Compilation of Quran
The words of the Quran were collected as they were revealed to the Prophet Muhammad,
committed to memory by the early Muslims, and recorded in writing by scribes.
During Life Of Holy Prophet (S.A.W)
As the Quran was being revealed, the Prophet Muhammad made special arrangements to
ensure that it was written down. Although the Prophet Muhammad himself could neither
read nor write, he dictated the verses orally and instructed scribes to mark down the
revelation on whatever materials were available: tree branches, stones, leather, and bones.
The scribes would then read their writing back to the Prophet, who would check it for
mistakes. With each new verse that was revealed, the Prophet Muhammad also dictated its
placement within the growing body of text.
When the Prophet Muhammad died, the Quran has been fully written down. It was not in
book form, however. It was recorded on different parchments and materials, held in the
possession of the Companions of the Prophet.
During Life Of Caliph Abu Bakr
After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the entire Quran continued to be remembered
in the hearts of the early Muslims. Hundreds of the early Companions of the Prophet had
memorized the entire revelation, and Muslims daily recited large portions of the text from
memory. Many of the early Muslims also had personal written copies of the Quran recorded
on various materials.
Ten years after the Hijrah (632 C.E.), many of these scribes and early Muslim devotees were
killed in the Battle of Yamama. While the community mourned the loss of their comrades,
they also began to worry about the long-term preservation of the Holy Quran. Recognizing
that the words of Allah needed to be collected in one place and preserved, the Caliph Abu
Bakr ordered all people who had written pages of the Quran to compile them in one place.
The project was organized and supervised by one of the Prophet Muhammad’s key scribes,
Zayd bin Thabit.
The process of compiling the Quran from these various written pages was done in four
steps:
Zayd bin Thabit verified each verse with his own memory.
Umar ibn Al-Khattab verified each verse. Both men had memorized the entire Quran.
Two reliable witnesses had to testify that the verses were written in the presence of the
Prophet Muhammad.
The verified written verses were collated with those from the collections of other
Companions.
This method of cross-checking and verifying from more than one source was undertaken
with the utmost care. The purpose was to prepare an organized document which the entire
community could verify, endorse, and use as a resource when needed.
This complete text of the Quran was kept in the possession of Abu Bakr, and then passed on
to the next Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab. After his death, they were given to his daughter
Hafsah (who was also a widow of the Prophet Muhammad).
During Life Of Caliph Uthman
As Islam began to spread throughout the Arabian Peninsula, more and more people entered
the fold of Islam from as far away as Persia and Byzantine. Many of these new Muslims were
not native Arabic speakers, or they spoke a slightly different Arabic pronunciation from the
tribes in Makkah and Madinah. People began to dispute about which pronunciations were
most correct. Caliph Uthman bin Affan took charge of ensuring that the recitation of the
Quran is of a standard pronunciation.
The first step was to borrow the original, compiled copy of the Quran from Hafsah. A
committee of early Muslim scribes was tasked with making transcripts of the original copy,
and ensuring the sequence of the chapters (surahs). When these perfect copies had been
completed, Uthman bin Affan ordered all remaining transcripts to be destroyed, so that all
copies of the Quran were uniform in script.
All Qurans available in the world today are exactly identical to the Uthmani version, which
was completed less than twenty years after the death of Prophet Muhammad.
Later, some minor improvements were made in the Arabic script (adding dots and diacritical
marks), to make it easier for non-Arabs to read. However, the text of the Quran has
remained the same.
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1. QURAN
2. Linguistic Meaning )١٠٦( علَ ٰى ُم ۡك ٍ۬ث َونَ َّز ۡلنَ ٰـهُ ت َ ِنزي ٍ۬لا َ َوقُ ۡر َءا ٍ۬ناا فَ َر ۡقنَ ٰـهُ ِلت َ ۡق َرأ َ ُه ۥQuran root
ِ َّعلَى ٱلن
َ اس
word is QARA’A meaning read or recite. Hence, Quran means “the reading” or the
“recitation” “ And (it is) a Quran which We have divided (into parts), in order that
you might recite it to men at intervals” 17:106
3. Content of the Quran 114 chapters 6207 verses* 77,934 words* Main themes: •
Creed or matters of Belief (Aqeedah) • Stories and History • Laws
4. MIRACLES OF THE HOLY QUR’AN Preliminary Details Revealed to the Prophet from
the start of his mission to the end of his life. i.e. 40th year of his life up to the 28th of
Safar
5. Preliminary Details – Cont’d… • First Ayats revealed were the first 5 Ayats of Sura
Iqra. • 114 Surahs in the Holy Qur’an • Two types of Surahs • Makki – (shorter
Surahs) describe the matters of basic faith: • Refutation of paganistic beliefs •
Evidence of the Oneness of Allah • His Attributes • Proof of the resurrection on the
Day of Judgment • Prophethood • Building good character… etc.
