NEW MEDIA & ONLINE

JOURNALISM
CAPITA SELECTA-MEETING 4
 1. New Media Concept

Today’s 2.
3.
New Media Theory
New Media Characteristics
4. Social Media and Online
Discussion
Journalism
1. New Media Concept
Who Coined the Term New Media?

Ronald E.Rice (1984) defined new media as:

“...communication technologies that enable or facilitate user-to-user interactivity

and interactivity between user and information. Such a definition replaces the
"one-to-many" model of traditional mass communication with the possibility of a
"many-to-many" web of communication.”
McQuail’s Definition on
New Media
New media is a place where all
communication messages can be centralized
and easy to distribute using internet
technology and involve the audience to
improve the interaction and communication
process.
New Media • New media is media that has all been
influenced by technology. In this
Concept information age, the media has provided a
direct, informative, intelligent, and
interactive platform to generate discussion
space.
• Technologies described as “new media”
are digital, and often have the
characteristics of being networkable,
compressible, interactive and impartial.
2. New Media Theories
1. Medium Theory

The theory explains how a media is

influenced in propagating information
physically and psychologically.

So it can be useful in comprehending about

various Medias and how each media can be
beneficial in distributing information.
2. Uses and Gratifications Model
Uses and gratifications theory is
an approach to understanding
why and how people actively
seek out specific media to
satisfy specific needs. UGT is an
audience-centered approach to
understanding mass
communication (Blumer & Katz,
1970)
3. Innovation Diffusion Theory – Everett Rogers
• This theory underlines the existence of 4 (four) main elements that influence the
development of new media;
• innovation,
• communication channels,
• time and,
• social systems.
• This approach states that not only leaders can influence audience behavior
through personal contact, but there are other change agents and gatekeepers who
are also involved in the diffusion process.

It will look something like…

4. Participator 1. Relatively low barriers for
engagement
y Media
2. Strong support for sharing creations
Culture – with others.
Henry Jenkins 3. Informal mentorship
4. Members believe their contributions
matter.
5. Care about others’ opinion on self
and work.

“A culture where we create media as

well as consume it.”
-H. Jenkins
5. Social Construction of Technology (SCOT)

● Focus on evolution of
technologies over time.
● Challenging the idea that
technologies are:
○ In the eye of the inventor
○ Finished once invented
○ Separate from social
influence
→ “de-essentialising” technology
artefacts.
Pinch & Bijker’ Development of Bicycles
6. A Three-Stage Model of Theory-Building (Carlile & Christensen)

• This theory is used to carry out the concept of citizen journalism as the impact
of new media where everyone can act as a journalist.
• This theory shows that strong theory-building emerges through three stages;
• descriptive,
• categorization, and
• normative.
• There are three sub-stages in descriptive theory-building;
• observation of phenomena,
• inductive classification in schemas and taxonomies, and
• correlative relationships to develop models.
7. Network Theory

● In connection with the production of

communication and information in new
media, Network Theory analysis is used.
In computer and network science, what is
meant by network theory is the study of
graphs as representations of symmetrical
relationships or asymmetrical relationships
between discrete objects.
● Network theory has applications in many
disciplines including the World Wide Web,
the Internet, social networks, and others.
CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW
MEDIA (McQUAIL)
The Characteristics are:
1. Digital. It is referring to the conversion of physical property (e.g., sound, letters, colors, and
data) into numbers. In other words, digital is about assigning numerical values to a
phenomenon.
2. Interactivity is a combination of the user to a media text, an independent relationship with
the source of information for a more individualistic use.
3. Hypertextual refers to a text (which can be in the form of images, sound, and video) that is
linked to other texts. In a new media, hypertextual can be seen by, for example, the link from
a text in a website to another website.
4. Convergence/networked refers to new media that are connected. This connection makes
use of the internet, which allows users or consumers to participate more actively in
everything from interpreting to producing.
5. Virtuality is an understanding which is interpreted as an imitation of something real.
6. Simulation refers to simulations that can be done by new media, either in the form of
computer simulations or game simulations.
SOCIAL MEDIA & ONLINE
JOURNALISM
 SOCIAL MEDIA (DEFINED BY EXPERTS)

• A label that refers to digital technologies that have the potential to allow everyone to
connect and interact, produce and share messages (B.K. Lewis. 2010. Social Media
and Strategic Communication Attitudes and Perceptions among College Students)

• A set of communication tools that contain various possibilities for the creation of new
forms of interaction (Chris Brogan. 2010. Social Media 101: Tactics and Tips to Develop
Your Business).

• A place where a collection of images, videos, writings and interactions in the network,
both between individuals and between groups such as organizations (Dave Kerpen.
2011. Likeable Social Media).
SOCIAL MEDIA AS NEW MEDIA
• COMMUNICATION: Social media has become the second world for people in all parts of the
world to gather and interact, building communication without time and geography boundaries.

• BRANDING: one's way of building an image in the eyes of many people.

• BUSINESS PLACE: For 24 hours, social media has proven to make it very easy for users to
build a virtual business. This is predicted to have a lot of potential to reach more people
compared to businesses that only rely on the real world.

• MARKETING: creating services that make it easier for businesses to introduce and reach more
consumers. This method has proven to be effective in increasing profits and making it easier
for users to get what they need.
Social Media
Platforms
SOCIAL MEDIA TYPES
TYPE 1 TYPE 2

• BLOG: its function is to share notes or views of its • MEDIA SHARING: has a main focus on making its users
users on certain issues. Example: WordPress, share media content such as photos, audio, or video.
Blogspot. Example: Instagram, Flickr, Pinterest, Youtube,
Soundcloud.
• SOCIAL NETWORK: has a function as a gathering
• COLLABORATION: used to make users invite other users
place for many people to socialize with each other. to create a contribution. Not only inviting, in this
In this service, users usually send messages, collaboration service, users are usually allowed to create
information, photos and videos to one another. content as well as make corrections to the content of
Example: Facebook and LinkedIn. 'members' of the site. Example: Wikipedia.

• MICROBLOGGING: almost the same as a blog, but • FORUM: a type of social media that has been around for
this type of social media presents a more concise a long time and has been widely known for a long time.
page. This makes micro blog services have a better The forum service itself can be used by users as a place
speed than blog services. Example: Twitter. to discuss specific matters or topics with other users in a
discussion room. Example: Kaskus, Quora
ONLINE
JOURNALISM
Digital journalism, also known
as netizen journalism or online
journalism, is a contemporary
form of journalism where
editorial content is distributed
via the Internet, as opposed to
publishing via print or
broadcast.
ONLINE JOURNALISM
CHARACTERISTICS
• Immediacy: allows updating of information faster than traditional media.
At least the internet can beat print media which have to print news the
next day and television which has to make preparations before
broadcast.

• Multimedia capability: allows messages to be delivered in various

versions of text, video and audio simultaneously. Examples that provide
audio video facilities are www.liputan6.com, www.tvone.com and
www.bbcindonesia.com.

• Interactivity: allows for direct audience participation. In this way, online

journalism can function as two-way communication and interpersonal
communication between media and users.

• Nonlinearity: allows journalists to be more flexible in presenting news

and makes it easier for users to choose the desired information theme.
For example, the news about the bomb attack at the JW Marriot, can be
divided into several titles, such as perpetrators, victims, bomb assembly
process, etc.