Final Exam

Practice Questions

1. Typical multiple-choice questions rely upon , whereas short answer questions

rely on .
a. recognition; recall
b. elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal
c. recall; recognition
d. maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal

2. Suppose you were one of the early graduate students of the newly developed field of
psychology. Your mentor is interested in discovering the answers to questions like, "Why
is the ability to forget helpful?" and "How do emotions assist us in social situations?" Your
mentor's approach is most consistent with the perspective.
a. functionalist
b. psychoanalytic
c. behaviourist
d. structuralist

3. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

a. A student loses earned free time for playing with lab equipment.
b. A student is sent to detention for fighting.
c. A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework.
d. A student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness.

4. The two main divisions of the nervous system are the and the .
a. peripheral nervous system; central nervous system
b. autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
c. endocrine system; neurotransmitter system
d. brain; spinal cord

5. The portion of the retina that contains a large proportion of cones is the
a. optic disc.
b. optic nerve.
c. fovea.
d. sclera.

6. Which memory system holds information about all surrounding stimuli present at a
particular moment?
a. short-term memory
b. long-term memory
c. sensory memory
d. working memory
7. The degree to which one set of results can be applied to other situations, individuals, or
events is called
a. generalizability.
b. objectivity.
c. reliability.
d. validity.

8. Professor Golder is studying hyperactivity in preschool-age children. She is concerned that

differences in child rearing, diet, and home environment may affect her results. To
minimize these potential pre-existing variables, she should be sure to do which of the
following?
a. Only measure a single dependent variable.
b. Include more than one independent variable.
c. Only select children from homes with a high socioeconomic status (SES).
d. Use random assignment when forming her groups.

9. The initial phase of learning in which a response is first established is known as

a. generalization.
b. extinction.
c. spontaneous recovery.
d. acquisition.

10. Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of
firecrackers at a Canada Day festival, but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting
the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the
children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the
firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned response?
a. the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light
the firecrackers
b. the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode
c. the person lighting the firecrackers
d. the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers

11. The sclera is the

a. lining of specialized cells at the back of the eye.
b. clear layer that covers the eye.
c. white, outer surface of the eye.
d. none of the above.
12. How would you know if your attempts at classical conditioning have been successful?
a. The presentation of the unconditioned response alone, elicits the conditioned
response.
b. The presentation of the unconditioned stimulus alone, elicits the conditioned
response.
c. The presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, elicits the conditioned response.
d. The presentation of the unconditioned stimulus alone, elicits the unconditioned
response.

13. When asked if there are more ice cream cones sold in November or July, Mary answers
"July" immediately. Then, she is surprised to find out that there is little to no difference
between the two months in terms of ice-cream-cone sales. Mary's error exemplifies
a. a negative correlation.
b. an imaginary correlation.
c. an illusory correlation.
d. a positive correlation.

14. Which of the following is TRUE about critical thinking?

a. It forces us to examine our own assumptions and biases.
b. If used properly, everyone who uses it will come to the same conclusion.
c. It always guarantees a correct answer.
d. It often requires being negative or arbitrarily critical of other people's ideas.

15. levels of light lead to levels of melatonin.

a. high; high
b. high; low
c. low; low
d. low; high

16. Which of the following is TRUE about sleepwalking?

a. Sleepwalking involves acting out dreams.
b. Waking a sleepwalker can cause severe psychological distress in the sleeping
individual.
c. Sleepwalking is more prevalent in childhood.
d. Sleepwalking is a sign of an underlying emotional disturbance.

17. In classical conditioning, the term neutral is used to indicate that a stimulus
a. is a primary reinforcer.
b. does not initially elicit a response.
c. cannot be detected by the subject.
d. will never be suitable to elicit a response.
18. The low-voltage brain waves produced during relaxed wakefulness or the twilight stage
between waking and sleeping are called waves.
a. theta
b. delta
c. alpha
d. beta

19. Sertan is given a task to learn a list of words while diving underwater. Nur is given the
same task, but on the land. If Sertan is tested on the land or Nur is tested underwater, they
might equally underperform. This is mainly due to
a. encoding specificity.
b. mood-dependent memory.
c. testing effect.
d. dual coding.

