សាកលវិទ្យាល័យភូមិន្ទភំពេញ
ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF PHNOM PENH
MIS
Chea Daly
Why Learn About Hardware?
Organizations invest in computer hardware to:
Improve worker productivity
Increase revenue, reduce costs
Provide better customer service
Speed up time to market
Facilitate collaboration among employees
Computer hardware should be selected to
meet specific user and business requirements
2
Why Learn About Hardware?
Managers:
Are expected to help define the business
needs that the hardware must support.
Must be able to evaluate options when
considering hardware investments for
their areas of the business.
3
Computer System Architecture
4
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU or simply processor can be thought of
as the brain of the computer.
Most of the processing takes place in CPU.
For personal computers, the term
Microprocessor and CPU are used
interchangeably.
5
CPU Speed
Every computer comprises of an internal clock,
which emits electronic pulses at a constant rate.
The speed of CPU, is determined by the Clock
Cycle, which is the amount of time between two
pulses.
Each instruction takes one or more clock cycles
to execute.
The higher the clock speed, the shorter the
interval between pulses and the faster
instructions can be completed. 6
CPU Speed
Hertz (Hz) is the basic unit of CPU’s clock
frequency.
1 hertz = 1 cycle per second.
CPU speed or Clock speed is typically
measured in gigahertz (GHz).
1 gigahertz = 1 billion cycles per second.
Many of today’s personal computers
operate in the 1 to 4 GHz range.
7
CPU Speed
Unfortunately, the faster the clock speed of
the processor, the more heat the processor
generates.
Thus, processors that run at higher
temperatures need bigger heat sinks (a
device or substance for absorbing
excessive heat), fans, and other
components to eliminate the excess heat.
This increases the size and weight of the
computing device. 8
Multicore Processor
Nowadays, multiple processors are
embedded together on a single integrated-
circuit chip, known as multicore processor.
A multicore processor has two or more
independent processing units, called cores,
e.g. a dual-core processor, quad-core
processor, etc.
The multiple cores can run multiple
instructions at the same time.
9
Input and Output Devices
Input and output devices are the gateways
to the computer system—you use them to
provide data and instructions to the
computer and receive results from it.
Input and output devices are part of a
computer’s user interface, which includes
other hardware devices and software that
allow you to interact with a computer
system.
10
Input Unit
Computer need to receive data and
instruction in order to perform any task or
solve any problem. Therefore we need to
input the data and instructions into the
computers.
The input unit consists of one or more input
devices.
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Input Devices
The data and instructions are typed,
submitted, or transmitted to a computer
through input devices.
An Input Device is any computer hardware that
sends data to a computer.
Example: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Barcode
Reader, etc.
12
Input Devices
Motion-Sensing Input Devices
Pen input devices
13
Output Unit
Output unit delivers information from the
computer to an external device or from
internal storage to external storage.
The output unit consists of one or more
output devices.
14
Output Devices
An Output Device is any computer hardware
that receives data or information from a
computer, usually for displaying information in
human-readable form (text, graphics, audio, or
video).
Example: Monitor, Printer, Projector, Speakers,
etc.
15
Output Devices
3D Printers
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Both Input-Output Devices
Example: CD/DVD, Headset, Touchscreen,
etc.
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Input and Output Devices
Organizations should keep their business
goals in mind when selecting input and
output devices
Some organizations have very specific
needs for input and output, requiring
devices that perform specific functions.
18
Memory Unit
Computers need to store instructions and
data temporarily or permanently.
The Memory Unit consists of one or more
storage devices.
A storage device or memory device is any
type of computer hardware that is used for
storing data or information temporarily or
permanently.
They may be internal or external to a
computer. 19
Types of Memory
CPU uses registers exclusively to store and
manipulate data and instructions during the
processing.
Apart from registers, there are mainly two
types of memory that are used in a
computer system.
Primary Memory
Secondary Memory
20
Primary Memory
Primary Memory, aka. Primary
Storage, or Main Memory
Primary Memory is the area where
data and instructions are stored while
the program is being executed.
Primary Memory is accessed directly
by the processor.
21
Types of Primary Memory
Random access memory (RAM)
Cache Memory
Read-only memory (ROM)
22
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Instructions or data can be temporarily stored
in and read from RAM.
As currently designed, RAM chips are volatile
storage devices, meaning they lose their
contents if the current is turned off.
These RAM chips consist of millions of
switches that are sensitive to changes in
electric current.
23
Cache Memory
The older CPU has only Registers as the
memory but modern CPUs also contains the
Cache Memory.
Cache Memory (pronounced as “cash”) is
another kind of primary memory increasingly
used in modern computers.
Cache Memory is an extremely fast memory
type used to reduce the average time to
access data from the Main memory (RAM).
24
Cache Memory
Cache Memory acts as a buffer between RAM
and the CPU. It holds frequently requested data
and instructions so that they are immediately
available to the CPU when needed.
25
Read-only Memory (ROM)
Read-only memory (ROM), another type of
memory, is nonvolatile, meaning that its contents
are not lost if the power is turned off or
interrupted.
