._,IHllli!

..

¢ N il

Oil orH '

¢
Anilinium
h) drog S0 3H SO"
en sul;pate Sulphanilic acid ?witter ion

CHAPTER 10: BIOMOLECULES

► Biomoiecuies ar
e naturau .
pounds present ! occurring organic com-
,. taste, so called sugars. . h t · free
or~anism m· cliff as essential constituents of living
erent ll F ""' b h drates whic con
b
. etc. ce s. or example, polysac- '-"'~educing sugars: Car o y
charides, P ro t ems, F hlin ain
# s solu-
aldehydic or ketonic group and reduce ~ g ~
► Carbohydrates tion and Tollens' reagent. For example, all monosac-
■ Carbohydrates are ti ll charides, maltose.
.
op ca y active polyhydroxy al- ,~n-reducing sugars: Carbohydrates which do not
dehyde~ or ketones or compound which produce
hav~ free aldel}y_dic o_r ketonic group and do not
such units on hydrolysis. For example, cellulose,
glycogen, starch, etc. reduce Fehling's solution or Tollens' reagent. For
example, sucrose. ,,_
■ They are classified as monosaccharides, disaccha-
rides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides on the ■ All reducing carbohydrate undergoes mutarotation
in aqueous solution.
basis of their behaviour on hydrolysis.
■ All rnonosaccharides and disaccharides are sweet in ~ cose and fructose are examples of monosaccha-
rides.
 MISTRY, Class-12
ers CHE
Question Pap '
CB SE sample
osWAA L

t)rO

l t l\1 CH 2-CH3
CH - CHz-CH 2-CH2-
~
1 ,
\lttt 1rn~ - 11 .1 (11-Hexane)
l ' H,l1H
/CN
CH"'-OI-l
CH == N- OH ~HO 1-ICN➔ I
(CI-IOI-l)4
I ~ (CHOH)4 I
(CHOH)4 I CI-Iz0I-I
I CHzOH
CH20H
Glucose cyanohydrin
. e
Glucose monoxun
cooH
I .
Br2 water) (CHOH)4
I
CHzOH
Gluconic acid
- CHOO
CHO
I 5 (Acetic anhydride) I II CH 3)4 + SCH3COOH
(CHO-C-
(CHOH)4
0 ' - -
I
CH20 H
I II
CHz0-C-CH3
\...
CHO COOH C00H
I
I .d . I Oxidation (CH0H)
OXJ aaon (CHOH)4 cone. HN03 I 4
(7HOH)4 cone. HN03 I CHz0H
CH OH CO0H ·
2 Saccharic Glucomc
- ·ct-- acid .
. .d es. Maltose molecule is compose d o f tw o~ a -D -glucose uruts
■
maltose and lactoseac1
are examples of disacc
..__ . han
Sucrose,
in which C1 of one glucose IS(I) . linked to C4
of another glucose unit (II). . 1
■ Amylase is a long unbranched cham . .
. with 200 _ 1000 RNA and DNA, respective y.
a.-D-( +)-glucose units held by CI - C4 glycos1d1c
~teins, Vitamins and Nucleic Acids
linkage. Amylopectin is a branched chain polymer
of a-D-glucose units in which the chain is formed by ■ Proteins are condensation polymers in which mo-
c1 c4 glycosidic linkage whereas branching occurs nomeric units are the a-amino acids.
by c1 - C6 glycosidic linkage. ■ The compounds which contain carboxylic acid
■ Starch and cellulose are examples of polysaccha- (-COOH) group and an amino group (-NH ) are
2
rides. called amino acids.

