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HOME USE PRODUCTION EBOOK
A STEP-BY-STEP PRACTICAL GUIDES AND ILLUSTRATIONS ON
THE PRODUCTION OF EVERYDAY-HOME-CONSUMER GOODS.
BY
GREAT FUTURE ONLINE BUSINESS CENTRE
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First Published and printed 2020
DEDICATION
This book is dedicated to my parents who have trained me in the
Entrepreneurial skills and mind, right from my infancy. Also to my
Lovely Family
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PREFACE
This book is categories under five (5) Chapters:
The first chapter is on the production of Soaps, detergents and
other laundry products.
The second chapter is on production of beverages and food drinks.
The third chapter is on the Production of some cosmetics. The
forth chapter is on the production of paints and other related
products. And the last but not the least chapter is on food
production and processing.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely want to acknowledged my creator for life and the
Inspiration giving to me to write this little book may His name alone
be glorified.
I want to also appreciate my lovely husband for her words of
encouragement both day and night, I love you more.
My parents, your impact in my life can never be thwarted.
Definitely you will eat the fruit of your labour
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CONTENTS
Dedication…………………………………………………………..3
Preface……………………………………………………………...4
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………5
Table of Contents……………………………………..,………….6
Safety Tips………………………………………………………..10
Notes on Formulation Tables…………………………………..12
Notes on Equipment’s/Machineries……………………………14
Chapter 1:
Soap, Detergents, and Laundry Products.
Production of Laundry Soap…………………………………….17
Production of Toilet Soap………………………………………..19
Production of Medicated Soap…………………………………..21
Production of Powdery Detergent……………………………….23
Production of Liquid Detergent…………………………………..25
Production of Car wash Solutions……………………………….27
Production of Dish Washing Solution…………………………...29
Production of bleach………………………………………………31
Production of Tile Cleaner………………………………………..33
Production of Stain Removal…………………………………….35
Production of Toilet Cleaner Solution…………………………..37
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Chapter 2:
Beverages and food drinks
Production of Chocolate Drink…………………………………….40
Production of Yoghurt (method 1)……………………..………….42
Production of Yoghurt (method 2)…………………………………44
Production of Ice Cream……,…………………,…………………. 45
Production of Banana Ice Cream………….,……………………..48
Production of Chocolate Ice Cream………………,.,…………….49
Production of Fruit Juice…………………….,……..,..,…..,,……..50
Production of Mixed Fruit Juice……………………………………51
Production of Orange Fruit Drink…..,….,,.,……………………….52
Production of soya beans milk……………………………………..53
Production of Kunu Drink………………….,….,………,…..,,…….54
Production of Zobo Drink……………………………………………56
Production of Soya Yeast.,…………………………,……………...58
Production of Custard Powder…………………………………….59
Production of Cocoa Beverage.,………………………………….60
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Chapter 3:
Cosmetic Productions
Production of Shampoo……….,……………………………………
Production of Body Cream……………………….,………..,……..63
Production of Nail polish Remover………………………….,……65
Production of Face Powder………………………………………..67
Production of Pink Oil….,………………………………………….68
Production of Aloe Vera Gel…………………………………..,….70
Production of Perfumed Baby Jelly……,…………….,……….72
Production of Medicated Cream……………………………….74
Production of Body Lotion………………………………………75
Production of After Shave Cream………………………………76
Production of Tooth Paste………………………………………. 80
Production of Disinfectant (dettol)………………………..……82.
Production of germicides (e.g Izzal).…….…………………….83
Production of Candle……….,…………………………………..85
Production of Liquid Air Fresher.,…..,,…………..,…………… 89
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Production Odour Neutralizer………….,………………………. 91
Production of Hair Cream.,……………………,……………….92
Production of Balm ( e.g Robb)……..…………………………94
Production of Customized Designers Perfume………………96
Production of Hair Relaxer….,………………………………….99
Production of Hair Conditioner/Hair Food…………………….102
Production of Hair Styling Gel…………………………………104
Chapter 4:
Paint and Allied Products Production
Production of School Chalk…………………………………106
Production of Glue……………………………,………,….,.108
Production of Wood Polish…………………,……………..109
Production of Liquid Insecticide (method 1)……………..110
Production of Liquid Insecticide (method 2)……………..111
Production of Car Grease (method 1)……………………112
Production of Car Grease (method 2)……………………113
Production of Paint…………………………………………115
Production of Emulsion Paint ( white)………………………116
Production of Coloured Emulsion ..,………………………..120
Production of Gloss Paint………………,………..,…………112
Production of Text Coat Paint……………………………….124
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Chapter 5:
Confectioneries and food processing.
Production of Bread………………..,………………..,,…,…127
Baking of Cake…………,……………………………………130
Production of Chin Chin………….,…………………………132
Production of Meat pie/Fish pie…………………………….134
Production of Margarine……………………………………..136
Production of Pizza…………………………………………..137
Production of Starch….,……………………………………...140
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SAFETY TIPS
Before you go into production of any chemical products, you must
ensure that you are well protected against any mishap that might
occur. You should know that the oil and gas sector put safety at the
fore front of all their activities and you should do the same. If it is
not safe, then don’t do it. Remember that safe work today, alive to
work tomorrow. I include these safety precautions in order to
ensure that your production experience is safe and you are
protected, though it is not exhaustive but it can be used as a
starting check. Your safety is your responsibility as you are the
safety officer of your production site.
❖ Ensure that you understand and follow the procedure as
outline.
❖ Measure out the exact quality of any chemical that you will use.
❖ Label your chemical containers, to avoid mistakes. ❖ Watch
out for the caution signs and take note of the advice given
there.
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❖ Ensure that you are properly kitted before starting any
production process.
❖ Nose mask should be worn anytime that you are dealing with
substances that might produce poisonous gases like sulphides,
formalin, ammonia etc.
❖ Woolen hand gloves to avoid scalding ( burning) of the skin. ❖
Rubber hand glove should be worn anytime you are dealing
with corrosive substances.
❖ Protective wear (cover all or laboratory coat) should be worn
during any chemical production process.
❖ Do not test any chemical by hand or on your skin, it might be
corrosive.
❖ The fume from some substances might be unhealthy, do not
inhale any of them.
❖ Do not add water to acid it is the other way round, to avoid
spurting.
❖ Eye googles should be worn in the event of heating that might
cause spurting.
❖ Good housekeeping practice must be practice at all times in
the production site.
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❖ Return everything to the place you collected it from after use.
❖ Ensure that you cover every container of chemical after use. ❖
Ensure that the formulation and the procedure are well
understood by you before going into any production process,
and follow them as accurately as possible.
❖ Finally, keep a first-aid box and fire extinguisher nearby should
anything go wrong, you can never tell.
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NOTES ON FORMULATION TABLES
Let’s emphasized on the formation tables. In any production
formulation table, the composition can either be composition
by (weight w/w or by volume v/v). Composition by weight is
best used when the substance is in solid or powdery form,
while composition by volume is mostly used when the
substance is in liquid form. You might see some of the tables
where there are both weight and volume measurements. I will
try as much as possible to give you both the weight and volume
composition, so you can choose the most convenient
measures. For the benefit of my readers who do not have basic
science background, I will have to tell you that in the chemical
production arena, the older IUPAC nomenclature is still in
vogue, as such the unit of volume measurement is litres and
the unit of weight measurement is gram. There might be prefix
indicating either a fraction or a multiple. Examples are shown in
the table below.
Prefix Value Applications
Milli 1/100 1 millilitre (ML)= 1/100
Litre
Cent 1/100 1 centimeter 1/100 (cm) =
meter
Deci 1/10 1 decilitre (DL) = 1/10
Kilo 1000 1
kilogrammes(kg)=1000gm
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The above tables contain the prefixes you will see mostly in this
book. You might also notice that the quantity I wrote in the tables
are too big for you to start with ( they are actually far one who is
producing for the market.) Do not be afraid, you can produce
anything in this book to any quantity you want. I will introduce to
you the concept of divisors and multipliers. Assuming the
formation table for bleach is for 10 litres of bleach and you want
produce only 1 litre of bleach, what do you do? Simply divide
everything in the formation table by 10 and you have what it takes
to produce 1 litre of bleach, in this case 10 is the divisor. On the
other hand, if I give a formulation table for the production of 2
litres of liquid air freshener and you have a contract of supplying
40 litres of liquid are freshener to a hotel, what do you do? First
your common sense will tell you that the materials for 40 litres will
be more than the materials for 2 litres, therefore divide 40 litres by
2 litres 40/2 = 20 20 is now our multiplier and you have to multiply
everything in the table by 20 and you are good to go.
14
NOTES ON EQUIPMENT/ MACHINERY
You might see some big sounding machine name like heater, mixer,
dryer, pulverse etc. Do not be discouraged because of these costly
machines. With other substitutes that can easily be found in your
home, you can start your production in small scale and acquire the
big machines as you progress. Do not wait until you can build a
factory before you start production. With as little as 5,000 Naira
only and armed with the information that is packaged in this book
and my website www.jobojstore.com , you are well on your way to
amassing great wealth through chemical production. Knowledge
rightfully applied is POWER. The wealth that is tapped in this book
will not benefit you if you do not put it into action. The machineries,
equipments and raw materials are easily available. Start now with
anything you have with you now and watch yourself smiling to the
Bank. Do not wait for perfect conditions, do not wait until you have
it all or know it all. Production is practical orientated and as such
you will only learn more and perfect by doing it. Do not also be
afraid of the big companies that are into the production of those
things you want to start producing. You should know that the
market is big enough for everyone who wants to produce.
15 - 15-
if you take my advice seriously and start producing now, with diligence
and prudence in a little while you will not be financially independent, you
will also be an employer of labour. I wish you the best in your production
experience.
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CHAPTER 1
PRODUCTION OF SOAPS, DETERGENTS AND LAUNDRY
PRODUCTS.
Introduction:-
Cleanliness, they said is next to godliness. This adage
emphasizes the overwhelming important of keeping one’s body,
clothing and environment clean. Soap is a product of the reaction
between sodium hydroxide and oil or fatty acid. Nevertheless, there
are many Soapless detergents that find application in different
cleaning processes. You can make millions producing any of these
products I will teach you under this chapter, as everybody make use
of one type of soap or the other at least once or twice everyday.
Only have faith in your products, dare to be unique and the sky will
be your starting point.
PRODUCTION OF LAUNDRY SOAP
As the name implies laundry soap is the type of soap that is
mostly used for cleaning our laundries. It should have good
foaming ability in order be able to clean the cloths well.
17
It important to note that there are so many soaps in the markets, but
with the formulation given you below and good packaging you can be
sure to beat the competition. Also do not be so frugal with the
fragrance and ensure that you choose a very good fragrance as it
helps in attracting people to your products. Also choose a colour that
will be appealing and enticing, this is where you exercise your
creativity in order to ensure that you are ahead of others.
Equipments: Mixer with stirrer, casting moulds, heater, cutter(
knife) , shaping machine, stamping machine, Hydrometer, weighing
scale, measuring container and packaging materials.
18
PRODUCTION OF TOILET SOAP
Toilet soaps are soaps that are mainly used for bathing,
and as such must be foamy and have a very nice fragrance with
a nice colouring. It must also feel good on the skin. It is
primarily made from soap base with the addition of other
additives that are added to improve it.
Equipment:- Same as in production of laundry soap.
Formation Table:-
S/n Chemical Quantity
1 Palm kernel oil 2.8 litre
2 Caustic soda solution 3 litres
3 Coconut oil 2 litres
4
Bleached palm oil 1 litre
5 Sodium silicate 1 litre
6 Colourant To taste
7 Perfume To taste
Procedure:-
1. Prepare the Caustic soda solution as done in the laundry
soap production above.
2. Pour all the oil into the mixer and start heating.
19
3. When it is warm add colourant and mix properly till
uniformly blend 4. Add the Caustic soda solution and
continue boiling and stirring.
5. When all have blended, add sodium silicate and turn and off
the heater.