20. Ken's mouth waters every time he hears the ice-cream truck's familiar song in the
distance. One day, a slightly different song is heard in the distance and Ken's mouth
waters. Ken's behaviour illustrates
a. recovery.
b. assimilation.
c. generalization.
d. discrimination.

21. Which of the following is TRUE?

a. Researchers typically aim to include both samples and populations in their research.
b. Researchers typically study whole populations because it the most efficient method
for gathering data.
c. Researchers typically avoid studying both populations and samples to avoid
researcher bias.
d. Researchers typically study samples because it is often too difficult to study whole
populations.

22. Although she is normally not aware of its existence, Ingrid discovers that she has a
blind spot in her vision by closing one eye and focusing on a fixed point. What explains
why Ingrid has this blind spot in her vision?
a. She is likely suffering from severe retinal degeneration.
b. She has likely suffered damage to her occipital cortex.
c. She is experiencing sensory adaptation.
d. No photoreceptors are located where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

23. In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is

a. the stimulus that triggers a response without prior learning.
b. the stimulus that triggers a conditioned response.
c. the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with a conditioned stimulus.
d. the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with another stimulus.
24. Clay has played professional soccer for seven years and is easily able to tune out the sound
of the crowd and all other irrelevant sensory information during the game. Bruce is a
rookie and is often distracted by what his opponents are saying and the mood of the crowd.
Clay and Bruce are showing differing levels of
a. top-down processing.
b. selective attention.
c. absolute thresholds.
d. parallel processing.

25. What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

a. unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
b. neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus
c. neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
d. conditioned response and unconditioned response

26. According to the concept of preparedness, which stimulus would make the most effective
CS in a fear conditioning experiment?
a. spider
b. flower
c. airplane
d. gun

27. For Maslow, the most highly evolved motive is

a. intellectual need.
b. self-actualization.
c. esteem.
d. physiological need.

28. On a TV game show, Jeannette is asked to name the 13th Prime Minister of Canada. This
information is most likely stored in Jeannette's
a. semantic memory.
b. procedural memory.
c. nondeclarative memory.
d. episodic memory.

29. When thinking back to your first day of university, which type of memory are you
relying upon?
a. semantic memory
b. nondeclarative memory
c. procedural memory
d. episodic memory
30. Vinny studied hard last week for their upcoming chemistry exam, and when they go to
study again the night before the exam, they find it does not take them as long to work
through and remember the material. This example demonstrates which of the following
concepts?
a. schemas
b. priming
c. retrieval cues
d. relearning

31. Ecological validity refers to

a. the impact of a scientific study on the environment.
b. the degree to which naturalistic research techniques are used.
c. whether the results of a laboratory study can be applied to the real world.
d. the degree to which animal research can be applied to humans.

32. The optic nerve creates the , an area of the retina that contains no photoreceptors.
a. optic tract
b. fovea
c. optic disc
d. sclera

33. Octavia’s muscle movements are not inhibited when she is dreaming. As a result, she
literally acts out her dreams, sometimes injuring herself in the process. Octavia appears
to suffer from
a. narcolepsy.
b. restless legs syndrome.
c. somnambulism.
d. REM behaviour disorder.

34. When you were first learning to make your bed, your parents told you that you did a good
job when you got the bedspread pulled up, even though the bed was still a little messy. For
the next week, they showed you how to be a little neater each time you made the bed. What
operant conditioning procedure did your parents use?
a. punishment
b. shaping
c. extinction
d. generalization

35. is the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned

stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together.
a. Generalization
b. Extinction
c. Forgetting
d. Reverse conditioning
36. The term pseudoscience refers to
a. hypotheses that have been rejected through careful observation and testing.
b. theories that have not yet been proven.
c. claims and ideas that are presented as science but do not use the basics of the
scientific method to support their claims.
d. the study of psychology and related phenomena through collecting observations,
developing theories to explain them, and using the theories to make predictions.