■ Cellulose is a polysaccharide whose fundamental ,Y~

~n_. the basis of structure, proteins are class ·med as
structural unit is f3-D-glucose joined by fibrous and globular proteins.
glycosidic linkage between C1 of one glucose unit ■ Fibrous proteins are thread-like molecules which
and C4 of the next glu cose unit. tend to lay side by side while globular proteins ar~
■ D-ribose and deoxyribose are sugars present in folded molecular to form compact units of sp her01·
dal shape.
 7
Ni,n c nil I
(Synlh I d Ar. 1d1
1
U I
• Ba~~d on .__ by lhebouy)
l1') Pnn\af'\ ~uuct
tru ure .lnd shape:
,,.;.,
:.. cturc: Each p
an, lno acids linked .o \Yr~' phd . .
.. ~qu~ncc c in a protein Mt' rcqu11cd 111 u v~ry mall mo unt
W\l h each oth er in a spe for th h llhy
(u) Sl.'.'cond cific growth ,ind funcl1omng of nrum
al org nl rn
1 al) structure: lt rcfe ■ V1tamim, c,tn b1• w.ill•r olub
a ong pol ype ptid e cha in e i:s t~ lc (B rmd C} nnd f 1
the ~hapc in which soluble (A, D, E and K).
. . . !)-pleated sheet.
XISl s, tha t 1s a-helix and ■ Hormones arc the chemical 1,ub
(u1) Tertiary stru ctu re· It i,tancc pro duc d
by ductless glandq called endocr
polYPepti.de cha i~s b;e~~~sen ine gland !iuch "
ts o~erall folding of thyroid and adrenals.
age s, van der Wa als and
ti.on.
ndi°s, disu lph ide link.-
e ectrostatic form of attrac-
■ Nucleic acids are the polymer
s of nucleotides ~elps
in synthesis of protein and transfer
genetic traits.
(iv) Quaternary structure: The
s . ■ Monomeric unit of nucleic
acid is a nucleotide.
two or mo re polYPeptide chP~t ■ Nucleotide is mad e up of
oth er. ial ~an gem ent of a pentose sugar, a hetero-
ams wit h respect to each cyclic base and phosphoric acid
unit.
~ o aci ds exist as ■ Nu clei c acids are of two
di l . types:
■ Protein·sh l '-(l )DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid
e P as po ar ions or Zwitter ions. )
me tab olic regu1 t tran spo tin
r g age nt, as enzy me s, as Yit i'R NA (ribonucleic acid)
tur al ma ten.als a ors, as ant ibo die s and as struc- ■ DNA has a double-helical
. structure.
■ Enzymes are essential biological catalyst ■ RNA has a single strand.
■ Nucleic acid helps in rep
are ne~ ded to cata lyse bioche s which lication and protein syn-
exa mp e, lac tase , inv erta se etc.mical reactions for thesis.
, ■ RNA:
~. ...~V 'ta n
.. _:_mi. s are gro up of org ani c com pou
(i) m-RNA (Me ssen ger RNA)
nds wh ich (ii) r:'.RNA (Ribosomal.RNA)
o,- --t >if ferences between RN
A and DN A (iii) t-~ A (Transfer RN~)
S.N o.
RN A
(i) The sug ar is D-ribose. DN A
(ii) It exists as a single cha in structure. The sugar is D-2-deoxyribose.
(iii) The bas e uni ts are: It has a double helix structure.
* Ad eni ne (A) and gua nin e (G) as pur The base units are:
ine bases. * Adenine (A) and guanine (G) as pur
* Cyt osi ne (C) and uracil (U) as ine bases.
pyrimidine * Cytosine (C) and thymine (T) as pyr
bases. imidine bases.
(iv) It is res pon sib le for pro tein syn
\( thesis. It is responsible for inheritance of
'-" ■' characters.
Globular and Fibrous protein
s
I S.N o. Globular proteins
Fibrous proteins
(i) The se are wa ter soluble protein
s. These are water insoluble protein
s.
(ii) The se are sph eric al in sha pe. These are linear in shape.
(iii) Glo bul ar pro tein s are hig hly
L unstable. Fibrous proteins are stable to mo
in temperature and pH.
derate cha nge

V■ R'educi,ng and Non-reduc=

in~g~s:_::u.::_g:_a_r _ _ _ _ _ _ _r-_ __ _
,...,,,A \..
S. No. ----=--=-----:--:-------- ,
Reducing sugar Non-reducing sugar 7

Car boh ydr ate s wh ich can red Carbohydrates which

(i) uce Tollen s' rea- Tollens' rea can not reduce
gen t or Fehling's Solution. gent or Fehling's Solution.
L
 OSWAAL GIi l , mr,I Ou llon P I' , •
CHEMIS rRy C
40 I
c f;.,ou,.
mup IJo rtol ht1H lrt ,I ldrt dc or k l(, 11
Mdl\llt 1, 1 ~,, ,111
( J 1 <111c ll•rm 1lm11 cl ,t,
11c,1 I 1kfl r•I, t
l
[ lt•r t, 11nplt•, 1100 , 1111/1110 t
'1_, \ mrlc Ill lit'

• (unchon
. ,., Hormon~s
'-tcroiJ hormont.',: of
].
/ 1este~ Responsible for devt•lopment
.' (,rndrogt.'ns) rnai
(1) Tl',tl1,tenmt sex org am.
Influences development of sex
org
progesterone Ovary ans,
(11) E.,tn1grn ,md maintains pregnancy.
rnin
Adrenal cortex Regulates metabolism of water, erai
(m) Cortbone salts.
t - ~
-- - + - - - - -
~ e hormones: I
e rat /
Adrenal medulla Increases blood pressure and puls e, I
og
(i) Adrenaline It also releases glucose from glyc
and fatty add s from fats. en I
Stimulates rate of oxidativ
Thyroid gener;
(ii) Thyroxine metabolism and regulate s
owth and develo ment.