6. When the temperature drops add the fragrance.
7. Stir slowly and pour into moulds.
8. Allow to harden for 6-8 hours.
9. Shape, stamp and package for the market.
20
PRODUCTION OF MEDICATION SOAP
Medicated soaps are also used for bathing, but in addition to
the other thing added to the toilet soap it also contains other
additives that help to kill germs and other micro organisms.
They can also have many other functions like skin toning, age
defying etc, depending on the other thing that are added to
the soap base.
Equipment:- Same as in the production of laundry soap.
Formulation Table.
S/n Chemical Quantity
1 Palm kernel oil 2.8 Iitres
2 Caustic soda 3 litres
solution
3 Coconut oil 2 litre
4 Bleached palm oil 1 litre
5 Sodium silicate 1 litre
6 Colourant To taste
7 Perfume To taste
8 Glycerin ¼ litre
9 Pink oil ⅛
10 Tricolans 1 tablespoon
Procedure:-
1. Prepare the Caustic soda solution and the soda ash solution as
described in laundry soap production. Ensure that the densities
of the solution are as stated.
-21-
2. Dissolve magnesium sulphate and borax separately with small
amount of water to form paste.
3. Pour the oils into the mixer and start stirring.
4. Add the colourant to the oil and stir very well.
5. Pour the Caustic soda solution and the soda ash solution into
the oil and continue stirring.
6. Add the silicate and continue stirring.
7. Then add glycerin, pink oil, Tricolans and fragrance.
8. Continue stirring until all the chemicals have mixed very well.
9. Pour into soap moulds and allow to solidify.
10. Shape, stamp and package for the market.
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PRODUCTION OF POWDERY DETERGENT
Powdery soap are mostly used in the washing of cloth,
mopping of floors and many other application that the own
might deem fit. You are advice to ensure that keep strictly to
the formulation.
Equipment:- Same as in the production of laundry soap, drier
and pulverizer.
Formulation Table:-
S/n Chemical Quantity
1 P.K. O or fatty acid 4 litres
2 Caustic soda solution 2 litres
3 Soda ash solution 2 litres
4 Hydrogen peroxide(H²O²) ¼litre
5 Ammonium 1/10
6 Industrial salts (Na²CO³) ½ litre
7 Colourant To taste
8 Perfume To taste
9 Foaming Agent 1 litre.
-23-
Procedure:-
1. Prepare the Caustic soda solution and soda ash solution as
described in the production of laundry soap and ensure that
the density is at stated value. Allow to stand for three day (72
hours) minimum. You can all it to stand for more that 3 days if
you want but should not use when it is not up to 3 days too.
The reason why some powdery soap is corrosive is because
the Caustic soda did not blend long enough in water before
starting the production process.
2. Pour the P.K.O into the mixer and add the colourant and stir
till the two blend well.
3. Add the soda solution and Caustic soda solution to the mixture
and continue stirring.
4. Add the hydrogen peroxide, ammonium, industrial salt,
faoming agent and the perfume into the mixture above.
5. Pour into a dryer for drying or spread under the sun to dry.
6. After drying pulverize or gate and then sieve.
7. Package into sachets for market.
24
PRODUCTION OF LIQUID DETERGENT
These is very powerful cleaning agents, of course
detergent are far more powerful than the ordinary soap.
It can be used for a variety of things ranging from laundry
to dish washing. You can start the production with even a
small amount of money. It is also very easy and
straightforward process.
Equipment:- Mixer, weighing scale, graduated cylinder,
stirrer.
Formation Table:-
S/n Chemical Quantity
1 CDEA .5kg
2 STPP .3kg
3 Table salt (NaCl²) 75 gm
4 SLES 1 kg
5 Fragrance To taste
6 Colourant To taste
7 Water 8.5 Iitres
25
Procedure:-
1. Measure out the required quantity of all the chemicals.
2. Put the SLES into the mixer and add little water to it.
3. Stir to smoothness.
4. To the solution above add .5kg of CDEA and continue stirring
to smoothness. Add water occasionally, as the need arise.
5. Put the STPP in a separate water and stir well.
6. Add the STPP solution into the mixer and continue stirring.
7. Dissolve the salt in little amount of water and add to the
mixer while maintaining the stirring.
8. Add the perfume and continue stirring.
9. Package the detergent in the right container and start smiling
to the Bank.
26
PRODUCTION OF CAR WASH SOLUTION.
Many people might not know that it is not advisable to
wash their cars with ordinary soap or detergent. It tends
to weaken the paint on the car and subsequently leads
to corrosion of the weakened parts. The best solution
for washing cars is a specially formulated car wash-
solution. This single formula can change your financial
status as the product is not enough to meet the ever
increase demand for it.
Equipment:- Same as in the production of liquid detergent.
Formulation Table
S/n Chemical Quantity
1 Antisol or parasol 1.5 kg
2 Light Soda ash ½ kg
3 Sulphoric acid 1.5 litre
4 Colourant As desired
5 Fragrance As desired
6 Water 23 litres
7 Formalin ⅛ litres
27
Procedure:-
1. Soak the Antisol over night and stir till uniformly
blend.
2. Dissolve the soda ash in little quantity of water.
3. Add the soda ash solution to the Antisol and
continue stirring vigorously.
4. Add the sulphoric acid to the mixtures and continue stirring.
5. Dissolve the colourant in the water and add the water to the
mixture.
6. Continue stirring until it blends smoothly.
7. Package for the market.
28
PRODUCTION OF DISH WASHING SOLUTION
Dish washing solution is used for washing out stains
and greases from our dishes and pots. There are well
known to the ladies who cannot do without it. There
are many brands of dish washing solution in the
market, each producer choose the formula that is
best suited for him or her. The formula I will give you
is such that will produce a very high quality product,
while still ensuring that you make as much money as
possible. Start now to produce this money making
product before you know it, you will be competing
with morning fresh.
Equipment:- Same as in the production of liquid detergent.
29
Formulation Table.
S/n Chemical Quantity
1 Antisol or parasol 1.5 kg
2 Light Soda ash ½ kg
3 Sulphoric acid 1.5 litres
4 Colourant As desired
5 Fragrance As desired
6 Water 23 litres
7 Formalin ⅛ Litres
8 Table salt 100 gram
Procedure:-
1. Soak the Antisol over night and stir till uniformly
blend.
2. Dissolve the soda ash in little quantity of water.
3. Add the soda ash solution to the Antisol and
continue stirring vigorously.
4. Add the sulphoric acid and the table salt to the mixtures
and continue stirring
5. Dissolve the colourant in the water and then add the water
to the mixture.
6. Continue stirring until it blends smoothly.
7. Package for the market.
30
PRODUCTION OF BLEACH
Bleach is used in laundry to enhancing the cleaning of cloths. It
helps to remove stains and keep the cloth sparkling white. It is a
household commodity that is very easily produced.
Equipment:- Weighing scale plastic bowl, sieve, stirring rod,
graduated measure.
Formulation Table
S/n Chemical Quantity
1 HTH ( chlorine) 3.25kg
2 Sodium hydroxide 2.5
3 Soda ash 1.5kg
4 Water 93 Iitres
5 S.T.P.P 1.8 kg
6 Sodium carbonate 10 litres
Procedure:-
1. Weight out the HTH into the bowl.
2. Add 2.5 kg of sodium hydroxide, 1.5 kg of soda ash and 1.86 kg
of STTP and mix together.
3. Add 10 litres of water and allow standing for 5 hours.
31
4. Add the remaining 83 litres of water and stir well.
5. Allow to stand for 24 hours and sieve.
6. Add alum to coagulate any residue that might still be in the
bleach.
7. Filter and package.
Marketing Tips
Bleach does not expire so soon. I will advise you to package in
4 ltres Jerry Can and supply to hospitals, dry cleaners and
launders and to families, members of your church and
neighbours. When you have enough capital, you can now
prepare good label and more attractive container to be display
at super markets and other shops and compete with the
companies.
32
PRODUCTION OF TILE CLEANER
This is an aqueous liquid that is used in the cleaning of tiles
and other ceramic surfaces. You just have to dab your wet tiles
surface with the solution and leave it for 30 minutes. Then mop
it clean with a damp cloth and see how clean the tiles will be. It
is a hot cake in the market as a very home has area in their
house that is covered with tiles; either in their kitchen,
bathroom, toilet or even the whole house floor. Tap into this
cash cow and you will smiling to the Bank within very short
period of time. You may also add a little fragrance to the tile
cleaner in other to help you beat your competitors in the
market.
Equipment:- Weighing scale, mixing chamber, measuring
cylinders, sieving machine and stirrer.
Formulation Table
S/n Chemical Quantity
HTH 1 Kg
Sodium Hydroxide ½ kg
Sodium carbonate 1 kg
Water 30 litres
Hydrogen peroxide ¼ litres.
33
Procedure:-
1. Weigh 1 kg of HTH into bowl.
2. Weigh out ½ kg of sodium hydroxide and 1 kg of sodium
carbonate into the same bowl.
3. Add 5 litres of water and stir very well.
4. Leave it for 3 hours and add the remaining 25 litres of water.
5. Stir very well and leave for over night.
6. Sieve out and add the hydrogen peroxide.
7. Stir well and package.
34
PRODUCTION OF STAIN REMOVER The stain
remover is a powerful laundry product that is well known by
those who care about their cloth and wants it to remains as
stainless as ever. It is much more powerful than the bleach
and help remove very stubborn stains that bleach cannot
remove. Have you ever wondered what the secret of the
laundries and dry cleaners are, here is the secret – Stain
remover. You can start producing for the dry cleaners around
you, you can also produce and supply to your neighbors and
friends. There is unlimited market for this products as many
people are still at loose on what to do as regards some of
their cloths that have been stained. Drop the stain remover
on the affected parts of the cloths and soak it for 30 minutes
then to ensure stain free cloths. It works like magic and is
recommended for every person.
Equipment:-
Weighing scale, calibrated measurement vessels, mixing chamber.
35
Formulation Table.
S/n Chemical Quantity
1 Acetone 6 litres
2 Ethanol(Alchohol) 3 litres
3 Oxalic Acid 1 kg
4
Procedure:-
1. Measure out 6 litres acetone into the mixing chamber.
2. Add 3 litres of ethanol to it.
3. Add 1 kg of oxalic acid and leave it for 3 days.
4. Stir and sieve
5. Package for the market.
36
PRODUCTION OF TOILET CLEANER SOLUTION
Equipment:- Weighing scale, mixing chamber, measuring
cylinders, sieving machine, stirrer.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 HTH 1 kg
2 Sodium hydroxide ½ kg
3 Sodium carbonate 1 kg
4 Water 30 litres
5 Hydrogen peroxide ¼ kg
6 Antisol or parasol 1. 5 kg
7 Light soda ash ½ kg
8 Sulphoric acid 1.5 kg
9 Colourant As desired
10 Fragrance As desired
11 Formalin ⅛ litres
Procedure:-
1. Soak the Antisol over night and stir till uniformly blend.
2. Dissolve the soda ash in little quantity of water.
3. Add the soda ash solution to the Antisol and continue stirring
vigorously.
4. Add the sulphoric acid to the mixture and continue stirring.
37
5. Dissolve the colourant in 20 litres of water and then add the
water to the mixture.
6. Continue stirring until it blends smoothly.
7. Weight 1 kg of HTH into a bowl.
8. Weight out ½ kg of sodium hydroxide and 1 kg of sodium
carbonate into the Same bowl.
9. Add 5 litres of water and stir very well.
10. Leave it for 3 hours and add the remaining 5 litres of water.
11. Stir very well and leave over night.
12. Sieve out and add the hydrogen peroxide.
13. Stir well and add to the solution from 6 above.
14. Stir well and package for market.
38
CHAPTER 2
BEVERAGES AND FOOD DRINKS
Content:
(a) Production of chocolate drink
(b) Production of yoghurt (Method 1)
(c) Production of yoghurt (Method 2)
(d) Production of ice Cream (e) Production of Banana ice Cream.