37. As a child, Blaine was attacked by a goose and subsequently developed a severe fear of
waterfowl. As he got older, the fear gradually faded until it was all but forgotten. Blaine is
now in his early twenties and recently went strolling through a park by the river where he
came across a flock of geese. The geese stared at him and he felt slightly fearful, though
not as afraid as he had been as a child. Blaine’s fear response to the geese in the park is an
example of
a. stimulus generalization.
b. extinction.
c. spontaneous recovery.
d. stimulus discrimination.

38. The auditory form of sensory memory is known as memory, while the visual
form is known as .
a. echoic; iconic
b. iconic; echoic
c. phonological loop; visuospatial sketchpad
d. visuospatial sketchpad; phonological loop

39. When a psychologist uses the term scientific theory, he or she is referring to something that
a. has been proven to be true through repeated falsifications.
b. is a specific, testable prediction.
c. is an educated guess.
d. explains a wide range of observations.

40. A correlation of.00 means

a. you made a mistake in calculation.
b. everyone who scored low on one variable scored high on the other variable, and vice
versa.
c. you did not find out anything about the relationship between the two variables.
d. the two variables are unrelated.
41. describes the process of moving information from short-term to long-term
memory, while is the process of moving it from long-term back to short-term
memory.
a. Encoding; storage
b. Rehearsal; encoding
c. Encoding; retrieval
d. Attention; storage

42. You are walking in the forest and see a bear. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, what
happens next?
a. You experience physiological changes followed by fear.
b. You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously.
c. You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by fear.
d. You feel fear, followed by physiological changes.

43. When Bethany steps on her digital scale, a mechanism in it measures the physical pressure
pushing down on the scale and converts it into an electrical signal that can be read by the
scale. The conversion of the physical pressure on the scale caused by Bethany’s weight
into an electrical signal is similar to the process of
a. perception.
b. transduction.
c. top-down processing.
d. bottom-up processing.

44. Dan and Joel, both four years old, have been watching reruns of Superman on television.
Joel’s mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying.
What best accounts for the boys’ behaviour?
a. shaping
b. immediate reinforcement
c. observational learning
d. delayed reinforcement

45. The malleus, incus, and stapes comprise the

a. inner ear.
b. auditory canal.
c. ossicles.
d. components of the basilar membrane.

46. A correlation tells us

a. whether a cause–effect relationship exists.
b. whether or not a test is efficient.
c. if people are responding to demand characteristics.
d. whether two variables are related.
47. The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected 50 percent of the time is the
a. difference threshold.
b. just noticeable difference.
c. absolute threshold.
d. sensory adaptation.

48. Which is an example of facial feedback hypothesis?

a. making yourself smile, then finding that your mood is more positive
b. smiling in order to draw a smile from a friend
c. avoiding eye contact in order to avoid talking to someone
d. trying to make eye contact in order to flirt with someone

49. After working up the courage to ask Sam for her number, Alex repeats the number over
and over in her head because she doesn’t want to forget it. Alex’s mental repetition is
an example of
a. deep processing.
b. chunking.
c. rehearsal.
d. echoic memory.

50. Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n) rhythm.

a. infradian
b. ultradian
c. circadian
d. circannual

51. Sarah is working on her calculus homework. To solve the equations, she needs to hold on
to the information while she works through the problems. In this example, Sarah is using
her
a. episodic memory.
b. sensory memory.
c. nondeclarative memory.
d. working memory.

