I would like to sincerely thank my biology teacher

Mrs.Sushree Sangita Behera for the valuable

guidance and advice, for giving useful suggestion
and relevant ideas that facilitate for an easy and
early completion of the project.
This is certified that ANWESHA PANDA of class 12,
Roll number: ___________ has completed his CBSE
Biology investigation project on the topic “USES OF
CONTRACEPTIVES”
This project has not been copied from anywhere
and has been done under the guidance of Biology
teacher.
I would also express my special thanks to the
members of Biology department for supporting me.

Mrs. SUSHREE SANGITA BEHERA Mrs. SUHASINI PATTNAIK

HOD OF BIOLOGY PRINCIPAL
This is to certify that ANWESHA PANDA has
completed this project under the supervision of
Mrs. Sushree Sangita Behera. This is as per
syllabus for practical fulfilment of AISSCE 2024-
2025.

NAME: HARSHAVARDHAN SAHU

CLASS: XII
ROLL NUMBER:

SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE OF
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNALEXAMINER
I hereby declare that the project “USES OF
CONTRACEPTIVES” submitted to Mrs. SUBSHREE
SANGITA BEHERA, is a record of an original work
done by me gaining the knowledge related to the
project from certain source.

ANWESHA PANDA
 Types of contraceptives
 Oral Contraceptives Pills
 Barrier method- Condoms, Diaphragms,
Cervical Caps
 Intra Uterine Device
 Emergency Contraceptive
 Sterilization
 Natural Family Planning
 What If We Use No Contraceptive
 Contraceptive Effectiveness
ContraCeption and its benefit’s
Definition: Contraception is defined as the
intentional prevention of conception through the
use of various devices, sexual practices,
chemicals, drugs, or surgical procedures.
Its Benefits:
 It prevents the fertilization of egg and sperm,
reducing the risk of an unexpected pregnancy.
 The use of barrier techniques such as condoms
protects people in sexual relationships against
sexually transmitted illnesses.
 It regulates population growth or the birth rate.
 barrier MetHod
In barrier methods, the ovum and sperms are
prevented from physically meeting with the help of
barriers. There are three broad categories of
barrier methods of contraception:
1.Condoms: These are barriers made of thin
rubbery/latex sheaths that are used to cover the
penis before intercourse.
2. Female condoms: These are the same as male
condoms and used to cover the vagina and cervix.
3. Diaphragms and Cervical caps: These are dome
shaped devices made of rubber that are made of
rubber that are inserted into the female
reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus.
oraL ContraCeptiVe piLLs
These pills contain small doses of either
progestogens or progestogen – estrogen
combinations. They inhibit ovulation and
implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical
mucus to prevent / retard the entry of sperms.
These have to be taken daily for a period of 21 days
starting preferably within the first five days of
menstrual cycle, after a gap of 7 days it has to be
repeated in the same pattern till the female desires
to prevent conception. Pills are very effective with
lesser side effects and are well accepted by
females.
: A non-steroidal oral contraceptive pill
developed by CDRI in Lucknow is a 'once a week
pill' with very few side effects and high
contraceptive value.
 intra Uterine deViCes
These are the devices inserted by doctors or expert
nurses in the uterus through vagina. The IUDs are
available as
 Non-medicated IUDs (e.g. Lippes’s loop)
 Copper releasing IUDS (CUT. Cu7, Multiload
375)
 Hormone releasing IUDS (Progestasert, LNG-
20).
IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within the
uterus and the Cu ions released suppress sperm
motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms. The
hormone releasing IUDs, in addition, make the
uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix
hostile to the sperms
INJECTABLES AND IMPLANTS:

Injectables- This are highly effective longer acting

contraceptive methods that can be used by most
women in most problems. Globally 6% of women
using modern contraception use injectables and 1%
use implants. Injectables are the predominant
contraceptive used in sub- Saharian Africa.
Implants- These are also highly cost-effective form
of long-acting reversible contraception. These are
of a similar effectiveness to sterilization.
Pregnancies are rare in women using this method
of contraception and those that do not occur must
be fully investigated with an ultrasound scan of the
arm if the implant cannot be located. Problematic
bleeding is relatively common adverse effect that
must be covered in pre-insertion information-
giving and supported adequately if it occurs.
natUraL MetHods of ContraCeption
This method works on the principal of avoiding
chances of ovum and sperm meeting. Natural
methods are of three kinds:
1. PERIODIC ABSTINENCE
It is one of such method in which the couple avoid
or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the
menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected.
As the chance of fertilisation are very high during
this period, it is called fertile period. Therefore, by
abstaining from coitus during this period,
conception could be prevented.
2. WITHDRAWAL OR COITUS INTERRUPTUS
It is one of the contraception methods in which the
male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina
just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination.
3.LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA
It is also known as absence of period.
Contraception method which is based on the fact
that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur
during the period of intense lactation following
parturition. Therefore, as long mother breast feeds
the child fully, conception is almost nil. However,
this method has been reported to be effective only
up to a maximum period of 6 months following
parturition.
EMERGENY CONTRACEPTIVE:
What is emergency contraception?
Emergency contraception refers to methods of
contraception that can be used to prevent
pregnancy after sexual intercourse. These are
recommended for use within 5 days but are more
effective the sooner they are used after the act of
intercourse.
Mode of action-
Emergency contraceptive pills prevent pregnancy
by preventing or delaying ovulation and they do not
induce an abortion. The copper bearing IUD
prevents fertilization by causing a chemical change
in sperm and egg before they meet. Emergency
contraception cannot interrupt an established
pregnancy or harm a developing embryo.