(f) Production of chocolate ice Cream.
(g) Production of Mixed Fruit Juice
(h) Production of Orange fruit drink.
(i) Soya beans milk Production.
(j) Production of Kunu drink
(k) Production of Zobo Drink (l) Production of soya yeast.
(m) Production of custard powder.
(n) Production of cocoa beverage.
39 PRODUCTION OF CHOCOLATE DRINK
This is a food drink that is very rich in iron. It is highly
nutritious and delicious and is prepared ready for
consumption. In this our busy society where people do
not have the time to cook, you can take advantage of this
lack of time and start making money through the
production of chocolate drink. You can get contracts to
entertain quests at seminars and conferences with
chocolate drink. You can also supply to people that sell in
the airports and Motor park. Many state governments
now provides food to students, you can for the contract,
which is the big kill. Also, you can supply to
supermarkets, banks and offices.
Equipment:- calibrated jericans, mixing machine, boiler and
stirrer, crusher.
Formulation Table
S/n Chemical Quantity
1 Cocoa blocks 12 kg
2 Sugar 24 kg
3 Flavour ( Vanilla) 1.5 kg
4 Water 20 litres
5 Powdered milk 10 kg
40
Procedure
1. Crush the block like processed cocoa into powder form.
2. Mix the crushed cocoa with twice the quantity of sugar.
3. Introduce the mixture into the boiler.
4. Mix to blend in the already boiling water. Add small
quantity of strawberry or vanilla flavour into the
mixture.
5. Mix the powdered milk in cold water and then introduce
it into the mixture in the boiler.
6. Add more water to a determined thickness.
7. Package the drink into the plastic bottle when it is still
warm and put it in the fridge until ready to supply.
41
PRODUCTION OF YOGHURT (METHOD 1)
Just at the mention of yoghurt, some people are
already salivating as yoghurt is a well known Delicious
diary food-drink that can be used for quenching taste as
well as stopping hunger. The milk is allowed to produce
lactic acid ferment under controlled conditions. The
introduction of the yoghurt started under this
controlled conditions leads to the breakdown of lactose
to lactic acids. The reduced PH helps to stop the
growth of unwanted micro organisms.
Equipment: Electric mixer, sealing machine, filing- units,
boiling tank, filter, freezer, weighing scale.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Skimmed milk 1 kg
2 Sodium benzoate 5 grams
3 Lactic culture 1/5 kg
(yoghurt starter)
4 Water 5 litres
5 Sweetener As desired
6 Flavor As desired
42
NOTES:-
Procedure:-
1. Mix 1kg of milk with 3 litres of water
2. Add 1/5 pack of lactic culture or yoghurt starter and 5
grams sodium benzoate and stir well.
3. Boil 2 litres of water to boiling point and add to the yoghurt
mix effectively.
4. Cover the product with blanket and keep it undisturbed for
7 hours.
5. Uncover and add the sweetener and flavour and stir
further.
6. Pack, then refrigerate.
1. Some people do not add flavour and sweetener to
their yoghurt so as to save cost, but the addition of these will
prove more beneficial in the long run as customers will prefer
your product to theirs.
2. Also some yoghurt producers use thickeners in the
production of their yoghurt, thereby producing more yoghurt
with same ingredients. The result of this is that the nutritional
value of the yoghurt is watered down, while the profit margin
of the producer increases. The consumer will not even know
the difference, so you are to decide if you will use thickener or
not.
43
PRODUCTION OF YOGHURT (METHOD 2)
In this case we are going to use soya milk in addition to the
skimmed milk. It gives another good variety of yoghurt.
Equipment: Same as in the method 1 Formulation
Table:
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Soya milk 10 litres
2 Vegetable fat 500 grams
3 Gelatin 25 grams
4 Sugar (very small) As desired
5 As desired
Egg-yellow
Colourant
6 Skimmed milk 2kg
7 Flavour As desired
8 Tepid water 10 litres
9 Sodium benzoate 10 grams
Procedures:
1. Boil the 10 litres of water
2. Mix in the sugar and the Soya Milk
3. Dissolve the milk into the mixture and filter.
4. Dissolve the Gelatin and add to the mixture 5. Mix every other
ingredient together and stir well
6. Add the condensed milk flavour.
44
PRODUCTION OF ICE CREAM
Ice cream is another water mouthing delicacy that is especially
liked by the ladies and children. Give a young lady or a child a
pack of ice cream and you have bought her heart. This is why
the fast food joint are making a whole lot of profits from ice
cream especially during the valentine and other festive
periods.
You can tap into all this money by going into the production of
ice cream and even start supplying to some of the fast food
joints.
Equipment:- Mixer with stirrer, weighing scale, homogenizer
calibrate measuring vessel, freezer, Heater.
45
Formulation Table:
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Fat (butter) 10 kg
2 Milk solid 10 kg
3 Sugar 14 kg
4 C.M.C (food grade) 1 kg
5 Stabilizer 1 tablespoon
6 Colourant As desired
7 Flavour As desired
8 Sodium Benzoate 0.1 kg
9 Water
Procedures:-
1. Ice cream varies in its composition to a more degree
than any other dairy food products. The main components
are milk powder, cream or butter and various other
ingredients,
e.g sugar, flavour, stabilizer and artificial colours etc.
2. The ingredients are mixed to prepare the ice mix,
freeze followed by final freezing or hardening and
packaging. The ice creams mix according to the standard
recipe and pasteurized at 62-65 degree C for 30 minutes to
kill the objectionable bacteria etc.
3. As viscosity is a valuable characteristics of the ice
cream this may be restored by keeping the mix for few
hours or by the homogenizer at a temperature of 60-65
degree C
46
the latter method being the best. The mix is then cooled to 5
degree C. and run into a freezer in this process only 50
percent of the actual freezing of the mix takes place, the rest
is frozen in the hardening room.
4. Frozen ice Cream is still semi-solid or slushy and is
packed in suitable container e.g cups, plastic packs or
moulds for bars. The containers are then put immediately in
a hardening room at sub-zero temperature (-5 ôC) wrapped
and stored for market.
47
PRODUCTION OF BANANA ICE CREAM
This is another variety of ice cream that is widely liked by
people. It will give your clients the leisure of choice by
producing many varieties of ice cream. Equipment:-
Mixer, weighing scale, Homogenizer, measuring vessel,
freezer, Heater.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw Material Quantity
1 Banana 1kg
2 Milk solid 200 grams
3 Sodium benzoate 1 grams
4 Water 1 litres
5 Sugar As desired
6 Banana As desired
7 Colourant As desired
PROCEDURES
1. Mesh the banana fruit with a good blender
2. Add water and blend properly then seive
3. Dissolve the milk into the mixture, add sugar and blend very
well.
4. Add colourant ( food grade) flavour and sodium benzoate.
5. Measure into containers and freezer.
48
PRODUCTION OF CHOCOLATE ICE CREAM
Equipment:- Stainless motorized mixer, weighing scale,
Homogenizer measuring Unit, freezer, heater.
Formulation Table:
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Milk 5 kg
2 Chocolate flavor As desired
3 Icing sugar As desired
4 Egg white As desired
5 Gelatin As desired
6 Water 40 litres
7 Sodium benzoate 5 grams
PROCEDURES:
1. Beat the egg white to blend
2. Add water and blend properly then drive.
3. Dissolve the milk into the mixture, add sugar and blend very
well.
4. Add colourant, flavour and sodium benzoate.
5. Package and freezer.
49
PRODUCTION OF FRUIT JUICE
Fruit juice is a very delicious and nutritious food
supplement which is rich source of vitamins and
minerals. It is liked by everybody hence it is needed by
both adult and children. As a thirst quenching drink, it is
in high demand in Nigeria, especially during the hot
weather. It is also used in different occasions and of
fruit juice is high with good export potential.
50
PRODUCTION OF MIXED FRUIT JUICE
Equipment:- Fruit washing chamber, extractor, blending
chamber, filter, filling machine.
S/n Raw materials Quantity
Fruits (orange, 100 litres of juice
pineapple, mango,
cashew)
Essence 2 table spoon
Colour (food grade) 1 tablespoon
Sugar 20 kg
Preservative (citric acid) 5 table spoon
Water 50 litres
Concentrate 150 mls
PROCEDURES:
1. Select the fruits wash and peel them
2. Put them in the extractor and press
3. Pour the liquid into a blending tank and add other ingredients.
4. Boil at 90 nC for 10 minute and cool quickly 5. Filter the
mixture and transfer the liquid into a containers.
6. Freezer and you are ready for the market.
N.B Extracted juice must not stay more than 4 hours to avoid
fermentation.
51
PRODUCTION OF ORANGE FRUIT DRINK
Equipments:- Mixer with stirrer, boiler, filter, filling machines and
weighing scale.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw materials Quantity
1 Orange concentrate 2 table spoonful
2 Orange flavor 1 table spoonful
3 Water 10 litres
4 Sugar 800 grams
5 Citric Acid 1 tea spoonful
6 Colourants To taste
Procedures:
1. Measure out 10 litres of water into a mixer and add 2
tablespoonfuls of orange concentrate and mix.
2. Add 1 teaspoon of Orange flavour and 800 grams of sugar and
mix to dissolve
3. Add 1 teaspoon of citric acid, and colour to your taste if desired.
4. Mix properly and boil to 90n C for about 10 minutes.
5. Cool it quickly and filter, then package.
52
SOYA BEANS MILK PRODUCTION
Soya beans are very good cereal rich in protein. It’s the richest
source of plant proteins. It is also very rich in vitamins and the
minerals. It helps in the growth of children and the replacement of
worn out tissues in the adult. It is a very good substitute for milk
and be used in tea, beverages, custard, pap etc with the addition of
so additives and proper packaging and handling, soya milk can
have shelf life of months.
Equipments: Soaking chamber, grinding machines, sieve, heater.
Formulation Table.
S/n Raw Material Quantity
1 Soya beans 10 kg
2 Sugar As desired
3 Ginger As desired
4 Sodium benzoate 5 grams
5 Water 60 litres
6 Sodium benzoate 2 teaspoon
7 Colourant As desired
Procedure:
1. Pick the bad beans and stones out
2. Soak 10 kg of soya beans seed for 6 hours and de husk.
3. Grind into smooth paste.
4. Add a total of sixty 60 litres of water and sieve
5. Add sugar, colourants and ginger if desired, then sodium
benzoate boil to the boiling point for 1 hour and sieve again
6. Pour into your container and put into the refrigerator (
freezer) 53
PRODUCTION OF KUNU DRINK
Kunu drink is a product that is widely known and enjoyed in
Nigeria especially the northern part of the country, though it is
becoming popular in the southern part also. Chilled kunu can be
taken as a refreshing drink or to entertain visitors. It is a good food
drink for lactating mothers. Introduction stabilizer and thickeners
during production can increase the quality of kunu. The raw
materials for the production of kunu are readily available and cheap
too. The production process is very simple. Therefore it is a big
money making opportunity to those living in densely populated
areas since they can commercialized the production of kunu. The
product high appeal to people of different age groups and sex. It can
be taken with bean cakes and other confectioneries as a very good
meal. It can also be taken after meal to help improve the quality of
the meal.
Production of food product like kunu must be in a very hygienic
environment and care must be taken to ensure that all materials used
are clean and free from harmful organisms. Your water must be good
drinking water. Extra effort must be made to keep all the machineries
and instruments clean, you must cover your hair and body properly,
and avoid coughing or sneezing during production.
Flies must be kept off so as not to contaminate your kunu.
54
Equipments:- Grinding machine, boiler, sieving machine, packing
material. Formulation Table
S/n Raw materials Quantity
1 Guinea corn 1 kg
2 Sorghum (dawa) ¼ kg
3 Ginger 20 grams
4 Sugar As desired
5 Stabilizer 5 grams
6 Water 10 litres
7 Sweet potatoes 1 kg
Procedure:
1. Soak the grains ( Guinea corn and sorghum) for at least 8 hours.
2. Peel the sweet potatoes and slice into pieces
3. Wash the soaked grains and grind together with the potatoes
and ginger into paste.