52. Extinction in operant conditioning involves

a. negative reinforcement.
b. withholding reinforcement.
c. punishment.
d. positive reinforcement.
53. Which lobes are associated with higher cognitive functions, such as planning,
inhibiting impulses and emotion, language production, and voluntary movement?
a. temporal
b. parietal
c. occipital
d. frontal

54. The synthesis aspect of the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming relates to

a. brainstem activity attempting to make sense of random neuronal firing.
b. the unconscious effort to make sense of repressed urges and emotions.
c. cortical activity attempting to make sense of random neuronal firing.
d. brain activity associated with problem-solving.

55. In Bandura’s classic study (1965) of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo
doll,
a. children who saw the model rewarded learned to be more aggressive than children
who saw the model punished.
b. children who saw the model punished performed more aggressively in a free play
situation than children who saw the model rewarded.
c. children who saw the model rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play
situation than children who saw the model punished.
d. children who saw the model punished learned to be more aggressive than children
who saw the model rewarded.

56. If neuronal communication were compared to radio, the would be the

transmitter at the radio station and the would be the antenna on your
car.
a. dendrites; axons
b. axons; dendrites
c. cell bodies; axons
d. axon terminals; axons

57. Caroline’s best friend tells her that eating a chili pepper with each meal will increase her
metabolism and help her burn more calories. “That sounds interesting,” says Caroline,
“but is there any scientific evidence to back up this claim?” Caroline’s question illustrates
what element of critical thinking?
a. skepticism
b. cynicism
c. tolerating ambiguity
d. the principle of parsimony
58. Dr. Sanchez is a psychoanalyst who is interested in analyzing dreams using Freud’s
perspective. As a psychoanalyst, he focuses on interpreting the content of his
clients’ dreams in an attempt to understand their unconscious wishes and thoughts that may
be expressed symbolically in their dreams.
a. patent
b. marginal
c. latent
d. manifest

59. is when recently learned information interferes with previously

learned information.
a. Retroactive interference
b. Retroactive amnesia
c. Proactive interference
d. The primacy effect

60. Each time Tamara’s cat jumps on the kitchen counter, she sprays him with a water gun.
Eventually, Tamara only has to grab the water gun and her cat will jump down from the
counter. In this example, jumping off the counter is the
a. conditioned stimulus.
b. unconditioned response.
c. conditioned response.
d. unconditioned stimulus.

61. Little Albert was initially not afraid of rats, but when a white rat and a loud noise were
presented together, Albert learned to fear rats. In this famous example, the rat was the
a. UR.
b. CR.
c. US.
d. CS.

62. Which of the following is one of the ways in which conditioned taste aversions are NOT
like other forms of classical conditioning?
a. The subject does not have to respond to develop a taste aversion.
b. The CS and US can be separated by several hours.
c. Conditioned taste aversions only last one or two days.
d. Conditioned taste aversions do not require a CS.

63. Which of the following terms refers to the fact that animals and human beings may be
evolutionarily predisposed to learn to fear certain stimuli that threaten their survival?
a. conditioned emotional response
b. instinctive drift
c. preparedness
d. emotional aversions
64. Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called
structuralism?
a. Their primary focus was to describe the basic elements of conscious experience.
b. They wanted to identify the major brain structures involved with behaviour.
c. They focused their efforts on analyzing the basic elements of the nervous system.
d. Their primary goal was to understand the basic components of the human body.

65. If conducting sleep research, what brain waves would you expect to observe as the person
becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep?
a. delta, then theta
b. delta, then alpha
c. alpha, then delta
d. alpha, then theta

66. Memories that we are consciously aware of and can verbalize, including facts about the
world and one’s own personal experiences, are called memories.
a. implicit
b. procedural
c. nondeclarative
d. declarative

67. Isla is studying French and Spanish for two upcoming exams. She starts by studying
French and then moves on to studying Spanish. However, when Isla goes to write her
Spanish exam, she finds she keeps remembering French words rather than Spanish
words. This is an example of
a. a shallow depth of processing.
b. proactive interference.
c. the recency effect.
d. retroactive interference.

