower Limb
5. Upper limb
16y
15 y
17y
14y
18 y
•In females, union of epiphysis is TWO
years earlier than males.
Sex identification
Which bone can tell you more?
The pelvis tells the story
Pelvis
oNarrow &Triangular.
oWide & Circular.
• Iliac crest.
• Body of the pubis.
• Obturator foramen.
• Great sciatic notch.
• Ilio-pectineal line.
• Preauricular sulcus.
• Pubic arch.
• Acetabulum
Features Male pelvis Female pelvis
Iliac crest Highly arched Less arched
Greater sciatic notch Narrow, deep, small Broad, shallow, large
Body of pubis Narrow, triangular Broad, rectangular
Subpubic angle V-shaped, sharp angle, U-shaped, rounded,
70°-75° broader angle, 90°-100°
Pelvic inlet Heart-shaped or Circular
triangular
Pelvic outlet Smaller Larger
➢The bones forming the angle/arch are more concave in females but
straight in males
V-shaped, sharp angle, 70°–75
U-shaped, rounded, broader angle, 90°–100°
Skull
❑Parietal eminences.
❑Superciliary ridges.
❑Frontonasal junction.
❑Mastoid processes.
❑Occipital condyles.
❑Occiput
❑Foramen magnum
Recognition of the race from bones: Negroid skull
■■ Frontal suture. ■■ More prominent superciliary ridges.
■■ Flat nasal bridge with wide nasal apertures.
■■ Flat hard palate. ■■ Prognathism.
■■ Small mastoid processes. ■■ Strong, ivory, white large teeth. ■■ pointed pterion.
Negroid
Finger prints (Dactylography):
•Definition:
•A finger print means an impression
made by the ball of the finger.
•It is based on the principle that the
skin of the balls of fingers and
thumb is covered with papillary
ridges with pores of sweat glands.
Development:
• They develop during intrauterine life (at 16th week) and
remain constant throughout life.
• They cannot be altered except in:
• Transitory absence due to exposure to ionizing radiation and
steel industry.
• Permanently destroyed in some chronic skin diseases as
leprosy and scleroderma.
Types
67% 25% 7% 1%
Advantages of finger prints:
1. It is used for all ages.
2. Persistent: even after peeling of the
epidermis due to putrefaction.
3. Absolute identification.
4. Needs no special training or
expensive instruments
Summary and wrap up
-Identification includes the determination of individuality or personality of a
person, dead or living, based on certain Physical characteristics.
-Age, sex and race can be identified using information obtained from dental
eruption, B. Skull, Mandible and Union of Epiphyses.
In children, first erupted permanent tooth is:
A. Central incisor
B. First molar
C. Canine
D. Lateral incisor
E. First premolar
The anterior fontanelle closure occurs at:
A. 6-9 months
B. 9-12 months
C. 18 months
D. 3 years
In old age, the mental foramen:
A. opens near the lower margin
B. opens near the alveolar margin
C. opens Midway between upper and lower margins
D. it is closed
Discussion & Feedback
References
Biswas, G. (2015). Review of Forensic Medicine and
Toxicology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Limited,
2015