4. Divide the paste into two halve in separate container ( 1 & 2) 5.
Pour very hot water into each half until it thicken like pap and
keep both containers separate overnight.
6. Sieve the content of the first and second containers into a third
container with muslin cloth.
7. Add water to achieve desired viscosity and sugar to taste
8. Add the stabilizer to increase the shelf life.
9. Pack and chilled ready for market.
55 PRODUCTION OF ZOBO DRINK
Zobo is a drink prepared from the leaves of a particular plant
that is very popular in the northern part of Nigeria. It is a very rich
non alcoholic drink that can be taken by any person. It has a bright
red colour which makes it very attractive especially to the children.
Try it out sell it near schools and where there are lots of children
and see yourself turned a rich person over a very short period of
time. The production can also be started with very little amount of
money ( capital).
Equipments:- Boiler, filtering sequence or muslin cloth, washing
vessel, fridge
Formulation Table.
S/n Raw materials Quantity
1 Zobo leaves 1 mudu cupful
2 Water 10 litres
3 Ginger As desired
4 Flavor As desired
5 Sugar As desired
6 Pineapple flavour or As desired
Juice
PROCEDURE
1. Wash the zobo leaves with very clean water
2. Pour into the boiling container of 10 litres of good drinking
water and start heating.
56
3. Grind small quantity of ginger and dry red pepper
4. Allow boiling sufficiently enough so as to extract the red colour
of the zobo leaves.
5. When hit is achieved put off the fire.
6. Allow to cool, add sugar, pineapple juice and flavor as desired.
7. Filter, pack and freezer and ready to serve market.
57
PRODUCTION OF SOYA YEAST
Equipments:- Frying pan, de husker, blower, grinding
machine, sieving machine.
Raw materials:- The major material needed in this preparation is
soya beans.
Procedure
1. Get any quantity of soya beans and fry until it becomes brown
2. Feed the fried beans to a husker's mill so as husk
3. Separate the husk from the seed and feed the seed to a
grinding machine, grind and sieve to get a good product.
4. You can now package ready for market
Soya yeast can be mixed with water and taken as beverage, it can
also be added to almost every food to enrich it; it can be used on
the following corn flakes, custard, pap (akamu) Akara, Moi-moi,
yam porridge, soup, rice, tea, drinking garri etc.
58
PRODUCTION OF CUSTARD POWDER
Equipments:- Weighing scale, mixer, filling machine, sealing
machine
Formulation Table
S/n Raw materials Quantity
Corn starch 8 kg
Cassava starch 1 kg
Colourant (food Grade 100 grams
Flavour 50 grams
Preservative 5 grams
(sodium benzoate)
PROCEDURE
1. Weighing out the quantity of corn starch and pour into a rotary
mixer.
2. Weigh out cassava starch and add into the same mixer and start
mixing.
3. After about 10 minutes of continuous mixing add the remaining
materials ( I.e flavour, colourant, preservative) and let the
mixing continue for another 20 minutes.
4. Sieve the product and package ready for market.
59
PRODUCTION OF COCOA BEVERAGE
Equipments:- Mixing machine, grinding machine, sealing machine,
weighing scale, container
Formulations Table
S/n Raw materials Quantity
1 Granulated sugar 65 kg
2 Corn starch 10 kg
3 Cocoa powder 16 kg
4 Powder milk 8.7 kg
5 Vanilla powder As desired
6 Chocolate flavor As desired
Procedure
1. Pour ingredients no 1-4 into your milling vessel before the
chocolate flavor is spread round the mass.
2. Cover the vessel well and start the machine for about 10
minutes on variable speed before the final grinding process is
carried out in order to achieve or attain the best chocolate
colour ready for market.
3. Package ready for market.
60
CHAPTER THREE
COSMETICS PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION OF SHAMPOO
Shampoo is viscous liquid that is used for the washing of hair
and scalp. It is a must have for the ladies and even men and
guys who are concerned about the proper care of their hair.
The production of shampoo must be in strict adherence to
the formula and procedure giving below to ensure a very
good product. Remember to make use of very good fragrance
and colourant for your shampoo, as these are the major
determinate of weather your product will be in high demand
or not.
Equipments:- Mixer with stirrer, measuring containers, weighing
scale.
61
Formulation Table
S/n Raw materials Quantity
1 Detergent 12 lit
2 Sodium chloride 500 grams
3 Glycerin 1 litre
4 Propylene glycol 2 litre
5 1 kg
C.M.C (pacol or Antisol)
6 Formalin 500
7 Deionized water 0.5
8 Colourant 50 mls
9 Fragrance To taste
10 Sodium laury sulphate 150 grams
(SLS)
11 Water 50 litres
Procedures:
1. Add 12 litres of detergent into the mixer and add 50 litres of
water and stir.
2. Add sodium chloride ( salt) and sodium laury sulphate.
3. Weigh out C.M.C and pour into a different bowl.
4. Add 1 litre of glycerin and 2 litres of propylene glycol the C.M.C
and stir till uniformly blend is achieved.
5. Pour the mixture gently into the shampoo with rapid stirring 6.
Add formalin, colourant and perfume and continue stirring for
5 mins.
7. Sieve and package. 62
PRODUCTION OF BODY CREAM
Body cream is used on the skin to nourish the skin and help
protect it against the harsh environmental conditions that might
prevail. It helps the skin to maintain a good and uniform tone.
Everybody uses one form of the body cream or the other everyday.
The implication of this is that anybody who goes into body cream
production is sure of making it within the shortest period of time.
Don’t miss out of this cash generator, start now so as to join the
league of millionaire manufacturers.
Equipments: Heater, stored, 2 mixing chamber, thermometer,
weighing scale.
63
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Jelly 5 grams
2 Cetyl Alcohol 3 grams
3 Emulsifying wax 3 mls
(crude)
4 Mineral oil 0.1 grams
5 Propylparabe stearic- 0.2 grams
acid
6 Propyl Glycol 3 mls
7 Water 81mls
8 Methyl paraben 5mls
9 Fragrance As desired
10 Colourant As desired
Procedures:
1. Mix number 1-5 together in a heating chamber
2. Turn on the heat, until the mixture is at about 75nC
3. Also mix number 6-8 together in a heating chamber
4. Turn on the heat, until the mixture is about 75nC
5. Mix both phase with continuous stirring, turn off the heat.
6. Add perfume and colour as desired, when the temperature
drops to about 40nC
7. Package for the market.
64
PRODUCTION OF NAIL POLISH REMOVER
Nail polish remover is an aqueous liquid used for the remover
of the nail polish. It is made up of acetone and ethyl acetate, which
are powerful organic solvents. You and I know that the ladies do
not play with their nails. Production of nail paint remover is very
easy and so straight forward that even a trained monkey can
produce it. So what are you waiting for? Go now and start making
money for yourself.
Equipments: Mixer stirrer, filling machine
Formulation Table
S/n Raw Materials Quantity
1 Acetone 5 litres
2 Ethyl Acetate 2 litres
3 Colourant As desired
4 Fragrance As desired
Procedures
1. Mix the acetone with the ethyl acetate in the mixing chamber
2. Add fragrance and the colourant.
65
3. Package the product and you are ready for the market. NOTE:
Some producer do not add colourant and fragrance to the nail
polish remover, but mind you that adding them will enhance
the quality of your product thereby giving you market
advantage.
66
PRODUCTION OF FACE POWDER
Face powder is used for the enhancement of beauty. Wen
applied in the right proportion, it helps to make the person
wearing look great and fabulous. The raw materials for the
production of face powder are very easily available and cheap.
Though the price of face powder is not too high in the market, but
the high rate of turn over makes, it a worthwhile business.
Equipments:- Mixing chamber, Grinding machine, seiving
machine, measuring cylinder, bottle.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
Talc 140 kg
Kaolin 40 kg
Starch 10 kg
Fragrance As desired
Colourant As desired
Procedures
1. Mix the starch with the fragrance.
2. Dry the starch and grind to powder.
3. Mix it with other materials in the mixing chamber.
4. Sieve and package ready for market.
67 PRODUCTION OF PINK OIL
This is one of the hair products that are in very high demand in
the market. Regular use of pink all will guarantee a very silky and soft
hair with a good sheen. This formula given below is craftily
formulated to ensure that it provides the hair with all that is needed
by any kind of kind of hair in order to be nourished. All the raw
material listed can also be bought locally and selling your products
will not be any problems as you can easily sample the in supermarket
and saloons around you. The production procedure is also as easy as
ABC, and you can easily make a very good product just follow the
formulation as accurately as possible.
Equipments: motorized mixer, thermometer, weighing scale,
measuring cylinder, heater
68
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Jelly 200 grams
2 Cetyl Alcohol 100 grams
3 Minerals oil 600mls
4 Emulsifying wax 300grams
5 Stearic acid 10 grams
6 Lanolin 10 grams
7 Colourant As desired
8 100mls
Propylene glycol
9 Water 500mls
10 Methyl paraben 0.1 grams
11 Fragrance As desired
Procedures
1. Mix number 1-7 together in a heating chamber and heat to
75nC
2. Mix number 8-10 together in another heating chamber and heat
to 75 n C.
3. Mix the two phase in a fast stirring vessels to achieve a good
blend
4. When the temperature drops to 40C add perfume and stir.
5. Package the products for the market.
69
PRODUCTION OF ALOE VERA GEL
Aloe Vera gel found wide application in the cosmetic and food
processing industries. It is very medicinal and helps in the
maintenance of vitality and good health when properly used. Aloe
Vera gel can be taken like that or mixed with other syrups. It can
also be taken in food and is in very high demand by the cosmetic
industries that use it in their production processes. If you can
produce in large quantity, there are companies that buy large
quantities of Aloe Vera gel. You can even start growing your own
aloe vera and rake all the profit into your account.
Equipments: Washing compartment, gel separator, Knife,
blender, mixing Machine, Measuring cylinder.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
Aloe Vera leave 10 litres
Water 10 litres
Methyl paraben 100 grams
Propyl paraben 100 grams
Citric acid 200 grams
70
Procedures
1. Wash your Aloe Vera leaves in the washing compartment 2.
Feed aloe Vera leaves into the gel separator or use your knife
and cut the leaves longitudinally and collect the gel with spoon
3. Transfer the gel into a mixer and blend properly
4. Transfer the already blended gel into a mixer, add water and
start mixing until well blended.
5. Add the other materials and continue stirring
6. Package and store in nontransparent container.
71
PRODUCTION OF PERFUMED BABY JELLY
This is money making venture that can make anybody a millionaire
over a very short period of time, especially during the harmattan.
Perfumed baby jelly (jeelen) is the panacea for harmattan as it
forms a thin protective layer over the skin, protecting it against the
harsh harmattan weather and the prevalent low humidity then.
Everybody buys a can of jeellen during the harmattan. Do not miss
out of this opportunity to start making real money.
Equipments:- heating vessels, stirrer, heater, weighing scale,
calibrated buckets.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Petroleum jelly 20 litres
2 Paraffin wax 3 kg
3 Paraffin oil 30 litres
4 Stearic acid 1kg
5 Colourant As desired
6 Fragrance As desired
72
Procedures
1. Pour paraffin oil into the heating vessels and turn on the fire
2. Add the petroleum jelly and allow to melt
3. Add paraffin wax and stearic acid
4. When everything has dissolved properly, turn off the heat and
allow to cool for about 30 minutes.
5. Add perfume and stir
6. Pour into containers and allow overnight to set.
73
PRODUCTION OF MEDICATED CREAM
Equipments:- Melting vessels, stirrer, heater, measuring vessels
weighing scale
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Petroleum Jelly 4 litres
2 Paraffin oil 3 litres
3 Paraffin wax 200 grams
4 Lanolin 70 grams
5 Sulphur 10 grams
6 Zinc oxide 5 grams
7 Carbolic acid 10 mls
8 Fragrance As desired
9 Colourant As desired
Procedures
1. Pour paraffin oil into the melting vessels and turn on heater
2. Add colour and stir
3. Add the petroleum jelly and allow it to melt
4. Add paraffin wax and allow everything to dissolve and stir
properly
5. Turn off the heater and allow it to cool for about 30 minutes
6. Add perfume, zinc oxide, sulphur, carbolic and stir
7. Allow congealing to take place for 30 mins and package for the
market.