Who can use emergency contraception??

Any woman or girl of reproductive age may need
this to avoid unwanted pregnancy.
 sUrGiCaL MetHod
It is also called the sterilisation method. This
method blocks the gamete transport and so
prevents conception. These techniques are highly
effective but their reversibility is poor.
These includes the following measures:
• Vasectomy: Sterilisation process in males. In this
method a small part of the vas deferens is removed
or tied up through a small incision.
• Tubectomy: Sterilisation process in females. In
this method a
small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied
up through a small incision in the abdomen or
through vagina.
natUraL faMiLY pLanninG

Natural family planning works by observing and

recording your body's different natural signs or
fertility indicators on each day of your menstrual
cycle. The main fertility indicators are: your body
temperature, cervical secretions (cervical mucus),
the length of your menstrual cycle. Changes in
these fertility indicators can help you to identify
your fertile time. You can also use fertility
monitoring devices.
Most women can use natural methods as long as
they receive good instructions and support. They
can be used at all stages of your reproductive life,
whatever age you are. Natural family planning may
not be a suitable method for women who do not
have periods. It may take longer to recognize your
fertility indicators and to start to use natural family
planning if you have irregular cycles, after stopping
hormonal contraception, after having a baby,
during breast feeding, after an abortion or
miscarriage, or when approaching the menopause.
WHat if We Use no ContraCeptiVe

Raising a child requires significant amounts of

resources: time, social, financial and
environmental. Planning can help assure that
resources are available. The purpose of family
planning is to make sure that any couple, man or
women who has a child has the resources that are
needed in order to complete this goal. With these
resources a couple, man or women can explore the
options of natural birth, surrogacy, artificial
insemination, adoption. In the other case, if the
person does not wish to have a child at the specific
time, they can investigate the resources that are
needed to prevent pregnancy, such as birth
control, contraceptives or natural protection and
prevention.
There is no clear social impact case for or against
conceiving a child. Individually, for most people,
bearing a child or not has no measurable impact on
person well-being. A review of the economic
literature on life satisfaction shows that certain
groups of people are much happier without
children.
 ContraCeptiVe effeCtiVeness

Contraceptive use in developing countries is

estimated to have decreased the number of
maternal deaths by 40% (about 270,000 deaths
prevented in 2008) and could prevent 70% of
deaths if the full demand for birth control were met.
These benefits are achieved by reducing the
number of unplanned pregnancies that
subsequently result in unsafe abortions and by
preventing pregnancies in those at high risk.
Birth control also improves child survival in the
developing world by lengthening the time between
pregnancies. In this population, outcomes are
worse when a mother gets pregnant within
eighteen months of a previous delivery. Delaying
another pregnancy after a miscarriage however
does not appear to alter risk and women are
advised to attempt pregnancy in this situation
whenever they are ready.
Teenage pregnancies, especially among younger
teens, are at greater risk of adverse outcomes
including early birth, low birth weight, and death of
the infant. In the United States 82% of pregnancies
in those between 15 and 19 are unplanned.
Comprehensive sex education and access to birth
control are effective in decreasing pregnancy rates
in this age group.
 ConCLUsion

Methods of male birth control include condoms,

vasectomies and withdrawal. Between 25 and 75%
of males who are sexually active could use
hormonal birth control if it is available for them.
Improvements of existing birth control methods are
needed, as around half of those who get pregnant
unintentionally are using birth control at that time.
A number of alternations of existing contraceptive
methods are being studied, including a better
female condom, an improved diaphragm, a patch
containing only progestin, and a vaginal ring
containing long-acting progesterone.
 NCERT TEXTBOOK CLASS 12
 TEACHER
 WIKIPEDIA
 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WEBSITE
 FAMILY PLANNING WEBSITE