6. Two types of Surahs – Con’td… • Madani – (longer Surahs) mostly describe: • Code
of life • Rules of Shariat • Prayers • Fasting • Khums • Zakat… etc.
8. Writing and Collection of the Holy Qur’an • Qur’an was committed to writing from
the very beginning. • There are numerous Ayats in which the Qur’an is called Al-
Kitab (meaning the written thing; the book) • Prophet used to repeat what Jibrael
revealed to him, as to not forget. • “Do not move your tongue with it to hasten it.
Indeed it is up to Us to put it together and to recite it. (Al-Qiyamah - 75:16-17)
َ ََل تُح َِر ۡك ِبهِۦ ِل
)١٦( ۤسانَكَ ِلت َ ۡع َج َل ِب ِهۦ
9. Compilation of Quran • It is said that each verse was recited by prophet
Muhammad before His companions. • It was generally committed to writing on
stones, leather, palm leaves and such other things. • Thus there were two processes
to preserve Quran • Writing • Memory • Caliph Umar requested Abu Bakr to get it
compiled in writing, after the death of Caliph Abu bakr, the copy remained with
Caliph Umar • After his death copy remained with HazratHafsa(Daughter of Caliph
Umar) • HazratUsman then set up a committee consisting of leading companions of
Prophet and made copies of Original Quran. • It was then when Quran was compiled
9. Writing and Collection of the Holy Qur’an-Cont’d… • Writers of the Holy Qur’an •
Ali ibn Abi Talib • Ubayy bin Ka’b • Abdullah bin Rawaha • Khalid bin Said bin Al-Aas
• At a later period : Zaid bin Thabait among others
10. The Holy Qur’an being free from Discrepancies • “Do they not contemplate the
Qu’ran? Had it been from (someone) other than Allah, they would have surely found
َ ٱختِلَ ٰـ ٍ۬فاا
many discrepancies.” (Al-Nisa -4:82) ڪث ٍ۬ اِيرا ۡ ٱَّلل لَ َو َجدُواْ فِي ِه َ أَفَ َل يَتَ َدب َُّرونَ ۡٱلقُ ۡر َءانَ ۚ َولَ ۡو كَانَ مِ ۡن عِن ِد
ِ َّ غ ۡي ِر
11. The Holy Qur’an – A Miracle Performer • The Holy Qur’an is a: • Miracle of
Language and Style • Miracle of Prophecies • Miracle of Scientific Revelations
12. The Holy Qur’an – A Miracle Performer-Cont’d … • The Holy Qur’an is not only a
Miracle; It is a Miracle Performer : • It brought out the Miracle of transforming an
extremely ignorant and backward society into the guardians of knowledge and
learning.