74
PRODUCTION OF BODY LOTION
Equipment: Stirrer, weighing scale, thermometer, heater, 2
stainless vessels.
Formulation Table.
S/n Raw materials Quantity
1 Emulsifying wax 3.9 grams
2 Water 3.2 grams
3 Sheer/Cocoa butter 13.6 mls
4 Petroleum oil 13 mls
5 Paraffin oil 4.6 grams
6 Stearic acid 4 grams
7 Cetyl paraffin 0.1 grams
8 Propyl paraffin 200 mls
9 Borax 2.4 grams
10 Methyl paraffin 0.1 grams
11 Propyl Glycol 7 mls
12 Colourants As desired
13 Fragrance As desired.
Procedures.
1. Heat number 1-8 in a melting vessels together to about 75
degree C.
2. Heat number 9-11 to the same degree in a separate vessels.
3. Mix both phase with continuous stirring
4. Heat for 5 mins and turn off the heater.
5. Add perfume and colourant when the temperature drops to
about 40 degree C.
6. Package for the market. 75
PRODUCTION OF AFTER SHAVE CREAM
Shaving is an uphill task to some people that is because they
have not learnt the secret of shave cream. Shaving without the
after shave cream is like running your car without a lubricant. It
gives the person bumps and makes shaving a scary experience.
There is always scarcity of after shave cream, as the ones that
are used here are always imported and as such in short supply.
The cost is also a bit on the high side. These combines to make
the production of after shave cream
cash kill.
Equipments: Melting vessels, stirrer, stainless vessel, filling
machine, double heating chamber.
76
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Stearic acid 30 litres
2 Coconut oil 10 litres
3 Palm kernel oil 5 litres
4 Potassium Hydroxide 7 kg
5 Glycerin hydroxide 10 kg
6 Sodium hydroxide 1.5 kg
7 Water 36.5 litres
8 Perfume As desired
9 Colourant As desired
Procedure:
1. Mix half of the stearic acid with oils
2. Heat them in the double heating chamber or by indirect
heating.
3. Pour in the alkali, water and glycerin and stir well
4. The remainder of the melted stearic acid is now added and
perfume.
5. Mix properly and package into containers.
77
PRODUCTION OF SHAVING POWDER
Equipment: Mixing chamber and stirrer.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Talc 50 kg
2 Kaolin 14 kg
3 Magnesium Carbonate 12 kg
4 Cetyl alcohol 3 kg
5 Glycerol mono Stearic 1 kg
6 Zinc stearate 4 kg
7 Zinc oxide 5.5 kg
8 Perfume As desired
Procedure
1. Measure all the ingredients above into a mixing chamber.
2. Mix until a homogeneous powder is obtained
3. Package into containers.
78
PRODUCTION OF AFTER SHAVE SOLUTION
An after-shave solution is an aqueous ethyl alcohol solution and
perfume. The desired balance of milk astringency and coolness is
achieved by controlling the ratio of alcohol to water. Our analysis
shows that many brands of after-shave lotion contain between
50% and 70% by weight of ethyl alcohol. It is in very high demand
by the barbers and among the men folk that use it almost on daily
basis. The production process is also very easy and straight
forward. The raw materials are also easily available anywhere and
anytime. So what are you waiting FOR?
Equipment: Measuring cylinder, mixing chamber, stirrer.
Formulation Table.
S/n Raw materials Quantity
1 Ethyl alcohol 60litres
2 Propylene glycol 4 litres
3 Water 35 litres
4 Fragrance As desired
5 Colourant As desired
Procedure
1. Dissolve the perfume and propylene glycol in the alcohol
2. Add water slowly and stir well
3. Allow the solution to stand for several hours.
4. Filter and pack into containers.
79 PRODUCTION OF TOOTH PASTE Even the old
women in the village now make use of toothpaste for washing
their teeth every morning and night. Toothpastes are very easy
to produce and are basically produced using the same recipe
and procedure, the only difference being in the colourant,
flavourings, and other enhancement additives that may be used
by some companies. Start off with the recipe I will give you
under and with time you can decide to start adding some
enhancing additives.
Equipment: Boiler, mixer, weighing scale, filling device, packaging.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw materials Quantity
1 Calcium carbonate 10 Kg
2 Water 6 kg
3 Glycerol 5 kg
4 Sodium lauryl sulphate 1 kg
(SLS)
5 Saccharin 100 grams
6 C.M.C 250 grams
7 Flavor To taste
8 Preservative 10 grams
9 Colourant To taste
80
Procedure
1. Dissolve the CMC in 6 litres of water and mix the calcium
carbonate
2. Turn on the heating system and continue mixing
3. Add the glycerol and the SLS and continue stirring
4. Add the flavour, saccharin and
5. Stop the mixing when the temperature rises to 40 degree C.
6. Mix thoroughly, and then allow cooling
7. Package into tubes ready for market.
81
PRODUCTION OF DISINFECTANT (DETTOL)
Disinfectant as the name implies are used to kill germs in
our environment. It is usually added into the bathing water in
order to kill germs that might be in the bathing water or on
the skin. Bathing regularly with disinfectant will help ensure
continued health. It is an indispensable part of first aid box,
where it is used to clean wounds. Disinfectants are also
added in our laundry water to help kill any germs that might
be on the cloth. It is also added into water that is used for
scrubbing our floor. Infact, anywhere and anytime that you
want to be germ-free environment, there use disinfectants
there. Nursing mothers cannot do without disinfectants.
Equipment: Weighing scale, Mixer, Filling machine,
Graduating measuring vessel.
82
Formulation Table
S/n Raw Material Quantity
1 Pine oil 10 cl
2 Phenol (water 30 cl
based)
3 Carbolic acid 30 cl
4 Texapol 10 cl
5 Water 7.5 litres
6 Colourant As desired
7 IPA/ Methanol 2 litres
8 Preservation (formalin) 5 cl
9 Flavour As desired.
Procedure:
1. Mix the water with the colourant and stir.
2. Add the phenol and continue stirring.
3. Add IPA and the other components.
4. Add flavour and preservative
5. Pack ready for the market.
83 PRODUCTION OF GERMICIDES (e.g
IZZAL)
Germicides are used for killing germ just like the disinfectants, but
they are much stronger than disinfectants. Germicides should be
diluted with good quantity of water before use. They are for many
thing which includes cleaning drainages, animal cages etc.
Equipment: Same as in the Production of disinfectants.
Formulation Table.
S/n Raw Material Quantity
1 Carbolic acid 50 cl
2 Phenol or Lysol 30 cl
3 White solvent 30 cl
4 Chlorohyzonol 30 cl
5 Concentration Germicide 40 cl
6 Colourant As desired
7 Water 8.5 litres
8 Izzal flavor As desired.
Procedures:
1. Measure out the water into the mixer
2. Add the colourant and stir until uniformly dissolved
3. Add the white solvent and continue stirring.
4. Stir in the carbolic acid, phenol, Chlorohyzonol and finally the
concentrate Germicide.
5. Package your products ready for the market.
84
PRODUCTION OF CANDLE
Candle is well consumed in Nigeria today so people do not see the
electric power supply sometime for weeks and the price of
premium motor spirit (fuel to power ON generator) is now out of
reach of many Nigeria, though candles serve other important
purposes besides lighting purposes. It is usually used in religious
ceremonies for both the Christians and the traditionalist and other
similar religious. It is also used to create romantic mode and
atmosphere as you can see in some hotels and joints (even at
homes) Candles are also used to create desired light effects both
interior and exterior decorations. Candle can be made from diverse
kind of wax, both the two most popular one are paraffin wax and
bee wax. You may use any of the two that you want, but be
informed that you do not use bee wax to make white candle and
candle making with bee wax is usually done by adding layers of
wax on candle wick. Candles come in different shapes,
sizes and colours. The shape and Sizes of any candles is a
function of the mould that is used to produce it. With the right
mould you can produce any kind of candle. Personally, I have
produced the big Vatican
85
candles that are used at the altar, I have produced
Miracle/healing candles. I have produced coloured and perfumed
candles. The underlying principle is the same, the only thing is to
use your creativity and then buy the right mould and you are in
business. The market for candle is insatiable as you have see that
there are numerous application for candle, so get into the
business now. I will give you a proven step by step guide on candle
MANUFACTURING below.
Equipment: Moulding machine, double Melting vessel, heater,
weighing scale, calibrated measuring vessel, stirrer.
Formulation Table.
S/n Material Quantity
1 Paraffin wax 10 kg
2 Stearic acid 2 kg
3 Colourant As desired
4 Perfume As desired
5 Candle wick
Procedures:
1. Ensure that your work space is neat free from dirt, sands, and
grease; so that any wax spillage that fall to the ground can be
recycled in the production of another batch of candles.
86
2. Set the wick inside that mould and ensure that the
wick is at the centre of the mould. This is very important
as keeping the wick one-sided will result in a candle that
will not burn properly. 3. Ensure that there is no
leakage from the mould. Seal any leakage observed with
mold sealer or masking tape to avoid wastage and
spoilage of candles.
4. Lubricates the inside of the mould by spraying silicon or
paraffin oil inside the mould. This is to ensure that the
candles come out easily after production.
5. Set the double boiler on and start pour your diced wax into
it and allow to melt.
6. Allow to cool for some time and add stearic acid and other
additives. (If desired) and stir thoroughly.
7. Pour the molten wax into the mould slowly to the required
height. Keep small quantities of the wax from toping up the
candle.
8. Use a long broomstick to poke the candle after it has stood
for 40 minutes. This will ensure that no air bubbles are
trapped in the candles.
88
9. When the candle have cooled to room temperature, re-melt
the left over wax and use it to fill the sinkholes in the
candle.
10. Allow to stand till the candle solidifies, the time will depend
on the size and shape of mould used.
11. When the candle is set, remove the candle from the mould.
12. Trim the candle and package ready for the market.
89
PRODUCTION OF LIQUID AIR FRESHENERS
Air fresheners are used to create sweet smelling aroma in a
given environment. It helps to neutralize odour and ensure
that the place is good and conducive. The freshener is
enhanced with some additives to increase its quality and
ensure that it is insect repellant. As air freshener is needed to
create good aroma in an environment, it is worthy of mention
that the main content of air freshener is raw fragrances. The
type of air freshener produced depends on the type of raw
fragrance used.
Equipment: Mixing chamber, measuring vessel, stirrer.
90
91
Formulation Table
S/n Raw Material Quantity
1 Water 1 litre
2 Ethanol 150 mls
3 Silicate 300 mls
4 Industrial camphor ½ tablespoonful
5 Menthol ½ tablespoonful
6 Ambipure fragrance 150 mls
7 Rose fragrance 150 mls
8 Colourant As desired
Procedure:
1. Measure out 1 litre of water in the mixer
2. Add the ethanol into the water
3. Add the desired colourant into the mixture and stir.
4. Add the menthol and the industrial camphor and continue
stirring till they dissolve
5. Add the fragrances and package ready for market.
90
PRODUCTION OF ODOUR NEUTRALISER
This is a variant of air freshener, though not as strong
as the air freshener above. It is use in places that are
congested and where it is needed that there is good
aroma.
Equipment: Same as in air freshener above.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw Material
Quantity
1 Ethanol 1 litre
2 Sodium lauryl Sulphate 100 grams
3 Perfume (water soluble) 250 mls
4 Colour (water soluble) As desired.
Procedure:
1. Measure 12 litres of water in a stainless or plastic container .
2. Dissolve 100 grams of SLS into it.
3. Add ethanol into the soapy mixture and colour to your taste
4. Add perfume and stir very well.
5. Package for the market.
91
PRODUCTION OF HAIR CREAM
Hair cream is used to enhanced the beauty of the hair.
