CRC

Handbook of
Ayurvedic
Medicinal Plants

Author
L. D. Kapoor, Ph.D., F.I.A.C., F.A.S.P.
Scientist (retired)
National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
India

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kapoor, L.D.
Handbook of ayurvedic medicinal plants / L.D. Kapoor.
p. cm.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8493-0559-4
1. Materia medica, Vegetable–India. 2. Medicine, Ayurvedic.
I. Title.
RS164.K36 1990
615’.321’0954—dc20 89-9903

A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 89009903

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 PREFACE

The ancient system of medical treatment is based on the rich experiences of innumerable
Vaidyas over thousands of years, having trials on hundreds and thousands of human beings to
its credit, to which no modem system of treatment in the world can ordinarily lay claim. This
is one possible reason why this system has survived the critics through the ages and is still
catering to the health needs of millions all over the world. The system is basically within the
economic reach of the common individual because of nature's bounty to mankind in herbal
wealth of medicinal value.
The active ingredients of a drug, synthesized in the small unicellar laboratory of the leaf and
then transported to reservoirs embedded within roots, fruits and leaves, bark, and flowers under
photosynthetic influence, are nature's gift to mankind. This alone speaks well for the inexpen-
sive nature of the treatment afforded by traditional medicine in comparison to what the modem
method of treatment through allopathy makes available and that, too, only to the affluent few
in human communities.
The Indian materia medica contains over 2000 drugs, the majority of which are of vegetable
origin. During the time of the Emperor Ashoka, the Hindu materia medica contained only 700
plants which were used by the Vaidyas. They were mostly cultivated and grown all over the
country and their method of collection, manner of storage, and preservation were all well known.
Since the number of drugs commonly used in those days was not very large, no elaborate
descriptions were given for their identification. The student of medicine used to live with his
guru in "gurukulas" (residential schools) and received practical training in the correct identifi-
cation of drugs and plants and their collection at the proper time.
In the course of time, more and more vegetable herbs were gradually added to the indigenous
materia medica, but unfortunately standards of purity and correct identification did not keep
pace with this process of expansion.
The identity of a drug plant was based on the doctrine of signatures, viz., "pashanbhed",
meaning thereby the plant which can split a stone or grow through rocks. It is also indicative of
dissolving or splitting of stones in the bladder or kidney. But there are quite a few plants which
have the same diagnostic character as described above but which are different from each other
and yet are called "pashanbheds" in different parts oflndia, such asAerva lanata Juss.; Bergenia
ligulata (Wall.) Engl., Coleus amboinicus Lour., Homonoia riparia Lour., Kalanchoe pinnata
Pers., Ocimum basilicum Linn., Rotula aquatica Lour., etc. Similarly, a Unani drug plant called
"gaozaban" (like the tongue of a cow) may be Macrotomia benthami DC.; Onosma bracteatum
Wall.; or Anchusa trigosa, Caccinia glauca Savi, etc. The doctrine of signatures was not often
recorded, but the knowledge was handed down from "guru" to disciple or father to son where
the Ayurvedic profession was confined to the family.
As time passed, the herbal gardens disappeared due to rapid colonization of rural forest areas.
Much confusion has been created in the correct identification of such plants. Many plants are
known by the same name, or many names are given to the same plant in different parts of the
country. This has made matters more complex.
An attempt has been made in the present volume to describe some 251 plants, giving their
different names in different languages in India and abroad. Their habitat, distribution and
chemical constituents, and pharmacological or therapeutic uses and dosage as prescribed in the
Ayurveda are also indicated. Pharmacognostic details, wherever possible, are also incorporated
to confirm identification. A bibliography of references is included.
It is hoped that this information will now help correct the identification of Ayurvedic drug
plants within the debris of confusion.
The vast country of India has varying agro-climatic and soil conditions ranging from arid to
alpine zones, and every type of plant can be found growing in nature; further, many more exotics
can be grown here. With its lush and diverse flora, India is rightly called the vegetable emporium
of medicinal plants. The mountain range of the Himalayas has been known to be a repository
of rare important medicinal plants since time immemorial. The great sages of Ayurveda fame
used to assemble here for discussion and discourses on the theory and practice of Ayurveda and
its materia medica.
Drug plants, which form about 90% of the materia medica of traditional medicine, play the
pivotal role in the efficacy of the treatment. A wrong or dubious plant used in the formulations
or treatment can give a bad name to the system itself.
This project was originally conceived by Dr. D. P. Sharma Ayurved Chakravarti,
Pranacharya, who, in consultation with the late Dr. C. Dwarkanath and Prof. R. R. Pathak,
worked on the format and sketched out a model of Ayurvedic description, properties, and action/
uses for each plant, based on the literary records and personal experiences of leading practicing
Ayurveds.
The number of Ayurvedic medicinal plants described in the text is by no means exhaustive.
Some of these are more frequently prescribed than others. It would be rewarding if any of these
plants gives a lead for more thorough and systematic research for a potential therapeutic drug
against such fell diseases as cancer and AIDS, etc. Sometimes lesser-known plants may unfold
latent virtues with the help of modem sophisticated technology.
When this manuscript was in preparation, I received the shocking news of Dr. Sharma's
premature sad demise. It was tragic to lose such a friend, philosopher, and guide. He was a man
of eternal vision and he pursued a missionary zeal to map Ayurveda on the scientific forefront.
It is my proud privilege to dedicate this volume to the memory of the late Dr. D. P. Sharma,
who devotedly served the cause of the development of Ayurveda in India and in neighboring
countries.
 THE AUTHOR