68. When he was a young child, Javier would sometimes wake up in the middle of the night
screaming. He wouldn’t remember having a bad dream, but would remember
experiencing raw panic. Javier was most likely experiencing
a. somnambulism.
b. nightmares.
c. night terrors.
d. REM behaviour disorder.
69. Shanice visits an art exhibit of abstract paintings. One painting is composed of seemingly
random lines and shapes. However, because Shanice knows and expects that the painting is
supposed to be a portrait, she perceives the various lines and shapes as forming a face.
Which type of perceptual processing is Shanice most likely using?
a. top-down
b. sensory
c. parallel
d. bottom-up

70. Dr. James advises that if you study for your next psychology exam in the same room
where you take the exam, your score will improve. He is basing this advice on
a. context-dependent memory.
b. deep processing.
c. state-dependent memory.
d. the method of loci.

71. When light enters the eye, which structure does it pass through first?
a. cornea
b. sclera
c. lens
d. pupil

72. Which of the following statements is true about how humans display emotions?
a. There are no emotional displays that are universally understood across all cultures.
b. All emotional displays are understood across all cultures.
c. Emotional displays are determined by context, not by culture.
d. Cultural differences can affect how an individual expresses their emotions.

73. Lixing has always enjoyed playing piano. In fact, Lixing practices for many hours every
day and wants to master his skills. In this example, Lixing’s behaviours are being driven
by
motivation.
a. intrinsic
b. masochistic
c. performance
d. extrinsic

74. Tyrone has good vision and can easily recognize common objects. However, he often
relies on the sound of voices, rather than facial appearance, to be certain he is talking to
one of his friends or family. Tyrone suffers from a rare disease called
a. fusiform degradation.
b. face pareidolia.
c. prosopagnosia.
d. perceptual constancy deficit.
75. What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?
a. “We cannot know others until we know ourselves.”
b. “We are but a sum of our parts.”
c. “Focus on observable behaviour.”
d. “Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes.”

76. Keegan notices that his favourite personal-sized bag of chips seems lighter than usual. He
checks the label and finds that the bag contains 10g less than it used to. He decides instead
to buy a family-sized bag of chips and doesn’t notice that the family-sized bag is also 10g
lighter. Keegan’s inability to detect the difference in the larger bag demonstrates that
a. difference thresholds are continually changing.
b. sensory adaptation can occur in the short time between holding one bag of chips and
then the other.
c. the just noticeable difference is not a reliable measure of psychophysiological
judgment.
d. the larger a weight is, the greater the change must be before one can detect a
difference.

77. Photoreceptors are located in the

a. retina.
b. optic disc.
c. lens.
d. optic nerve.

78. Wilhelm Wundt is best known for

a. establishing phrenology as a science and writing the first textbook for phrenology.
b. training doctors to treat mental illness based on functionalism.
c. establishing the first laboratory dedicated to studying human behaviour.
d. writing books on ethics and logic.

79. Kwan checks her email for new messages several times during the day. She realizes that
because emails are sent on a ________________ schedule, checking her email more
frequently will not increase the number of new emails she receives in a day. Furthermore,
she knows that she cannot predict when people will email her, but if an email has been
sent to her, she will receive it the next time she checks?
a. Fixed ratio
b. Fixed interval
c. Variable ratio
d. Variable interval

80. According to your textbook, Controlled studies of polygraph recordings indicate that
they should be most accurately described as detecting
a. parasympathetic activity.
b. negative emotions.
c. misleading or untruthful information.
d. arousal.
81. Akon is looking for his girlfriend in a large crowd of people. Because he is so focused on
finding her, he fails to notice when a man in a clown costume walks right up next to him.
This is an example of
a. divided attention.
b. sensory adaptation.
c. sustained attention.
d. inattentional blindness.

