Question 1:-

a) Explain why the East India Company became involved in the

subcontinent. [7]

 because of the wealth in the subcontinent

 because other European countries were there
 Britain wanted a strategic port/base
 to set up trading posts
 to gain profits
 to access raw materials such as spices, indigo, cotton
 as an alternative to the spice trade in the East Indies dominated by the
Dutch
 to set up a transit point for trade in China

b) ‘Political factors, such as the Doctrine of Lapse, were more significant

than economic factors in causing the War of Independence in 1857.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

 May agree that political measures such as the Doctrine of Lapse were
the most significant cause of the War:

 the Doctrine of Lapse meant local kingdoms were administered by the

British
 the taking of Oudh under British control in 1856 was unpopular with
Indian people
 there was frustration at the lack of opportunities in the civil service
 the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah and his family were mistreated
 the British replaced Persian with English as the official language of the
 administration/the language in which education would be given

 counter-arguments might include:

 the British kept the salary of sepoys low, was unpopular among the
troops
 the British imposed high taxation that many Indians could not afford
 the East India Company banned the export of cotton goods from India
in 1800
 poverty spread amongst the Indian people causing unrest

Question 2:-

a) Describe the publication ‘The Loyal Muhammadans of India’. [4]

 written by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1) in 1860 (1)

 it was aimed at making better relations between British and Muslims
 it told the British that Muslims were not opposed to them
 it stated the British shouldn’t discriminate against Muslims (1) as
Muslims were
  wrongly blamed for the violence during the war (1)
 it wanted the British to understand and respect Muslim beliefs (1) and
consult with Indians (1)
 it gave an account of the loyal service Muslims had given (1) and
named various
 Muslims who had shown loyalty to the British (1)

b) Explain why the Indian National Congress was formed in 1885. [7]

 to create a national identity

 to promote national unity
 to unify all regional, provincial and sub-national organisations
 to create an all-India political organisation
 to educate and organise the masses under an umbrella of a
representative
 political organisation
 to prepare and put forward the views of all Indians to the British
government

c) ‘The Mughal Empire ended because its military power declined.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14]

 May agree that the Mughal Empire ended because its military power
declined:

 continual fighting against rebels in multiple locations meant military

strength grew weaker over time
 the cost of putting down rebellions and fighting invaders meant that
there were fewer resources available to modernize the army
 military expertise declined during the latter stages of Mughal rule
leaving the Empire more vulnerable to attack

 counter-arguments might include:

 the size of the empire made it difficult to administer

 local leaders increasingly challenged Mughal power
 previously loyal princes rebelled against Mughal authority
 uprisings by Marathas and Sikhs
 the absence of a definite line of succession led to succession disputes
 money was wasted when Emperors died and there was a succession
dispute
 disputes between wealthy Mughal nobility
 the Empire came under almost constant attack from Persia and
Afghanistan
 the arrival of the British with their military strength
Question 3:-

a) Describe the Communal Award. [4]

 it was introduced in 1932

 it was announced by British Prime Minister (1) Ramsey MacDonald (1)
after the failure of the second Round Table Conference (1)
 it recognized the right of separate electorates for all minority
communities in the country
 it was not popular with Muslims as it reduced their majority
in Punjab and Bengal
 Muslims were to be given weightage wherever they were a
minority
 Sindh was removed from the Bombay Presidency and made into a
separate province
 The Marathas were to be given seven seats in the province of Bombay.
 3% of seats were to be reserved for women in all provinces except I
the NWFP
 Seats were allocated for labourers, landlords, traders, and industrialists.
 It distributed the seats in the provincial legislatures on a communal
basis and doubled the existing seats of the provincial legislatures

b) Explain the importance of the Simla Deputation of 1906. [7]

 it established good relations between the Muslim community and the

British, which was important for future Muslim prosperity
 it reinforced the good relations that had been established in the
partition of Bengal
 it acted as a counter to Hindu opposition to the British
 it gave the Muslim community the encouragement to set up their own
political party
 it was the first time separate representation for the Muslim community
was accepted
 c) To what extent was the introduction of Bande Mataram the main
reason why Congress Rule (1937–1939) was unpopular with the Muslim
community? Explain your answer. [14]

 May agree that the introduction of Bande Mataram was the main reason
why Congress rule (1937–1939) was unpopular with the Muslim
community:

 Bande Mataram was a nationalist Hindu song

 singing of the song was made compulsory before the start of business
in provincial assemblies
 these actions worried and offended the Muslim community as the song
contained anti-Muslim messages

 counter-arguments might include:

 the introduction of the Wardha scheme/Basic Education scheme into

 Congress education ministries with teaching in Hindi
 Hindu culture was promoted in the curriculum
 Muslims viewed these measures as an attempt to remove their identity
 and convert their children to Hinduism
 Muslims living under Congress rule felt threatened as in some areas
mosques were targeted and Muslim worship disrupted
 Hindu groups won more government business which harmed theincome and
trade of Muslim businesses
Question4:-

A) Describe Sajjad Ali Shah’s role in the Pakistan governments of the 1990s.

 Sajjad Ali Shah appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1) by
Benazir Bhutto (1) in 1994 (1)
 During 1997 he became a critic of the new Prime Minister (1)
 In November 1997, (1) demonstrations forced the Chief Justice to adjourn
 a case against the Prime Minister (1) and flee the courthouse
 he was dismissed as Chief Justice of Pakistan (1) in December
1997 (1),
 having lost President Leghari’s support (1)
 he was replaced by Ajmal Mian (1)

B) Explain why relations between Pakistan and the USA improved during
the 1990s.

 there was a will from both countries to restore relations following a

change in US administration in 1992
 the USA accepted the Pressler Amendment was a mistake
 Benazir Bhutto visited the United States in 1996 to further develop
relations culminating in the Brown Amendment
 the F-16 fighter jets issue was resolved
 the USA provided $388 million in military supplies to Pakistan
 the First Lady Hillary Clinton visited Pakistan in 1996 further
strengthening the relationship
C) ‘Pakistan has had good relations with China since 1947.’ How far
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

 May agree that Pakistan has had good relations with China
since 1947:
 Pakistan gave support for China joining UN in 1952
 boundary issues between the two countries were settled in 1963
 trade developed in 1960s particularly Pakistani cotton – a $60
million long
 term interest free loan regarding import of machinery
 China permitted PIA to use any airport in 1963, despite
opposition from
 USA
 increased numbers of visitors from China – journalists,
engineers,
 scientists etc.
 China gave Pakistan full support during the 1965 war and
military aid
 Post war in 1972 Bhutto visited China and supportive relations
were restablished
 in 1978 Karakoram Highway provided the first road link and
opened the two countries up to trade and tourism
 Zia’s visit to China in 1986 and the signature of nuclear
cooperation treaty
 emphasised the strength of the relationship

 Counter-arguments might include:

 the 1950s saw a cooling off when Pakistan supported pro-USA
policies
 there was a border dispute in 1950s
 in 1958/9 Pakistan voted against China’s admission to UN and
condemned military action in Tibet
 during the 1971 war, China was unable to offer as much support
to Pakistan
 during 1990s China developed relations with other countries