It makes the hair to split well and have a natural shining
dark colour. It is a must-have for the ladies who do not
play with their hair. The raw materials for the
production of hair cream are easily available in the
market and at a reasonable price. There are many
additives that can be used to enhance the quality of the
hair cream.
Equipment: Heater, boiler, stirrer and weighing scale
Formulation Table
S/n Raw Materials Quantity
1 Paraffin oil .9 kg
2 Petroleum jelly .5 kg
3 Lanolin .2 kg
4 Paraffin wax .1 kg
5 Colourant As desired
6 Fragrance (Apple) As desired
Procedure:
1. Place the boiler on the heater and turn it on
2. Pour the oil into the heater and heat for some time 3.
Add the wax chips and allow to dissolve. The wax is
chipped to make it dissolve faster.
92
4. Add the petroleum jelly into the boiler and continue
stirring.
5. Add the lanolin and continue stirring until all have
homogenized.
6. Sample the texture of the product by scooping a
little amount of the liquid cream, cool it test that it
meets your standard, if it is too watery add more
wax. If on the other hand it is too hard you should
add more paraffin oil and jelly.
7. When the right texture is achieved, turn of the
heater and allow cooling for some times. Add the
colourant and fragrance and stir for more 2 mins.
8. Package ready for market.
93 PRODUCTION OF BALM
(E.g ROBB)
Balms are ointments that are used for the treatment of many
muscle and bone abnormally. They come in diverse colors and
texture, though their most popular one is still Robb. It is very good
for athletes and any person that is usually attack by muscle spasms.
It is also a good antidote for catarrh and cold because of the hot
sensation it creates when used on the skin and it is also used for the
treatment of back ache rheumatism, arthritis and other ailments.
This makes the market for balm very high during both the raining
season and the harmattan season. You may be wondering why, the
answer is not farfetched during the harmattan dusts make a whole
lot of people suffer from catarrh and then go to the chemist asking
for balm. Also during the raining season cold make people keep
balm for the comfort of their families. You can go into the
production of balm and start smiling to the bank all year round.
94
Equipment: heater, boiler, stirrer and weighing scale.
Formulation Table.
S/n Raw Materials Quantity
1 Petroleum jelly 550 grams
2 Paraffin Wax 75 grams
3 Menthol 30 grams
4 Peppermint oil 20 grams
5 Methyl salicylate 50 grams
6 Turpentine oil 50 grams
7 Eucalyptus 50 grams
8 Tincture of capsicum 40 grams
9 Camphor rectified 60 grams.
Procedure:
1. Turn ON the heater and set the boiler on it.
2. Add the petroleum jelly into the boiler and heat for about 5mins
3. Add the Paraffin Wax and stir the two together until they are
uniformly mixed.
4. Add the turpentine oil and the peppermint oil and continue
stirring.
5. Next add the methyl salicylate, Eucalyptus and tincture of
capsicum continue with the stirring.
6. Finally, add the camphor and the Menthol, heat and stir for
another 2 mins.
7. Turn OFF the heater and continue stirring
8. Package ready for market.
95 PRODUCTION OF CUSTOMISED DESIGNERS PERFUME
The aim of any perfume is to produce nice fragrance on our body or
on the cloth that is applied. It is also used to create a compelling
personality. The use of a good perfume helps to create self
confidence in the wearer. It is now an integral part of our daily
make-up gear. Perfumes comes in different shapes of bottles,
colours and brand name. It might interest you to know that perfume
is one of the easiest things you can produce, with little capital,
equipment, time and armed with the formulation that will be given
to you below. You can make perfume that is custom made for a
particular person that is to say that the perfume I will teach below
can never be seen in the market. There are endless possibilities and
all you have to do is keep an open mind and allow your creativity to
soar.
96
Equipment: Mixing chamber, stirrer, measuring vessels
Formulation Table.
S/n Raw Materials Quantity
1 Methanol 525 cl
2 Avalon (raw 50 cl
perfume)
3 Tahoe(raw perfume) 50 cl
4 212(raw perfume) 50 cl
5 Blue river(raw perfume) 25 cl
6 Colourant (optional) As desired
7 Water (optional) 525 cl
8 Glycerin (optional)
Procedure:
1. Wash all the apparatus to be used very well to avoid
impregnation of any unwanted odour or aroma.
2. Measure out the raw perfumes into the mixing chamber
3. Add the Methanol and stir to homogeneity.
4. Add the water ( if you want to) I should tell you that adding
water will reduce the quality of your perfume but if you are
producing for the off the shelf market, you will need to add
water in order to maximal profit, But if you are into bespoke
production please do not add water.
97
5. Add glycerin ( only if you’re into bespoke production) 6. Add
colour if you want but be informed that it might cause staining
of cloths when used on white.
7. Leave to stand for 2 hours before packaging
8. Package your product ready for the market.
98
PRODUCTION OF HAIR RELAXER
Hair relaxers are used to soften the hair thereby making the
hair easy to be arranged into any shape that the stylist wants.
There are mostly used by the ladies, although many guys and
men are now relaxing their hair. Production of hair relaxer is a
venture that is guaranteed to yield a very high rate of returns.
All you need to endeavor is to produce a very good products
and you are game-making money. Though there are a whole lot
of hair relaxer in the market; do not fear, the market is
insatiable and with the formular am about giving to you. You
will be rest assured that very soon your problems will be how
to meet up with the increasing demand for your products. Most
of the hair creams in the market are too harsh to the hair and
scalp, causing scalding when used, I will show you how to avoid
that pit fall, there by conquering the market.
99
Equipment: hydrometer, PH meter, stirrers, heater.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw Materials Quantity
1 Stearic Acid 50 grams
2 Petroleum jelly 15 kg
3 Lanolin 2.2kg
4 Acetyl Alcohol 1.5 kg
5 Mineral oil 12 kg
6 Caustic soda 1.9 kg
7 Glycerin 1.0 kg
8 Propylene glycol 0.5 kg
9 Dehydrated wax 50 kg
10 Butyl paraben 0.2 kg
11 Deionized water 44 litres
12 Formalin .5 litre
Procedure:
1. Set the mixer on the heater and turn it ON.
2. Put the petroleum jelly into the mixer
3. Add lanolin to it
4. Then add dehydrated wax, stearic acid and acetyl alcohol into
the mixture
5. Add the mineral oil and heat mildly till they all dissolve and
mixed uniformly.
6. Dissolve the caustic soda with a little quantity of water in a
small mixer and divide it into two portions.
100
7. Also dissolve the propylene glycol and butyl Paraben together
in another separate small mixer
8. Also dissolve the formalin in small quantity of water 9. Add one
portion of the caustic soda solution into the propylene glycol
and butyl Paraben and start heating mildly, until they have
dissolved completely, Allow to cool. 10. Mix the mixture from 5
and 9 together and stir, and start heating mildly, continue
stirring gently
11. When the temperature gets to 45°C, turn of the heater
and pour in the dissolved formalin.
12. Add the remaining half of caustic soda solution to the
mixture and stir gently.
13. When the mixture cools down to room temperature,
package and ready for the market.
NB: The reason why most relaxers are very corrosive is because the
caustic soda. If you test your products and find out that it is very
corrosive on the scalp, do not fret. What you need to do in order to
avoid that in your products is to soak the caustic soda solution for
24 hours before using it. That will help reduce the corrosive
tendency. This little secret is worth millions cash as it will give your
products a tremendous boost and leap in the market
101
PRODUCTION OF HAIR CONDITIONER/HAIR FOOD
Hair conditioner as the name implies is a hair products that
helps stop hair breakage; it also softens and nourish the hair by
supplying necessary ingredients that are needed for healthy hair.
The hair conditioner is best massaged into the hair and scalp and
allowed to stand for some time before it is washed off. In order to
achieve maximum benefits. You can include it in your range of
hair products as it has complementary demand with hair relaxer
and shampoo. For the best hair care it is advised that after
washing the hair with shampoo, it should be washed with hair
conditioner also. I hope you can see the trend, hair relaxer,
Shampoo and conditioner for you, it is your call to produce them.
Equipment: hydrometer, PH meter, mixers, stirrer, heater.
102
Formulation Table
S/n Raw Materials Quantity
1 Mineral oil 1.3 kg
2 Cetyl alcohol 250 grams
3 Lanolin 13 grams
4 Croda wax 250 grams
5 Methyl paraben 40 grams
6 Nitrosol/ pac-R 50 grams
7 Glycerin or propylene 1 kg
glycol
8 Colourant As desired
9 Fragrance As desired
10 Water 18 litres
Procedure:
1. Dissolve the Nitrosol in water and leave over night.
2. Set the mixer on the heater and turn it on mildly.
3. Poor the mineral oil into the mixer, add the colourant and stir
till evenly dissolved.
4. Add the cross wax, lanolin, Methyl Paraben and acetyl alcohol
into the mixer in quick succession until all have dissolved and
turn off the heat.
5. Mix the mixture from 1 and 4
6. Add glycerin, propylene, glycol and fragrance.
7. Stir the mixture continuously until a smooth creamy paste is
formed.
8. Package your product ready for the market.
103
PRODUCTION OF HAIR STYLING GEL
This is a gel that is used to keep the hair in the desired style
and shape for a long period of time. Without a styling gel, the
lapping and curling of the hair will be disorganized in a very short
period of time. So the usefulness of hair styling gel can not be
over emphasized. Include it in your line of hair products and
continue laughing to the bank with much money.
Equipment: Mixers, stirrer, weighing scale
Formulation Table
S/n Raw materials Quantity
1 Nitrosol 2 kg
2 Methyl Paraben 10 grams
3 T.E.A 8 litres
4 Rectified alcohol 40 litres
5 Fragrance As desired
6 Colourant As desired
7 Water 4 litres
Procedure
1. Dissolve the colourant in the water and stir till it has completely
dissolved.
2. Add the Nitrosol to the water and stir properly to obtain
smooth thick gel
104
3. Dissolve the methyl Paraben with 100 mls of water and add the
mixture in 1 above.
4. Add ethanol gradually and stir properly
5. Add the T.E.A and stir continuously until a creamy smooth
paste is formed.
6. Add fragrance and stir to homogeneize
7. Package ready for the market.
105
CHAPTER FOUR
PAINTS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS PRODUCTION
In this chapter we will be showing you how to produce different
kind of paint and paint related products. Your bank account will take
a new look (increase in the number of digits) if you can take the
initiative and go into the production of any of this things we will teach
you below.
PRODUCTION OF SCHOOL CHALK
School chalk is a soft white substance that is used to write on the
black board. Starting from the nursery schools through to the
universities use chalk. Selling the product is even easier than the
production. What you need to do is to get in touch with school
proprietors, head teachers, principals, and dean of study of various
faculties and give the samples of your products. That’s enough
advertisements for you.
Equipment: Electric or manual mixer, Chalk molder, Drier (oven),
scrapper.
106
Formulation Table
S/n Raw materials Quantity
1 Plaster of Paris 1 Unit
(P.O.P)
2 Calcium carbonate 2 unit
3 Blue 1 packet/50 litres
4 Water Unit
5 Detergent To taste
6 Oil (lubricant) To taste
7 Colourant To taste
Procedure:
1. Mix the P.O.P and calcium together.
2. Add water in which a little quantity of blue has been added,
mix to form homogeneous slurry.
3. Add your desired colourant if you are producing colour chalk.
4. When the mixture is well blended, transfer to your mould and
allow setting and removing from the molds to dry the oven.
N.B: Mix detergent in water and use to lubricate moulds if plastic
in case of metal mould, kerosene and groundnuts oil is mixed
together e.g measure kerosene 4 litres and groundnut oil 1 litre to
clean and lubricate the chalk moulds.
107
PRODUCTION OF GLUE
Glue finds application in a variety of ways. The book binders
and people that work on card, cartoons, interior decorations, and
many other crafts use glue in very large quantity. You can also
package your glue in very good containers and display them in
bookshops and those selling carpentry tools and products.