13. Miracle of Language • This is the greatest miracle of the Qur’an • Arabs at the time
of the Prophet were extremely proud of their language. • Poets and eloquent
speakers were idols of their tribes. • There used to be a yearly poetry competition
where everyone came and recited
14. Miracle of Language • But the Qur’an came, and to their surprise, its Miracle was its
language. And Allah challenged them: • “Say, ‘Should all human beings and jinn rally
to bring the like of this Qur’an, they will not bring the like of it, even if the assisted
one another.’” (Al-Isra 17:88) • “Do they say, ‘He has fabricated it?’ Say, ‘Then bring
ظ ِه ٍ۬ ا
يرا َ ض
ٍ۬ ض ُہمۡ ِلب َۡع ۡ ِان ََل ي َۡأت ُونَ ب
ُ مِث ِلهِۦ َولَ ۡو كَانَ ب َۡع ۡ ِعلَ ٰ ٰٓى أَن ي َۡأت ُواْ ب
ِ مِث ِل َه ٰـذَا ۡٱلقُ ۡر َء َ ُّنس َو ۡٱل ِجن ِۡ ت
ُ ٱۡل ۡ قُل لَّٮ ِِٕن
ِ َٱجت َ َمع
15. tenSurahs like it, fabricated, and invoke whomever you can, besides Allah, should
you be truthful.’” (Hud 11:13)
15. Miracle of Prophecies • When the Prophet was in Mecca, a war broke out between
the Romans and the Persians. The Persians were victorious in this battle, which
made the Meccans extremely happy since the Persians were idolaters. • “Byzantium
has been vanquished in a nearby territory, but following their defeat they will be
victors in a few years.” (Ar-Rum 30:2-4) • In a few years, the Romans defeated the
Persians. َص ٰـ ِدقِين
َ ۡٱَّلل إِن كُنت ُم
ِ َّ ُون ُ أَمۡ يَقُولُونَ ۡٱفت َ َر ٰٮ ۖهُ قُ ۡل َف ۡأت ُواْ بِعَ ۡش ِر
ۡ س َو ٍ۬ر ِم ۡث ِلهِۦ ُم ۡفت َ َريَـ ٍٰ۬ت َو ۡٱدعُواْ َم ِن
ِ ٱست َ َط ۡعت ُم ِمن د
16. Miracle of prophecies • When the Prophet was about to Migrate to Medina, he was
extremely sad because he was leaving his home. • “Indeed He who has revealed to
you the Qur’an will surely restore you to the place of return. Say, ‘My Lord knows
best him who brings guidance and him who is in manifest error.’” (Al-Qasas 28:85) •
Prophet returned victoriously to Mecca in a few years َعلَ ۡيكَ ۡٱلقُ ۡر َءانَ لَ َرآٰدُّك َ إِنَّ ٱلَّذِى فَ َر
َ ض
ين َ اد قُل َّر ِب ٰٓى أ َ ۡعلَ ُم َمن َجا ٰٓ َء ِب ۡٱل ُهد َٰى َو َم ۡن ه َُو فِى
ٍ۬ ضلَـ ٍٰ۬ل ُّم ِب ۚ ٍ۬ َِإلَ ٰى َمع
17. Miracle of Scientific Revelations • Life • The Human Embryonic Development • The
description of the development of the human baby is described in several places in
the Holy Qur’an • “He creates you in the womb of your mothers, creation after
creation, in a threefold darkness. That is Allah, your Lord!” (Al-Zumar 39:6) َخلَقَكُم ِمن
ون أ ُ َّم َه ٰـتِڪُمۡ َخ ۡل ٍ۬قاا ِم ۢن ب َۡع ِد
ِ ُٲج ي َۡخلُقُكُمۡ فِى بُط َ َ س َوٲحِ د ٍَ۬ة ث ُ َّم َجعَ َل مِ ۡن َہا َز ۡو َجهَا َوأ
ۚ ٍ۬ نز َل لَكُم ِمنَ ۡٱۡل َ ۡنعَـ ِٰم ث َ َم ٰـنِيَةَ أ َ ۡز َو ٍ۬ نَّ ۡف
َُص َرفُون ۡ ٱَّللُ َر ُّبكُمۡ لَهُ ۡٱل ُم ۡلكُ ۖ ََلٰٓ ِإلَ ٰـهَ ِإ ََّل ه َ ُۖو فَأَنَّ ٰى ت
َّ ٰث ذَٲ ِل ُك ُم ۚ ٍ۬ ظلُ َمـ ٍٰ۬ت ث َلَـ
ُ َخ ۡل ٍ۬ق فِى