~ 3. Peptide hormones:
oth
Posterior pituitary Causes constriction of some smo
uterus
(i) Oxytocin musdes . It causes contraction of
during child birth .
r in
Posterior pituitary Controls the reabsorption of wate
(ii) Vasopressin kidn eys.
(ADH)
Pancreas Controls blood glucose level.
(iii) Insulin
Pancreas Increases blood glucose level.
(iv) Glucagon

► Different vitamins:

Sources Function Deficiency

Name and Formula Diseases

butter, egg, Essential for visi01\ ~ghf blindness,

Retinolor .,,. Mill<, ia, re.
Vitamin A gree n and grow th. xero phth alm
fish, spinach, th and
~p hth ol vegetables, carrot etc. Develops resis tanc e tard ed grow
against diseases . decr ease s the in,.
C:Ji3o~ munity of body to-
wards various dis-
eases.

Thiamine or Aneurin Egg, fish, meat, rice, For proper Beri -beri, anaemia,
Vitamin B1 tioning of weakness of
wheat, yeas t etc. func
nervous system. muscles, etc.
C12H1~40S
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin or Mill<, cheese, egg, meat, Essential for growth Cracking skin particu-1
Lactofla vin green vegetables, liver, of body. larly at the comers of
etc. mou th (CheilosisJ,
glossitis, dennatitis. I
C17fiwN406
formation Convulsions, I
Vitamin B6 I Pyridoxine C8H1p 3N Wheat, maize, husk of In blood
rice, meat, fish, egg, etc. paralysis.
formation Macrocytican ae1T1Ja
Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin Liver, egg, fish, meat In blood
/ etc. or pernicious
anaemia .
 {\"Ull1' 1of
I,,'\'.. .,\,.,t. 1t, h l" a, 1l m, t.,t, ,h:-1" , \l
•. ,,th.·- t't,· , .,k11tm tn,i
rh•'-"th,int" m the
"'"n.,th'", ,1 boih''
t,r los... ot
\ .,H, l'i-._-.. 1n1..·.ll r1: '.:-c.·-- ~nti ~tt·rihh nTni,d,u1,, c nb1ht)
ft\.~n, ,'ft'C.,Nc..~ ~...._,i:- nTl'.',hh1i,,n. pr mr,·rhht,
t 'l(.'.\l\$ ,·t,·. Hdr:- m ,:t,,uin~ ,,r
~ .•H,~t' $l-'lll,h'h ,:_t.,ttill~
l•h,,i (l l.lc.."t\\l'l'hili.,)
-.:_t'<.,'l\ \ C~c..•t,\l'k·~ c..·~~
B~h ~t,·. '

► l:JnF'.."rt.mt Stro ~
Ghh.~

H-t-'-~H
-
H-t
t."
I

OH
Hc'-:Fl
H - OH (l

H~•1-H
H:.:.--0H
O
H
OH
Ho ·'
H-t
H
H -
~ OH I OH
H s_,__ _ ____.
(\
(\

C: CH,OH CH.OH
CH.OH p- D- (+)-Gluc,,~~
~- D - \ ...,_) - Gluoos«?
6

:~H
6 CH 2 0H
CH.,_OH
H ~s - O
H
~----'2:::.1 H
3
H OH
H
p- D - (+) - Glucopyranose
a.- D - (+) - Gfucopyranose

HOH1~-i-0H l Ha-=J-1~0H

H 0
3
H ~0
I
H
H 4
~
H 'O H 4 OH
OH
H s
H s t,
b
C~OH
CHzOH
p- D - (- ) - Fructofur,lt\ll:-l'
a - D - (-) - Fructofuranose
o 1
HOH2C ~ OCH20H
sH O z
H .i 3 OH
OH H
OH H 1:3 - D - (- ) - frudofu1-.mosl'
a - D - (-) - Fructofuranose
 OSWAAL CBSE sample Question papers. cHEMISTR

Sucrose:
1
0 H HO}iC 0 H
H
5
4 HO ff-½OH
OH
HO
OH Glycosidic OH H

a - D - Glucose linkage j3 - D - Fructose

0
0
II R-CH II
-C-0
R-CH-C-0-H
I
I NH+
:Nfii 3
(Zwitter ion)
Amino acid

•••
Finished Solvang the p
Timet aper?
o evaluate yourself i