82. is the idea that knowledge is gained through observation and experience.
a. Skepticism
b. Parsimony
c. Determinism
d. Empiricism

83. As Indigo is walking across campus, a car swerves toward her. Her heart races and sweat
breaks out as she jumps out of harm’s way. These symptoms (racing heart and sweating)
are due to the action of Indigo’s
a. central nervous system.
b. sympathetic nervous system.
c. somatic nervous system.
d. parasympathetic nervous system.

84. A medical doctor believes that the presence of aromatherapy candles will reduce the
anxiety of first-time mothers-to-be during labour and will increase their reported
satisfaction with their care at his hospital. He randomly assigns mothers to give birth in a
room either with or without aromatherapy candles. What is the independent variable in this
example?
A. anxiety levels during labour
b. reported satisfaction with hospital care
c. room environment (presence or absence of candles)
d. labour duration

85. Gillian drinks a lot of coffee while studying all night. The caffeine in the coffee causes
Gillian’s heart to start racing and her hands to begin shaking. Suddenly, Gillian begins to
feel fear and anxiety for no apparent reason. Gillian’s experience is best explained by
which theory of emotions?
a. facial feedback
b. James-Lange theory of emotion
c. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
d. Cannon-Bard theory
86. Which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?
a. We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear.
b. We see a monster, we feel fear, our hearts race.
c. Our hearts race, we see a monster, we feel fear.
d. We feel fear, our hearts race, we see the monster.

87. A child receives one homework pass—a coupon that allows her to skip a homework
assignment—for every 10 word problems she completes during class. This is an
example of both reinforcement and a schedule of reinforcement.
a. negative; fixed-ratio
b. positive; variable-ratio
c. negative; variable-ratio
d. positive; fixed-interval

88. The trichromatic theory states that

a. three types of cones exist, each sensitive to a certain range of wavelengths.
b. three types of rods exist, each sensitive to a certain range of wavelengths.
c. humans can perceive colour due to three types of cones, each of which responds to a
pair of opposing colours.
d. three types of feature detectors in the visual cortex are responsible for colour
perception.

89. Which two types of memories are both considered to be forms of declarative memory?
a. episodic and conditioning
b. procedural and conditioning
c. semantic and episodic
d. semantic and procedural

90. The theory states that colour vision is the result of three opposing pairs of
colours.
a. Young-Helmholtz
b. primary colour
c. opponent-process
d. trichromatic

91. The primary symptom experienced by Henry Molaison (H.M.) after his surgery was that he
a. could not recall any memories from before the surgery.
b. could form no new long-term memories of any type.
c. could form nondeclarative, but not declarative memories.
d. could form episodic, but not procedural memories.
92. Reading and re-reading your notes to study for an exam is known as
a. elaborative rehearsal.
b. encoding specificity.
c. maintenance rehearsal.
d. deep processing.

93. John will likely experience REM rebound tonight if he

a. takes a sleeping pill before bed.
b. drinks too much caffeine prior to sleeping.
c. did not sleep much last night.
d. had vivid dreams last night.

94. Sarah is a pianist who reports that she sees musical tones as colours. This is one example of
a. synesthesia.
b. kinesthesis.
c. haptics.
d. autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR).

95. The auditory sensory receptors in the ear are located in the
a. ossicles.
b. semicircular canal.
c. pinna.
d. cochlea.

96. Short, rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during stage 2 sleep are called
a. sleep spindles.
b. paradoxical sleep waves.
c. beta waves.
d. delta waves.

97. , a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is

secreted by the pineal gland.
a. Estrogen
b. Cortisol
c. Melanin
d. Melatonin

98. The peripheral nervous system consists of the and the nervous
systems.
a. parasympathetic; autonomic
b. autonomic; sympathetic
c. autonomic; somatic
d. parasympathetic; sympathetic
99. Your dog, Zeus, learns to roll over every time you blow a whistle. One day, you take Zeus
to a soccer match and he rolls over every time the referee blows the whistle. This
illustrates the concept of
a. generalization.
b. desensitization.
c. discrimination.
d. spontaneous recovery.