ROM contains permanent program instructions for
execution by the CPU.
ROM provides permanent storage for data and
instructions that do not change, such as programs
and data from the computer manufacturer,
including the instructions that tell the computer
how to start up when power is turned on. 26
Secondary Memory
Secondary Memory permits the storage of
computer data permanently.
Secondary memory provides a large
storage capacity at a lesser cost than
primary memory devices.
However, the access time in secondary
memory is much larger than in primary
memory.
27
Secondary Storage Devices
Usually have larger storage capacity.
Store data permanently.
Inexpensive
Can be either internal or external to the computer.
Example: Floppy disk, Hard Disk Drive (HDD),
CD, DVD, USB Flash Drive.
28
Memory Hierarchy
29
Hardware and Mobile Devices
The trend in the computer industry is to
produce smaller, faster, and more mobile
hardware, such as smartphones, laptops,
and tablet computers.
30
Millions Of Computing Devices
Sold Worldwide
The number of smartphones sold worldwide far exceeds the combined
number of desktop, laptop, and tablet computers. 31
Portable Computers
Many computer manufacturers offer a
variety of portable computers, those that
are small enough to carry easily.
Portable computers include wearable
computers, smartphones, laptops,
notebooks, ultrabooks, and tablets.
32
Wearable Computers
33
Wearable Computers
Around one-half to two-thirds of U.S.
employers with 15 or more workers have
implemented some sort of employee
wellness program.
One-half of fitness band sales in the
United States are to organizations that
pass these devices along to its
employees, often at no charge.
34
Nonportable Single-User Computers
Thin client:
Low-cost, centrally managed
computer with no extra drives.
Desktop computers:
Single-user computer systems that
are highly versatile
35
Thin Clients
A thin client is a computer that is connected to a server
computer. Unlike a normal computer, it does not have
local memory and is thus nothing can be saved in its
drive. It can process data remotely from the server
computer when connected to it.
36
Nonportable Single-User Computers
Nettop computer:
Inexpensive desktop computer designed
to be smaller, lighter, and consume much
less power than a traditional desktop
computer.
It is for basic tasks such as web
browsing, accessing web-based
applications, document processing, and
audio/video playback.
37
Nettop Computer
38
Nonportable Single-User Computers
Workstations:
More powerful than personal computers
but still small enough to fit on a desktop.
39
Multiple-User Computer Systems
Server:
Used by many users to perform a specific
task, such as running network or Internet
applications
Scalability:
The ability to increase the processing
capability of a computer system so that it
can handle more users, more data, or
more transactions 40
Multiple-User Computer Systems
Blade Server:
In a data center environment,
administrators need to fit as many
servers as possible. The term
“blade” is used to describe very thin
and small servers that fit into “bays”
and connect together to perform
high-powered computing.
41
Multiple-User Computer Systems
Blade Server:
Because blades are individual servers,
they contain the basic hardware
components that make up a machine
such as CPU, memory, network
controllers, and input and output ports.
Several blades are connected together
using fiber so that data can be shared
quickly between servers and the network.
42
Multiple-User Computer Systems
Blade Server:
43
Multiple-User Computer Systems
Mainframe computer:
Large, powerful computer shared by
dozens or even hundreds of concurrent
users connected to the machine over a
network
Supercomputers:
The most powerful computers with the
fastest processing speed and highest
performance 44
Mainframe Computers
45
Supercomputers
46
Supercomputers
47
Supercomputers
48
Server Farms
A server farm is a collection of computer
servers – usually maintained by an
organization to supply server functionality
far beyond the capability of a single
machine.
A server farm is also called a server cluster
since the servers combine to act as one
powerful distributed server.
49
Server Farms
50
Server Farms
A server farm can be as small as a few
servers or a large as thousands of servers,
again all connected together across their
local network.
Server farms that consist of thousands of
computers require a large amount of power
to run and to keep cool.
51
Server Farms
Apple, Google, Microsoft, the U.S. government,
and many other organizations have built billion-
dollar server farms in small rural communities
where both land and electricity are cheap.
Low power usage is a critical factor for
organizations that run server farms made up of
hundreds or even thousands of servers.
The annual power savings from such low-energy
usage servers can amount to tens of thousands of
dollars for operators of a large server farm.
52
Data Centers
A data center is a climate-and-access-
controlled building or a set of buildings that
houses the computer hardware that delivers
an organization’s data and information
services.
Largest Data Centers In The World In 2022
53
Data Center Vs Server Farm
A data center is a physical building with
redundant power, cooling, and Internet
connectivity.
A server farm is a grouping of servers.
For example, you might have a server farm that
supports your website comprised of web, app,
and database servers, but likely you have a
different server farm that handles other
services such as email, etc. All these different
server farms can reside at the same data
center. 54
Data Centers
Google spends on the order of $4 billion a
year on building data centers in an attempt
to keep up with the rapid growth of demand
of its existing and new customers.