Dr. L. D. Kapoor, Ph.D, is a retired scientist from the National Botanical Research Institute,
Lucknow, a national laboratory under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India.
He is now a resident of New Jersey.
Dr. KapoorreceivedhisB.Sc. degree from Punjab University, theM.Sc. degree fromBanaras
Hindu University, Varanasi, and the Ph.D. degree from London University.
He was selected to work in the Drug Research Laboratory of Jammu and the Kashmir
Government and later appointed as Botanist-in-Charge, Botany Division. He initiated research
on pharmacognostic studies, and the technoeconomic survey and cultivation of medicinal and
aromatic plants, some of which were grown on a semi-commercial scale. He was the recipient
of a research grant from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research for cultural studies on
exotic medicinal plants. In 1955 he was deputed to the London School of Pharmacy for advanced
studies and training in pharmacognosy, where he worked for the Ph.D. degree under Prof. J. W.
Fairbain.
After his return from London in 1958, he joined the Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu
(CSIR). In addition to his research activities in botanical sciences he was Editor in Chief of the
RRLBulletin,Jammu. For the first time in the temperate Himalayas, he successfully initiated the
culture of ergot on rye, now grown on a commercial scale.
In 1964, he was transferred to the National Botanical Garden of Lucknow, where he
introduced the cultivation of some aromatic plants on the alkaline, saline soils. He reorganized
the research activities of the Pharmacognosy Division at NBRI, and was the recipient of three
research schemes on various aspects of ayurvedic medicinal plants, financed by the Indian
Council of Medical Research. He was also the recipient of a PL 480 grant (U.S.), "Studies on
Water Soluble Seed Mucilages". He was invited by His Majesty's Government, Nepal, to advise
on the establishment of herbal farms for commercial production. He visited Sri Lanka and
Bhutan to advise on the commercial production of ayurvedic drugs for pharmaceutical
preparations. He was the recipient of an award for his invention of a new distillation apparatus
by the President of India. He is consultant to a number of pharmaceutical concerns working on
natural products.
Dr. Kapoor is a fellow of the Indian Academy of Science, Bangalore, and the American
Society of Pharmacognosy. He has been a fellow of the Linnean Society of London and a
member of the Institute of Biology, London.
Dr. Kapoor is the co-author of two books and has published over 200 research papers.
 AYURVED-CHAKRAVARTI, PRANACHARYA

Dr. Durga Prasad Sharma (1926 to 1979),

to whom this volume is dedicated.
He devoted his life to the cause and development
of Ayurved in India and abroad.