100. Many people think, inaccurately, that they will never be happy again after the death of a
loved one, or the end of a romantic relationship. Which of the following terms describes
this tendency?
a. Durability bias
b. Set point
c. Hedonic treadmill
d. Self-determination theory
 Test Name:Practice Exam

1. a.recognition; recall

2. a.functionalist

3. c.A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework.

4. a.peripheral nervous system; central nervous system

5. c.fovea.

6. c.sensory memory

7. a.generalizability.

8. d.Use random assignment when forming her groups.

9. d.acquisition.

10. b.the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode

11. c.white, outer surface of the eye.

12. c.The presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, elicits the conditioned response.

13. c.an illusory correlation.

14. a.It forces us to examine our own assumptions and biases.

15. d.low; high

16. c.Sleepwalking is more prevalent in childhood.

17. b.does not initially elicit a response.

18. c.alpha

19. a.encoding specificity.

20. c.generalization.

21. d.Researchers typically study samples because it is often too difficult to study whole populations.

22. d.No photoreceptors are located where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

23. a.the stimulus that triggers a response without prior learning.

24. b.selective attention.

25. c.neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

26. a.spider
27. b.self-actualization.

28. a.semantic memory.

29. d.episodic memory

30. d. relearning

31. c.whether the results of a laboratory study can be applied to the real world.

32. c.optic disc

33. d.REM behaviour disorder.

34. b.shaping

35. b.Extinction

36. c.claims and ideas that are presented as science but do not use the basics of the scientific method to support
their claims.

37. c.spontaneous recovery.

38. a.echoic; iconic

39. d.explains a wide range of observations.

40. d.the two variables are unrelated.

41. c.Encoding; retrieval

42. b.You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously.

43. b.transduction.

44. c.observational learning

45. c.ossicles.

46. d.whether two variables are related.

47. c.absolute threshold.

48. a.making yourself smile, then finding that your mood is more positive

49. c.rehearsal.

50. c.circadian

51. d.working memory.

52. b.withholding reinforcement.

53. d.frontal
54. c.cortical activity attempting to make sense of random neuronal firing.

55. c.children who saw the model rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children
who saw the model punished.

56. b.axons; dendrites

57. a.skepticism

58. c.latent

59. a.Retroactive interference

60. c.conditioned response.

61. d.CS.

62. b.The CS and US can be separated by several hours.

63. c.preparedness

64. a.Their primary focus was to describe the basic elements of conscious experience.

65. d.alpha, then theta

66. d.declarative

67. b.proactive interference.

68. c.night terrors.

69. a.top-down

70. a.context-dependent memory.

71. a.cornea

72. d.Cultural differences can affect how an individual expresses their emotions.

73. a.intrinsic

74. c.prosopagnosia.

75. c."Focus on observable behaviour."

76. d.the larger a weight is, the greater the change must be before one can detect a difference.

77. a.retina.

78. c.establishing the first laboratory dedicated to studying human behaviour.

79. b.variable interval

80. d.arousal.
81. d.inattentional blindness.

82. d.Empiricism

83. b.sympathetic nervous system.

84. c.room environment (presence or absence of candles)

85. b.James-Lange theory of emotion

86. a.We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear.

87. a.negative; fixed-ratio

88. a.three types of cones exist, each sensitive to a certain range of wavelengths.

89. c.semantic and episodic

90. c.opponent-process

91. c.could form nondeclarative, but not declarative memories.

92. c.maintenance rehearsal.

93. c.did not sleep much last night.

94. a.synesthesia.

95. d.cochlea.

96. a.sleep spindles.

97. d.Melatonin

98. b.autonomic; sympathetic

99. a.generalization.

100. a.durability bas