18. The Origin of Life in Water • The idea of life originating in the oceans is strongly
supported in the Holy Qur’an. • “…And We made every living thing out of water…”
(Al-Anbiya 21:30) • “Allah created every animal from water” َّأ َ َولَمۡ ي ََر ٱلَّ ِذينَ َكفَ ُر ٰٓواْ أَن
َڪانَتَا َر ۡت ٍ۬قاا فَفَت َ ۡقنَ ٰـ ُه َماۖ َو َجعَ ۡلنَا مِ نَ ۡٱل َما ٰٓءِ كُ َّل ش َۡىء َحىۖ أَفَ َل يُ ۡؤمِ نُونَ ضَ ت َو ۡٱۡل َ ۡر
ِ س َمـ َٰوٲ
َّ ( ٱلAl-Nur 24:45) •
ۡ
َ علَ ٰى ِر ۡجلَ ۡي ِن َومِ ن ُہم َّمن ي َۡمشِى
علَ ٰ ٰٓى ۡ
َ علَ ٰى بَطنِهِۦ َومِ ن ُہم َّمن ي َۡمشِى ۡ َ ق ُك َّل َدآٰبَّ ٍ۬ة ِمن َّما ٍ۬ ٰۖٓء فمِ ن ُہم َّمن ي َۡمشِى
ۡ َ َ َٱَّللُ َخل
َّ َو
۬…“ أَ ۡرب ٍ۬ َۚع ي َۡخلُ ُق َّٱَّللُ َما يَ َشآٰ ُۚء ِإنَّ َّ َٱَّلل َعلَ ٰى ڪ ُِل ش َۡى ٍ۬ء قَدِيرit is believed that early forms of life
developed in oceans or pools…It has been suggested that the colonization of land,
about 425,000,000 years ago, was possible only because enough ozone was then
produced to shield the surface from ultraviolet light for the first time.” (Encyclopedia
Brittanica)
19. The Ongoing Process of Creation • There are verses in the Holy Qur’an which
indicate that Allah has not ‘finished’ creation; rather, it is an ongoing process. •
“…and He creates what you do not know.” (Al-Nahl 16:8) • “…Allah creates whatever
He wishes. Indeed Allah has power over all things.” ڪبُو َها َ َو ۡٱل َخ ۡي َل َو ۡٱلبِغَا َل َو ۡٱلح
َ َمِير ِلت َ ۡر
ٍ۬
ُ ُ( َو ِزينَ ۚةا َوي َۡخلAl-Nur 24:45) • The emergence of new galaxies from huge
َق َما ََل ت َ ۡعلَ ُمون
clouds of nebulae. • The evolution of species. علَ ٰى َ ق ُك َّل َدآٰبَّ ٍ۬ة ِمن َّما ٍ۬ ٰۖٓء فَمِ ۡن ُہم َّمن ي َۡمشِى
َ َٱَّللُ َخل
َّ َو
علَ ٰى ڪ ُِل ش َۡى ٍ۬ء ۡ
ُ ُعلَ ٰ ٰٓى أ َ ۡرب ٍ۬ َۚع يَخل ۡ
َ علَ ٰى ِر ۡجلَ ۡي ِن َومِ ن ُہم َّمن ي َۡمشِى ۡ
َ بَطنِهِۦ َومِ ن ُہم َّمن ي َۡمشِى ۡ
َ َّ َّشا ٰٓ ُ ۚء إِن
َ ٱَّلل َ َٱَّللُ َما ي
َّ ق
ٍ۬قَدِير
20. The Cerebrum • Allah said in the Holy Qur’an about one of the unbelievers who
forbade the Holy Prophet from praying at the kaaba: • “…If he does not stop, We
shall seize him by the Naseyah (front of the head), a lying, sinful Naseyah!” (Al-Alaq
ِ ك ََّل لَٮِٕن لَّمۡ يَنت َ ِه لَنَ ۡسفَ ۢعَا بِٱل َّن
96:15)اصيَ ِة
21. The Cerebrum - Cont’d… This area of the cerebrum (from of the head) is responsible
for motivating, planning, and initiating good and sinful behavior, and is responsible
for the telling of lies and the speaking of the truth.
22. The Origin of the Universe • One of the most popular and widely accepted theories
in science is the Big Bang Theory. • This theory states that the universe was created
from a small dot of energy that exceeds our imagination. • This dot of energy
exploded creating the necessary material for the creation of the universe. • With the
passage of time, Hydrogen and Helium atoms began to combine and create galaxies,
stars and planets.