Ayurvedacharya, the late Dr. Durga Prasad Sharma, fondly called "Durga babu", combined
in himself the high qualities of a scholar, physician, pharmacist, industrialist, and national and
international crusader in the cause of Ayurved. He possessed a dynamic personality and toured
the world with a missionary zeal as an ambassador of Ayurved. Dr. Sharma led a simple life and
donated generously to noble causes.
He was associated with several leading social, cultural, and technical organizations, and the
Government of India appointed him to a number of advisory committees in Indian medicine,
homeopathy, and Ayurveda. He was also appointed to serve as President of the Bihar State Board
and Faculty of Indian Medicine, member of the Ayurved Development Subcommittee of the
Planning Commission, and General Secretary of the All India Ayurved and Unani Section in the
Second Commonwealth Pharmaceutical Congress.
In recognition of his pursuit ofthe development of Ayurveda, he was awarded the degree and
title of Ayurved Chakravarti and Ayurved Shiromani from Sri Lanka; Pranacharya, Ayurved
Brichaspati, and Ved Ratna from New Delhi; Ayurved Baridhi from Banaras; and Ayurved
Shastra Vachaspati from Patna.
He wrote several books on Ayurveda. The present volume is the result of his imagination and
initiative-alas, he did not survive to see it completed.
It is rightly said, in his loss, we lost the man of the century who was born, lived, and died for
Ayurveda. This volume is dedicated as a humble tribute to the memory of Dr. Durga Prasad
Sharma.

L.D.Kapoor
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I received helpful cooperation and encouragement from a number of scientists, for which I
am very grateful. The names of Dr. James A. Duke, Dr. G. M. Hocking, Dr. William C. Steere,
Dr. G. V. Satyavati, Prof. P. N. Mehra, Prof. T. S. Sadasivan, Dr. S. R. Tandon, and Dr. S. B.
Malia need special mention.
For permission to reproduce plates from their reprinted book Indian Medicinal Plants, by
Kirtikar and Basu, I am indebted to Messrs. Bishen Singh and Mahinderpal Singh ofDehradun.
To Little Brown & Company, Boston, I am grateful for permission to reproduce the drawing of
Rauwolfia serpentina and its pharmacognostical description.
I am especially indebted to the Director General of the Indian Council for Medical Research
(ICMR), New Delhi for permission to reproduce excerpts from Medicinal Plants of India,
Volumes 1 and 2. I am also grateful to Dr. W. C. Evans for permission to reproduce some
excerpts from his book, Pharmacognosy (12th Edition, 1983).
For providing the up-to-date botanical nomenclature, I am particularly grateful to the
Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, England; the President of the Forest Research
Institute, Dehradun; Prof. Cecil J. Saldanha, S. J ., Director ofthe Center for Taxonomic Studies,
St. Joseph's College, Bangalore; and to Dr. H. 0. Saxena, Scientist, Regional Research
Laboratory, Bhubneshwar (Orissa).
Special grateful thanks are due to Mr. B. J. Starkoff of CRC Press, Inc., for making
publication of this volume possible. To Mr. Promod Kumar Sharma and his colleagues Mr. R.
K. Gupta and Mr. Vinay Kumar ofBaidyanath Ayurved Bhawan Patna, who made available the
recorded material, I am gratefully indebted.
For her inspiration and moral support I am very grateful to my wife Prakash. I am equally
thankful to all the members of my family for their helpful cooperation in many ways. I owe my
thanks to the staff of the Library of Science and Medicine, Rutgers University, New Jersey for
their helpful cooperation.
It would not have been possible to finalize this project without the active cooperation and
secretarial help of Mrs. Judy Ann Reilly, to whom I owe my sincere thanks.

L.D.Kapoor
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1

Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants ..................................................................................................... 5

Appendices
Basic Concepts of Ayurveda ........................................................................................... 347
Introductory Notes on the Fundamental Principles of Ayurvedic Pharmacology .......... 349

Glossary ............................................................................................................................... 353

References ............................................................................................................................ 361

List of Figures and Credits ................................................................................................... 389

Index .................................................................................................................................... 391