Equipment: Mixer, weighing scale, measuring vessel and heater
Formulation Table
S/n Raw Materials Quantity
1 PVA 4.5 units
2 Sodium polycel 1.5 unit
3 Gelled starch 2 units
4 Calcium carbonate 1 unit
5 Water 2.5 unit
6 Carbonate Anticide Unit
Procedure:
1. Pour the PVA into the mixer and start mixing
2. Turn on the heater
3. Add sodium polycel, gelled starch and continue mixing
4. Dissolve the calcium carbonate with water and pour into the
mixer
5. Add Acticide, stir well and pack into your containers.
108
PRODUCTION OF WOOD POLISH
Wood polish is an oily liquid that is used to preserve woods,
shining the wood and increasing the beauty of the wood. It helps
to repel insects and is in a very high demand by furniture makers
and interior decorators.
Equipment: Boiler/mixer, Weighing scale, Graduate measuring
unit.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw Materials Quantity
Linseed oil 4 litres
P.V.A ⅓ litres
Pine oil ½ litre
Methylated Spirit ½ litre
Turpentine 1 litre
Vinegar 1 litre
Procedure:
1. Set the heating apparatus and turn the heater ON
2. Measure linseed oil and warm slightly
3. Add turpentine and vinegar and mix properly
4. Add PVA, pine oil and Methylated spirit, stir and turn off the
heater
5. Allow to cool down and package
109
PRODUCTION OF LIQUID INSECTICIDE (METHOD 1)
Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects. The demands for
insecticides are in high demand as people are now seriously at
war with the pathogens-spreading insects. You can start amassing
great wealth for your self by producing insecticides.
Equipment: Weighing scale, grinder, Mixing chamber and stirrer.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw Materials Quantity
Boric acid or Eucalyptus 1 litre
Industrial Camphor 1 litres
Turpentine 4 litres
Fragrance As desired
Procedure:
1. Grind the camphor to fine powder
2. Measure four pint of turpentine and add the camphor to it 3.
Add one pint of the boric acid or eucalyptus oil and mix
thoroughly
4. Add fragrance, filter and package into containers
110
PRODUCTION OF LIQUID INSECTICIDE (MEHOD 2)
Equipment: Mixer, filling machine, measuring vessels, Nose
Mask. Formulation
Table
S/n Quantity
Raw Material
Novan 1 litre
Kerosolvent 100 litres
Industrial camphor 1kg
Procedure:
1. Pour kerosolvent into the mixer
2. Grind the camphor into fine powder
3. Mix Jovan and the industrial camphor
4. Stir very well, filter and package for market.
111
PRODUCTION OF CAR GREASE (METHOD 1)
Grease is thick jelly-like substance that is used to reduce friction
between two surfaces that are in contact. It also helps to reduce
corrosion on the surface where it is spread. It is advisable that
moving mechanical parts should be greased frequently. It finds
application in many things like the moving parts of cars,
motorcycles, bicycles, wheel barrow etc. There are two
formulation tables that is given for the production of car grease,
feel free to use anyone that is appeals to you.
Equipment: Motorized mixer with built-in heater, measuring
vessel, hydrometer.
112
Formulation Table
S/n Quantity
Raw Material
1 Lanoil 40kg
2 Mineral oil 150 litres
3 Hydrated lime 6kg
4 Caustic soda 2 litres
5 P.K.O 25 litres
6 Paraffin wax 24 litres
7 Bentonite 2 litres
8 Silicon oil 1 litre
9 Zinc strearate 200 grams
10 Cetyl alcohol 25 litres
Procedure:
1. Dissolve lanoil in half volume of mineral oil by heating at
80c
2. Dilute the 3kg of hydrated lime with 12 litres of water and stir
into the mixture
3. Add the remaining half of Mineral oil while stirring
- 75 -
4. Add 1 litre of caustic soda at the hydrometer reading of
12.6 specific gravity and stir until cool.
5. Now pack and store.
113
PRODUCTION OF CAR GREASE (METHOD 2)
Equipment: same as in method 1 above.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw Material Quantity
1 Paraffin wax 2 kg
2 P.K.O 6”litres
3 Lanoil 40 kg
4 Silicon oil 1 kg
5 Sodium lauryl sulphate 0.1 kg
6 Zinc stearate 0.2 kg
7 Mineral oil 21 litres
8 Water 6 litres
9 Autiskin 0.1 litre
10 Caustic soda 0.7 kg
11 0.2 kg
Procedure:
1. Pour the P.K.O into the heater and turn it ON
2. Add paraffin wax, lanoil and silicon oil
3. Dissolve caustic soda with the water and gauge it to 12.60
4. Add into the hot oil
5. Stir until the soap is formed
6. Stop heating and add all other chemical in the formulation
while continue stirring until the desired paste is achieved
7. Allow cooling to take place and package before it is too thick.
144
PRODUCTION OF PAINT
Paint manufacturing is an ever viable venture that will make
much money for the investor if the investor plans his/her marketing
plan very well. Therefore, it can be adduced that as long as people
are still building and are still living in houses, then paints will
continue be selling. In Nigeria, of today it should be noted that there
are quite a number of competition in the market therefore, it is
advisable that any prospective investors should try and produce high
quality products which when fully known in the market will be a sure
to make huge profits for you.
The raw Materials used for the production of paints are readily
available in Nigeria at any chemical market, though big time
investors may decide to import from overseas directly to cut cost.
There are several types and brands of paints they include the
water soluble such as Emulsion, Texcote or the oil soluble such as
Gloss finish, under coat and Red oxide. Infact, paint has a very
broad applications and usage. Houses, cars, furniture and many
other things need paint for either protective and or decorative
purposes.
115
PRODUCTION OF EMULSION PAINT (WHITE)
Emulsion paint is mainly used in the painting of houses. As the
name implies emulsion paint can mix with either water or oil base
soluble. Great care should be taken in the production of emulsion
paints to avoid the production of paints that will rub off on people
after the paint have dried. If your paint rub off on people then mind
you that you have produced a low quality of paint and as such might
have problems selling such product.
Equipment: Weighing scale, measuring vessel, mixer
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Water 2250 litres
2 Titanium 17.5 litres
3 Bermocoll 2 litres
4 Ultracab U5 4.5 kg litre
5 Calcium Carbonate 275 kg
6 Kaolin 56 kg
7 PVA 1.21 litres
8 Ammonia 0.51 litres
9 Fadanol 0.6 litres
10 Acticide BG 1.20 litres
11 Defoamer .50 litres
Procedure:
1. Put the water into the mixer, add titanium dioxide and Ultracab
U5 and stir for 30 minutes
2. Add the and kaolin and half of the bermocoll and continue
stirring for another 5 minutes 116
3. Add the calcium carbonate and continue stirring for 20 minutes
4. Add P.V.A and Ammonia and continue stirring
5. Add Fadanol and continue stirring
6. Add Acticide BG and stir for another 5 minutes
7. Add the remaining half of bermocoll and continue stirring
8. Add Defoamer and stir for another 2 minutes
9. Package the paints and you are ready for the market.
NB: In case white Kaolin is not available, the same value of Calcium
Carbonate is substituted. The cellulose thermo cool may be
increased or decreased to attain the desired viscosity or other
cellulose brands may be used. The producer should be able to
evaluate quantity and streamline the components to attain desired
quality and viscosity.
MATERIALS USED IN PAINT PRODUCTION AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
1. Titanium Dioxide: It is readily available in white and yellow
oxide colours; it is powdery and acts as a covering agent in
paints.
2. Ultracab U5 or Aluminum silicate: Both can be used as
substitute to each other, they are both white and light in
weight and act as both covering and polishing agents in 117 white
emulsion. Ultracab U5 is not recommended for coloured paints, rather use
Aluminum silicate.
3. Calcium Carbonate: It is available in both white and off
white colours; they are standard base for all emulation
paints.
4. Kaolin: This is in white colour. It act as both a base and a
cellulose dryer-due to the result of bacteria acting on the
main cellulose kaolin helps to prevent the paints from being
watery as a result of long storage.
5. Cellulose: This is light white powder that may congeal in
water instantly or simultaneously. It is the binding agent in
paints. It helps and preventive powdery part of the paint
from separating from water I.e Bermocoll C.M.C
6. P.V.A: It is a white pasty liquid which helps as a builder for
the after use paints I.e it prevent the used paint from
flaking or rubbing off after use. It is available in various
grades of DM 21, DM 6, and V.D.M
7. AMMONIA: It is alkali liquids which stimulates cellulose
instant reaction and reduces acidity in emulsion paint to
balance P.H
8. Fradanol: This is an industrial soap that helps in the
118
gradual breakdown of the powdery content of the paint and also
helps in reducing brush mark during use.
9. Acticide BG: An active preservative that helps in the
prevention of age and bacteria growth in stored paints
products, its active ingredients is formalin at 0.5 percent.
10. Defoamer: A low viscous liquid that helps in reducing
the foaming ability of emulsion paints.
11. Kerosene: White insoluble solvent that acts as drier
and facilitate the drying of paint on the wall.
12. Pigment: They are powders of various distinctive
colours used in the preparation of base for coloured paints.
13. Paste: Liquid colourant of different colours use for
colour marching of coloured paints.
119
PRODUCTION OF COLOURED EMULSION
Coloured emulsion paints has special production procedures
that must be strictly adhered to if you want to produce good quality
paint. These procedures are very easy to follow and are absolutely
necessary. Before colour marching. It is absolutely necessary to
weigh all the colourants and know the exact amount of colourants
to be used. It is after colour marching that you weigh and then you
are able to estimate the amount of the same brand of colours to be
used in subsequent production of that very colour of paints. It is
worthy to be noted that the exact amount initially used in
production should not be assumed accurate for subsequent
production. This is the reason why buying another batch of paints
might give a slight different colour than the previous batch of paints.
It should be noted that in case of deep colours that requires
pigmentation, the titanium dioxide should be reduced in relation to
the amount used in light colours that doesn’t require much
pigmentation.
120
Equipment: as in the production of white Emulsion paint.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Water 2301
2 Titanium Dioxide 3kg
3 Bermocoll
4 Calcium Carbonate 300 kg
5 Kaolin 50 kg
6 Ammonia 1.21
7 Fradanol 11
8 Acticide BG 1.21
9 Defoamer 1.51
10 Blue colour pigment As desired
Procedure:
1. Put the water into the mixer, add titanium dioxide and stir for 30 minute
2. Add the and kaolin and half of the bermocoll and continue stirring for
another 5 minutes.
3. Add the calcium carbonate and continue stirring for 20 minute
4. Add the colour pigment and Dissolve completely
5. Add ammonia and continue stirring
6. Add Fradanol and continue stirring
7. Add Acticide BG and stir for another 5 minutes
8. Add the remaining half of bermocoll and continue stirring
9. Add Defoamer and stir for another 2 minutes
10. Package the paints and your are ready for the market.
121
PRODUCTION OF GLOSS PAINT
The gloss paint is the type of paint that is also called oil paint.
It has a glossy finish when applied on any surface and is more
resistant to water penetration than the emulsion paint.
It used at surfaces where water resistance is not needed. Likely
to occur like wooden and metallic surface. It is also more
expensive than the emulsion paint.