Apple is spending $2 billion to build one
data center in Mesa, Arizona, to serve as a
command center for its global networks.
55
Data Centers
The need for additional data storage capacity is
another factor driving the growth in data centers.
According to one study, somewhere between one-
third and one-half of all data centers will run out of
space in the next several years.
Of those organizations needing more database
capacity, about 40 percent indicated that they
would build new data centers, about 30 percent
said they would lease additional space, and the
rest indicated that they would investigate other
options, including the use of cloud computing. 56
Data Centers
In a further attempt to lower ongoing operating
costs, many organizations are locating their data
centers in areas with milder climates and lower
energy rates and land costs.
For organizations in the United States, this
translates to rural locations in the south and the
northwest. Apple’s $1 billion data center, Google’s
$600 million data center, and Facebook’s $450
million data center are all located in rural North
Carolina.
57
Data Centers
The ability to absorb the impact of a disaster (e.g.,
hurricane, earthquake, terrorism attack, or war) and
quickly restore services is a critical concern.
As a result, data centers of large information
systems service organizations are often distributed
among multiple locations in different areas of the
country or even different countries to ensure
continuous operations in the event of a disaster.
Globally, IBM (the best known computer company in
the world) has more than 400 widely distributed
data centers to meet the needs of its customers. 58
Electronic-waste
Electronic devices such as computer
hardware and smartphones contain
hundreds or even thousands of
components.
The components, in turn, are composed of
many different materials, including some
that are known to be potentially harmful to
humans and the environment, such as
beryllium, cadmium, mercury, selenium, etc.
59
Electronic-waste
A study by Queensland University,
Australia, indicates that sitting in front of a
printer all day is almost equal to smoking.
While new computers are being made every
day, old computers are being discarded-
thus creating a lot of e-waste.
When we throw away our old computers to
buy new ones, we are just adding to the e-
waste.
60
Electronic-waste
61
Electronic-waste
Burning the waste e-products will release
harmful gases.
Care must also be taken when recycling or
destroying these devices to avoid polluting
the environment.
Countries Generate the Most Electronic Waste
62
Green Computing
Green computing is concerned with the
efficient and environmentally responsible
design, manufacture, operation, and
disposal of IS-related products, including all
types of computing devices (from
smartphones to supercomputers), printers,
printer materials such as cartridges and
toner, and storage devices.
63
Green Computing
Many business organizations recognize that
going green is in their best interests in
terms of public relations, safety of
employees, and the community at large.
64
Green Computing
Green computing has three goals:
Reduce the use of hazardous (risky,
dangerous) material.
Enable companies to lower their power-related
costs.
Example: Make sure devices come with
power management options enabled. Sleep
mode significantly reduces energy usage.
Enable the safe disposal or recycling of some
700,000 tons of computers each year.
65
Green Computing
It is estimated that 51.9 million computers,
35.8 million monitors, and 33.6 million hard
copy devices (printers, faxes, etc.)—
representing a total of 1.3 million tons of
waste—were disposed of in the United
States in 2010 alone.
66
Green Computing
Because it is impossible for
manufacturers to ensure safe recycling
or disposal, the best practice would be
for them to eliminate the use of toxic
substances.
67
Green Computing
In many cases, recycling companies export
large quantities of used electronics to
companies in undeveloped countries.
Unfortunately, many of these countries do
not have strong environmental laws, and
they sometimes fail to recognize the
potential dangers of dealing with hazardous
materials.
68
Green Computing
Some electronics manufacturers have
developed programs to assist their customers
in disposing of old equipment.
For example, Dell offers a free worldwide
recycling program for consumers. It also
provides no-charge recycling of any brand of
used computer or printer with the purchase of
a new Dell computer or printer. HP, which
offers a similar program, has recovered 2.8
billion pounds of products since 1987. 69
Green Computing
Computer manufacturers are using green
computing as a new business strategy to
distinguish themselves from the competition.
Apple claims to have the “greenest lineup of
notebooks” and is making progress at
removing toxic chemicals from its
manufacturing process.
Dell is focused on becoming “the greenest
technology company on Earth.”
70
Green Computing
Hewlett-Packard often highlights its long
tradition of environmentalism and is
improving its packaging to reduce the use
of materials. It is also urging computer
users around the world to shut down their
computers at the end of the day to save
energy and reduce carbon emissions.
71
Green Computing
The European Union’s Restriction of
Hazardous Substances Directive, which
took effect in 2006, restricts the use of
many hazardous materials in computer
manufacturing.
The directive also requires manufacturers to
use at least 65 percent reusable or
recyclable components.
72
Green Computing
Case: Lenovo
Lenovo is a Chinese manufacturer of
personal computers, tablets, smartphones,
workstations, servers, electronic storage
devices, and printers.
Since 2007, the company’s product
development teams have been using
increasing amounts of recycled plastics.
The company’s efforts have resulted in the
avoidance of up to 248 million pounds of
CO2 emissions since 2007. 73
References
Reynolds, George Walter, Stair, Ralph M.
“Principles of information systems”, 13e – 2018
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