 1

INTRODUCTION
THE ANTIQUITY OF INDIAN MATERIA MEDICA
The history of medicine in India can be traced to the remote past. The earliest mention of
medicinal use of plants is to be found in the Rigveda, which is one of the oldest, if not the oldest,
repositories of human knowledge, having been written between 4500 and 1600 B.C. In this
work, mention has been made of the Soma plant and its effects on man. In the Atharvaveda,
which is a later production, the use of drugs is more varied, although it takes the form, in many
instances, of charms, amulets, etc. It is in the Ayurveda, which is considered as an Upaveda (or
supplementary hymns designed for the more detailed instruction of mankind), that definite
properties of drugs and their uses have been given in some detail. Ayurveda, in fact, is the very
foundation stone of the ancient medical science of India. 1 It has eight divisions that deal with
different aspects of the science oflife and the art of healing: ( 1) kaya cikitsa, or internal medicine;
(2) salya tantra, or surgery; (3) salakya tantra, or the treatment of diseases ofthe head and neck;
(4) a gada tantra, or toxicology; (5) bhuta vidya, or the management of seizures by evil spirits
and other mental disorders; (6) bala tantra, or pediatrics; (7) rasayana tantra, or geriatrics,
including rejuvenation therapy; and (8) vajikarana tantra, or the science of aphrodisiacs. The
age of Ayurveda is fixed by various Western scholars at somewhere about 2500 to 600 B.C. The
eight divisions of the Ayurveda were followed by two works written later, i.e., Susruta 5 and
Charaka. 4 About the date of Susruta, there is a great deal of uncertainty, but it could not have
been written later than 1000 B.C. In this work, surgery is dealt with in detail, but there is a
comprehensive chapter on therapeutics. Charaka, written about the same period, deals more
with medicine, and its seventh chapter is taken up entirely with the consideration of purgatives
and emetics. In its twelve chapters there is to be found a remarkable description of materia
medica as it was known to ancient Hindus. The simple medicines alone are arranged by this
authorunderforty-five headings. The methods of administration of drugs are fully described and
bear a striking resemblance to those in use at the present time; even administration of
medicaments by injections for various diseased conditions has not failed to attract notice and
attention. From Susruta and Charaka, various systems dealing with different branches of
medicine sprang up. Dr. Wise (1845; quoted in Reference 6) mentions two systems of Hindu
surgery and nine systems of medicine, three of materia medica, one of posology, one of
pharmacy, and three of metallic preparations alone. From these one can gather the strength and
dimensions of the scientific knowledge of ancient India regarding therapeutic agents of both
organic and inorganic origin. Even anesthetics in some form or other were not
unknown."Bhojaprabandha", a treatise written about 980 A.D., contains a reference to inhala-
tions of medicaments before surgical operations, and an anesthetic called "sammohini" is said
to have been used in the time of Buddha. 1
From this period down to the Mohammedan invasion of India, Hindu medicine flourished.
Its progress may briefly be traced through four distinct stages, namely, (1) the Vedic period; (2)
the period of original research and classical authors; (3) the period of compilers and also of tantra
and siddhas (chemists-physicians); and (4) the period of decay and recompilation. During the
second and third periods, progress was remarkable in every respect, and Ayurveda then attained
its highest development. Towards the close of this period, Ayurvedic medicine made its way far
beyond the limits oflndia. The nations of the civilized world of that time eagerly sought to obtain
information regarding the healing art from the Hindus of those times; the influence of Hindu
medicine permeated far and wide into Egypt, Greece, and Rome, and molded Greek and Roman
medicine and through the former, Arabic medicine also. Jacollioe very rightly and pertinently
remarked, "We should not forget that India, that immense and luminous center in olden times,
was in constant communication with all the peoples of Asia and that all the philosophers and
sages of antiquity went there to study the science of life." There are unmistakable evidences in
Grecian and Roman medicine of the influence of Hindu medicine. Hellenic civilization came
2 CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants

most intimately in contact with Indian civilization through the conquests of Alexander the Great.
During this period, Indian medicine was at its zenith, and the knowledge of the Hindu physicians
in the domain of drug therapy and toxicology was far in advance of others. They made an
intensive study of the properties of every product of the soil and systematically devoted their
attention to the study of disease and its treatment with drugs. The skill of these physicians in
curing snake bites and other ailments among the soldiers of the Grecian camp bears testimony
to this. No wonder then that Grecian medicine imbibed in large measure the knowledge of the
healing science and enriched its materia medica from those of the Hindus. There is reason to
believe that many Greek philosophers, like Paracelsus, Hippocrates, and Pythagoras, actually
visited the East and helped in the transmission of Hindu culture to their own countries. The work
of the great physician Dioscorides definitely shows to what extent the ancients were indebted
to India and the East for their medicine. Many Indian plants are mentioned in his first work,
particularly the aromatic group of drugs for which India has always been famed. The smoking
of datura in cases of asthma, the use of nux vomica in paralysis and dyspepsia, and the use of
croton as a purgative, can be definitely traced to an origin in ancient India. Even the effects
produced by excessive smoking of datura came to their notice.
The Romans also took a great interest in Indian drugs. There is evidence to show that an
extensive trade in Indian drugs existed between India and Rome many centuries ago. The
country, with enormous variations of climate and with such wonderful ranges of mountains as
the Himalayas, was from the earliest times recognized as a rich nursery of the vegetable materia
medica. In the days of Pliny, this drug traffic assumed such enormous proportions that he
actually complained of the heavy drain of Roman gold to India in buying costly Indian drugs and
spices. The following extract from the writing of an English student of Oriental literature will
be of interest in this connection. In the course of a lecture, Captain Johnston Saint mentioned the
extraordinary advance made both in surgery and medicine in India when Europe was groping
for light in her cradle in Greece. 8 Says he, "Ifthen this is what we found in surgery, what may
we not find in medicine from India - that vast and fertile country which is a veritable
encyclopedia of the vegetable world. The materia medica of the ancient Hindu is a marvel from
which both the Greeks and the Romans freely borrowed."