Equipment: as in the production of emulsion paints
Formulation Table 1
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Alkyl resin 40 kg
2 Calcium Carbonate 15 kg
3 Kaolin 10 kg
4 Titanium dioxide 500 ml
5 Acticide 10 kg
6 Antiskin litre
7 Paint dryer 500 ml
8 Kerosene 20 litres
9 Colourant To taste
10 Formalin 1 litre
122
Formulation Table 2 (for lower quality)
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Alkyl resin 200 kg
2 Titanium dioxide 25 kg
3 Kerosene 150 litres
4 Paint dryer 6 litres
5 Formalin 5 litres
6 Colourant paste To taste
7 Kaolin 25 kg
Procedure:
1. Pour the kerosene into your rotary mixer and mix in the alkyl
resin
2. Then add calcium carbonate, kaolin and titanium dioxide while
the stirring continues simultaneously
3. After achieving a good blend, add colour dissolved in a little
quantity of kerosene
4. Add Acticide, antiskin and paint dryer
5. Continue stirring for 30 minutes
6. Add formalin and continue stirring for another 30 minutes
7. Package in cans ready for the market.
123
PRODUCTION OF TEXTCOAT PAINT
This is a very nice paint that is used for the decorative
painting of walls. It can be used both for interior and exterior
decorative painting. It has a very coarse finishing as a result of
the addition of silicon sand. It can also be produce either in
white or other colours.
Equipment: as in the production of emulsion paints Formulation
Table.
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 P.V.A 20 kg
2 Calcium Carbonate 100 kg
3 Titanium dioxide 5 kg
4 Natrosol (CMC) 1 ½kg
5 Water 100 litres
6 Silicon Sand 75 kg
7 Colourant To taste
8 Kerosene 1 litre
Procedure:
1. Measure the water into the mixer
2. Add calcium and mix properly
3. Add Titanium dioxide, then colourant and Natrosol
4. Mix properly and add P.V.A
5. Mix in the silicon sand and
6. Add just 1 litre of kerosene, which facilities drying of the paint.
7. Package ready for the market.
124 CHAPTER FIVE
CONFECTIONARIES AND FOOD PROCESSING
Nigeria is a country with an estimated population of about
200 millions and the population is increasing with every passing
second.
Nigerian government is the provision of food to her teaming
population. A county where many are living below the poverty
line (from the national bureau of statistics, 70% on Nigerian
are surviving on less than 1 USD per day) as such any person
that is into food production and/or food processing is into a
very serious business because there is never enough food to
go round.
Take for instance the case of bread, there is always more
demand than the present bakers can handle. You can join the
league of these wealthy bakers to start making the millions for
your self. Although the machineries required for the commercial
food production/processing might be a bit on the high side, I
will advice anybody that have a means of sourcing
125
loan to go into it. It has a very high internal rate of returns.
(IRR)
It should be noted that for the sustenance of the government
developmental policies on agriculture, the area of food
processing must be taken serious. Every year tones and tones
of food are wasted because they cannot be processed into
food products that can have a long shelf life.
Confectioneries are the branch of food processing that is
concerned with mostly flour products. Cakes and the likes are in
very high demand. What you need to do is to package your self
very well let people know your products and services and you
are well on your way to riches..
126
PRODUCTION OF BREAD
Bread is a major constituent of the dinner tables in the
average Nigeria families, you are very such of instant sales of
products as soon as they are coming out of the oven… It is
true that the procurement of the equipments that are used in
the commercial production of bread is high. Some of them can
be locally fabricated to reduce the cost of start off. Also
nothing is more than the joy of having your homemade bread
which you can prepare to your taste and quality. If you want
to start baking bread for your family consumption only then
you do not have to worry about the machineries, as you can
bake with equipments that are already in your house now.
Equipment: Mixer, roller machine, cutting machine, baking pan
oven.
127
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Flour 400 grams
2 Salt ½ tea spoon
3 Margarine 100 grams
4 Yeast 4 table spoon
5 Sugar 2 table spoon
6 Warm water 1 cup
7 Vanilla flavour 6 drops
8 Crushed nutmeg 2 tea spoon
Procedure:
1. Grease your baking pan with vegetable oil even before
starting to mix your bread ingredients
2. Have all your ingredients measured out and handy. Also
start the ovens so that it might heat up by the time you are
ready to laid it.
3. Mix the flour, sugar, nutmeg, vanilla flavour and salt.
Sieve to ensure there is no impurity in the flour.
4. Add the butter and nutmeg, then mix into the flour until
they have blended well
5. Dissolve the yeast in little quantity of water and pour into
the flour, and continue mixing
128
6. Knead the mixture by repeatedly passing it through the
roller machine, continue until a well blended and a smooth
texture is obtained.
7. Cut the pastry into desired size and put into the baking
pans. Note that the size and the shape of the bread are
dependent on the baking pan used.
8. Keep the bread paste undisturbed for 15 minutes in warm
place in order to rise. Ensure that you do not leave it for a
very long time as that might cause excess rising.
9. The bread paste is baked on hot oven for about 45 minutes
10. Bring the breads out of the oven hot and turn them out of
the baking pans, the greasing will make them come out
easily.
11. Pass the breads through the slicer if you want to produce
sliced bread.
12. Package ready for the market.
129
BAKING OF CAKE
There are different types of cake and there are very
nutritious and delicious snacks that is enjoyed by all and
sundry. Yiy should decide the market to serve and that will
determine the type of cake to produce, if you decided to
produce wedding cake that means that you might not have
clients everyday but you will make much money on each
client that comes. On the other hand,you can decide to
produce smaller parcels of cake that can be solid in shops
and supplied to other places like schools and banks. There
are endless opportunities for you to sell your products.
Equipment: Baking pan, mixer, wooden spoon, egg, whisker,
oven, kitchen knife.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Flour 3 cigarette cups
2 Baking powder 3 teaspoon
3 Eggs 6 pieces
4 Margarine 150 grams
5 Powdered milk 2 cups
6 Nutmeg and Vanilla 8 drops
essence
7 Mixed fruit To taste
8 Sugar 190 grams
130
Procedure:
1. Cream the margarine and sugar today by turning the two
in a mixer until a soft creamy texture is obtained.
2. Add the whisked egg and milk to it and mix together
3. Mix the flour and baking powder and sieve.
4. Add the sieved floured into the mixture in 2
5. Turn it with the wooden spoon until a soft textured paste
is obtained.
6. Add nutmeg, mixed fruit and any other flavour and
continue stirring.
7. Grease the baking pan with some of the vegetable oil and
put the cake paste into the baking pan.
8. Load them into the oven that have been pre heated and
bake for about 50 minutes.
9. When the cake is done, turn them out. If it is a wedding
cake or birthday cake you will have to decorate it using
icing sugar and you are ready for your money.
131
PRODUCTION OF CHIN CHIN
Equipment: Mixing bowl, egg whisker, pastry board, frying pan
heater, roller
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
Flour 4 cups
2 Salt 2 teaspoons
3 Raw eggs 2
4 Margarine 4 tablespoon
5 Powdered milk 6 tablespoon
6 Nutmeg 1 teaspoon
7 Baking powder 2 tablespoon
8 Sugar 4 tablespoon
Procedure:
1. Mix the flour, baking powder, salt and grounded nutmeg.
2. Sieve the mixture to avoid impurities.
3. Beat the raw eggs and mix with sugar.
4. Mix the flour and the egg mixture and mix to form stiff dough
5. Spread some flour on the pastry board.
6. Turn the mixture onto the pastry board.
7. Roll the dough on the board to about 1 ½ cm thickness and
dice into small attractive shapes.
8. Turn on the heater and put on your frying pan and add vegeble
oil into the frying pan. 132
9. When the oil is hot enough, pour the diced dough into the deep
hot oil and fry until golden brown colour is obtained. 10.
Remove the chin chin using frying forks
11. Dry the excess oil by turning the chin chin unto filter papers.
12. Package the chin chin ready for market.
133
PRODUCTION OF MEAT PIE/FISH PIE
Equipment: Mixing bowl, egg whisker, pastry board, frying pan
heater, roller, grinder.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Flour 4 cups
2 Salt Pinch to taste
3 Onions, thyme, curry, As desired
seasoning
4 Margarine 100 grams
5 Powdered milk 4 table spoons
6 Potatoes Some slices
7 Meat of fish Slices
8 Baking powder 2 tablespoon
9 Sugar 3 tablespoon
10 Water 1 cup
Procedure:
1. Boil the meat or fish with little salt, maggi, and other
seasoning.
2. Dice the potatoes into small dices
3. Grind the boiled meat or fish and add a little flour and the
diced potatoes to form a paste.
4. Mix the flour, baking powder, sugar, salt and milk.
5. Sieve them to avoid impurities.
6. Add margarine into the flour and add a little water and mix all
together.
134
7. Turn the mixture into the floured pastry board and knead until
it is very smooth.
8. Roll to about 2 cm thickness and cut into desired shapes.
9. Place the meat or fish sauces on one dough and cover with
another dough slice.
10. Use fork on the edges of the pie to join the two flaps and also
make nice designs
11. Load into the oven and bake.
12. Supply to snack shops or direct to consumers at their offices
and parties.
PRODUCTION OF MARGARINE
Margarine is a rich source of fat in our diet and supplies a very
high quantity of calories per gram. It is better that butter which
is animal fat because it contains lesser quantity of cholesterol. It
is used by many people for eating bread, jollof rice, fried yam
etc. It is also used for different bakery confectioneries. You can
start producing in large quantity and supply to bakeries around
you. The liquid oil is converted to solid margarine by a process
called hydrogenation.
Equipment: Stainless boiler with stirrer, graduated measuring
container, weighing balance.
Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 Cheese 6 kg
2 Oil (palm oil 4 litres
groundnut, coconut
oil)
3 Sodium chloride As desired
4 Flavour As desired
5 Stabilizer 1 tablespoon
Procedure:
1. Pour oil into a boiler and heat until it turns white (bleaching)
2. Add cheese to melt, then salt and flavour to taste
3. Add stabilizer and stir properly.
139
4. Allow to cool, then package into containers.
136 PRODUCTION OF PIZZA
Pizza is known as food snack that can be taken anytime of
the day. It is usually sold by selected few eateries at
different locations in the cities of Nigeria. You can make
tons of money for yourself by producing pizza. You can start
a home delivery or even start supplying to some eateries
around you. Try your hand in homemade pizzas which you
can share with family and friends. You can also use that
time to perfect your production techniques and also try
your hands in the production of other types of pizza like
pepperoni pizza.
Equipment: Baking tray, parchment paper (baking paper) rolling
pin, a bowl, a sift, small mug and oven Formulation Table
S/n Raw material Quantity
1 White flour 500 g (4 cups)
2 Fresh Yeast 40g (½-1½ cup)
3 Olive oil 4 tablespoon
4 Salt 15g (⅛ cup)
5 Sugar 15g (⅛ cup)
6 Filtered water 240-250 gram
7 Cream cheese 8 ounce
8 Mayonnaise 2 ounce
9 Dry ranch dressing mix 1 ounce
(softened)
10 Chopped broccoli 1 cup
11 Chopped tomatoes 1 cup
12 Chopped bell green 1 cup
13 Chopped cauliflower 1 cup
14 Chopped carrot 1 cup
15 Chopped cheddar 1 cup
cheese
PROCEDURE
1. Pre-heat the oven to 375°F (190°C)
2. Sift the flower into a bowl
3. Add the oil, salt, sugar, yeast and mix
4. Add water and stir to from dough 5. Roll the dough with the
roller pin and board
6. Roll out the dough onto a baking sheet.
7. Pinch together the edge to form the pizza crust.
138
8. Bake the crust in the preheated oven for 12 minutes. Once
finished cooking, remove crust from the oven and let to cool
15 minutes without removing it from the baking sheet.
9. In a small mixing bowl, combine the cream cheese,
mayonnaise, and dry ranching dressing mix.
141
10. Spread the mixture over the cooled crust.
11. Arrange the vegetables over the cream cheese layer and chill
for one hour.
12. Slice and serve.
NB: For the production of pepperoni pizza, you should leave out
the vegetables and add pepperoni and instead of using cream
cheese use mozzarella.
PRODUCTION OF STARCH
The major raw Materials used in the production of starch is cassava
tubers. It is taken as a staple food by some people in the Niger Delta
part of Nigeria. It also has application in the Laundry and textile
industries. The uses of starch for the production of bio-fuel have
greatly increased the export demand for starch. Get into the
business and see your financial life changed for good within a very
short period of time. It is a business you can start with any capital as
high as you want or as low you want.
E N D
140
143
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