AYURVEDA DURING THE BUDDHIST REGIME

The advent of Buddhism in India brought considerable change in the practice of Ayurveda. 2
Surgery, the performance of which is invariably associated with pain, was treated as a form of
himsa or violence, and therefore, its practice was banned. To compensate for this loss, and to
alleviate the sufferings of ailing humanity, more drugs were added during this period to
Ayurvedic materia medica. Prior to this period, metals and minerals were no doubt used for
therapeutic purposes. But their use was in a crude form and they were sparingly used. Buddhist
scholars added considerably to the metals and minerals in Ayurvedic materia medica, inasmuch
as rasa sastra, or iatro-chemistry, formed a specialized branch and many authentic texts were
composed on this subject. Thus, the loss by discarding the practice of surgery was well
compensated by the addition of iatro-chemistry to the materia medica of Ayurveda during this
period.
Some of the Buddhist rulers, like Asoka, established several herb gardens, so that people
could obtain drugs conveniently for the treatment of their diseases. Buddhist monks were
encouraged to learn Ayurveda and practice it, which was considered to be the most convenient
and popular method of spreading the teachings of their preceptor. Thus, through Buddhism,
Ayurveda spread to Sri Lanka, Nepal, Tibet, Mongolia, the Buriyat Republic of Soviet Russia,
China, Korea, Japan and other Southeast Asian countries. Ayurvedic texts, including texts on
materia medica, were translated into the languages of these countries and these are still available
in translated form, even though some of the originals have been extinct in the country of their
origin. Based upon the fundamental principles of Ayurveda, some local herbs, diet, and drinks
 3

were included in the traditional medicine of the respective countries. The materia medica of
Ayurveda was thus enriched.
India was severely invaded by outsiders such as the Greeks, the Saks, and the Huns. When
these people came into contact with the rich tradition of India, especially its medical science,
they carried back with them medicines and doctors. Indian doctors who went out with them
translated Ayurvedic texts into their languages. The new drugs which were specially used in
those places were incorporated into the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. Such repeated exchanges of
scholars enriched Ayurveda and its materia medica. Through commercial channels, Ayurvedic
drugs and spices were exported to these countries and were held in high esteem there.
Several universities were established during this period for imparting theoretical and
practical training in different religious and secular subjects. Taxila and Nalanda were two such
universities which not only attracted intellectuals from different parts of this country, but also
many from abroad. In Taxila, there was a medical faculty with Atreya as its Chairman. In
Buddhist literature, there are many interesting stories and ancedotes about the activities of these
universities, their scholars, and faculty members. One such anecdote is related to Jivaka, who
was three times crowned as the King of Physicians because of his proficiency in the art of
healing. He was an expert in pediatrics and brain surgery. It was the practice at that time for
candidates desirous of admission to the faculty in the university to appear for a test before the
"Dvarapala" or the gate-keeper. Jivaka and several other noble princes had to face these tests
before being considered for admission to the medical faculty. They were asked to go to nearby
forests and collect as many plants as possible which did not possess any medicinal property. By
evening, candidates returned with several plants which they considered to be free from
medicinal properties. Jivaka did not return for several days and, when he did, he was empty-
handed. On a query from the gate-keeper, Jivaka replied, "I could not find any plant, or for that
matter anything which does not have medicinal value." He alone was selected for admission to
the medicinal faculty. This was the status of knowledge of the candidates for the medicinal
faculty at that time. This was the time when the knowledge of materia medica became highly
developed.

THE DECAY OF INDIAN MEDICINE

After the period of the Tantra and Siddhas, the glories of Hindu medicine rapidly waned and
declined. During the invasion of India by the Greeks, Scythians, and Mohammedans succes-
sively, no original works were written, and Hindu medicine gradually began to decay. During
the disturbed times that followed, a good deal of existing Ayurvedic literature was mutilated or
lost, and degeneration became discernible everywhere. Various branches of medicine passed
into the hands of priests, and drugs and herbs gave way to charm and amulets. The medicine man
himself became a member of a subcaste of Brahmins to whom knowledge and learning were
chief! y confined. A large section of them began to think that the study and practice of the healing
art, especially surgery, led to pollution. To touch the dead body was considered sinful, and,
dissection of dead bodies being discontinued, advancement in anatomical and surgical knowl-
edge declined. The Buddhist doctrine of "Ahimsa" also exercised a great influence in that
direction. Though surgery declined to a great extent during the Buddhistic period, medicine
again made rapid progress. As already stated, a large number of valuable drugs began to be
systematically cultivated and investigated in this period. With the decline of Buddhism,
degeneration set in all round - in knowledge, learning, and practice of both medicine and
surgery- and the process of decay became well advanced about the time of the Mohammedan
invasion.
With the advent of the Muslim conquerors, the decline was even more rapid. The invaders
brought their own healing system, which was fairly advanced for that period, and as Moham-
medan rule became established, the old Hindu or the Ayurvedic system of treatment was rapidly
thrown into the background. The Arabic system thus introduced became the system of relief.
4 CRC Handbook ofAyurvedic Medicinal Plants

Professor Brown, 9 in his lectures before the Royal College of Physicians, showed how greatly
Arabic medicine was influenced by Greek learning in the early centuries of the Christian era.
Although the chief pursuit of the chemists about this time was the philosophers' stone and the
elixir of life, they nevertheless made many real discoveries. How many of these we owe to the
Arabs is apparent from such words as "alcohol", "alembic", and others still current at the present
time. There is no doubt that it is in the domain of chemistry and materia medica that the Arabs
added most to the body of scientific doctrine which they inherited from the Greeks. Leclerc, 11
in his Histoire de Ia Medicine Arabe, points out that even a century earlier than the Arab conquest
of Egypt, the process of assimilating Greek medicine had begun. Arabian medicine was also
influenced by the Persian Jundi-Shapor school, which flourished in Persia in the 5th century
A.D. This is evident from the fact that there is undoubtedly a Persian element, especially in
materia medica, in which Arabic nomenclature plainly revealed in many instances Persian
origin. About the middle of the 8th century, when the city of Baghdad was newly founded, the
great stream of ancient learning began to pour into the Mohammedan world and to reclothe itself
in Arabian dress. The Mohammedan system of medicine thus brought with it a rich store of its
own materia medica, quite unknown to the country.

THE ADVENT OF ARABIAN AND WESTERN MEDICINE

The Arabian and Mohammedan medicine prevalent during the reign of the Pathan and
Moghul dynasties unfortunately did not make much progress after its introduction into the
country and with the fall of the Moghuls it rapidly decayed. During the intimate contact between
the old Hindu medicine and the Arabian medicine, which lasted for a century, there was a great
deal of intermingling, and each utilized the materia medica of the other. The result was that,
though both the systems had declined, a rich store of the combined materia medica was left
behind. With the advent of Europeans- first Portuguese, then the French, and last the English
- the decline was still further marked.
When British rule was established, the Western system was introduced, and it was primarily
intended to give relief to those who administered the country. As there was no proper system of
medical relief in vogue at that time, the newly introduced Western system found its way among
the people and was welcomed by them; the appreciation and the demand for it extended all over
the country, especially as its surgical achievements appealed strongly to the people and made
a great effect on them. It also brought with it its own materia medica and there was further
intermingling and introduction of new medicinal plants into the country.
References
Chopra R. N. , Chopra, I. C. , Handa, K. L. , and Kapur, L. D. , Indigenous Drugs of India , 2nd ed., Academic
Publishers, Calcutta, 1958; reprint 1982.
Dash, B. and Laltish, K. , Materia Medica of Ayurvedia , Vol. 32, Concept Publishing, New Delhi, 1980.
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