23. The Origin of the Universe–Cont’d... • Scientists can now observe new stars forming
out of the remnants of that ‘smoke’. • “Then He turned to the heaven, and it was
ٍ۬
smoke…” (Fussilat 41:11) ط ۡوعاا أ َ ۡو ِ س َما ِٰٓء َو ِه َى ُد َخان فَقَا َل لَهَا َو ِل ۡۡل َ ۡر
َ ض ٱ ۡئتِ َيا ۡ ث ُ َّم
َّ ٱست َ َو ٰ ٰٓى إِلَى ٱل
َك َۡر ٍ۬ اها قَالَتَا ٰٓ أَتَ ۡي َنا َطآٰٮ ِِٕعين
24. The Origin of the Universe-Cont’d… • Because the earth and the heavens above
(sun, moon, stars…) have been formed from this same ‘smoke’, we can conclude
that the earth and the heavens were one connected entity. • “Have the faithless not
regarded that the heavens and the earth were interwoven and We disjoined them…”
(Al-Anbiya 21:30) ڪانَتَا َر ۡت ٍ۬قاا فَفَت َ ۡقنَ ٰـ ُه َماۖ َو َجعَ ۡلنَا ِمنَ ۡٱل َما ٰٓءِ ُك َّل
َ َت َو ۡٱۡل َ ۡرض َّ أ َ َولَمۡ ي ََر ٱلَّ ِذينَ َكفَ ُر ٰٓواْ أَنَّ ٱل
ِ س َمـ َٰوٲ
َش َۡىء حَىۖ أَفَ َل يُ ۡؤمِ نُون
25. Holy Quran is a guidance for mankind • Surah al Baqara • This is the scripture
whereof there is no doubt, a guidance unto those who ward off (evil) • Surah Al
Imran • This is a declaration for mankind, a guidance and an admonition unto those
who ward off (Evil) • Surah Al – Hijr • We have, without doubt, sent down the
Message, and will assuredly Guard it(from corruption)
26. Importance of Holy Quran • It is unique document of historical value • An
encyclopedia of laws & regulations • Complete code of life • Holy Quran had a very
strong impact on the lives of humanity that it just took 23 years for the illiterate
Arabs to transform to Muslims. • It deals with all the man requires from the cradle
to the grave. • It offers the most Scientific, Economic, Social, Political systems that
are unique in the world. “He in whose heart there is nothing of the Quran is like a
house in ruin.”
27. The Distinctive Feature of Quran • The undeniable fact: • It affirms and complete
the total process of revelation which has come. • God Says in Surah Al- Maidah This
day We have perfected your religion and completed My favor( 5:3) • Surah Al – Ala
That the truth mentioned by Quran was also contained in the earlier scriptures of
Abraham and Moses. ُٱَّلل ِبهِۦ َو ۡٱل ُم ۡن َخ ِن َقةُ َو ۡٱل َم ۡوقُوذَة
ِ َّ علَ ۡي ُك ُم ۡٱل َم ۡيتَةُ َوٱل َّد ُم َولَ ۡح ُم ۡٱلخِ ِنز ِير َو َما ٰٓ أ ُ ِه َّل ِلغَ ۡي ِر
َ ح ُِر َم ۡت
َ س ُمواْ بِ ۡٱۡل َ ۡز َلـ ِ ٰۚم ذَٲ ِلكُمۡ ف ِۡسقۗ ۡٱلي َۡو َم يَٮ
ِٕس ِ ب َوأَن ت َ ۡست َ ۡق
ِ ص ُ ُّعلَى ٱلن َّ َو ۡٱل ُمت َ َر ِديَةُ َوٱلنَّطِ يحَةُ َو َما ٰٓ أ َ َك َل ٱل
َ سبُ ُع إِ ََّل َما ذَك َّۡيت ُمۡ َو َما ذُبِ َح
ٍ۬ ۡ ۡ ۚ ِ ٱلَّ ِذينَ َكفَ ُرواْ مِ ن دِينِكُمۡ فَ َل تَ ۡخش َۡوهُمۡ َوٱخش َۡو
ۡ
ٱۡل ۡس َل ٰـ َم دِينااۚ فَ َم ِنِ ۡ علَ ۡيكُمۡ ن ِۡع َمتِى َو َر ِضيتُ لَ ُك ُم َ ُن ٱلي َۡو َم أ َ ۡك َملتُ لَكُمۡ دِينَكُمۡ َوأ َ ۡت َم ۡمت
ور َّرحِ ٍ۬يم ٍ۬ ُغف ۡ َ ط َّر فِى َم ۡخ َمصَة
َ ٱَّلل َ َّ َّغ ۡي َر ُمتَجَان ٍِ۬ف ِ ِۡلث ٍ۬ ۙم َف ِإن ُ ٱضۡ
28. Purpose of Being • Humanity • Education • Rights of Women • Religious Tolerance
• Justice
29. The values of enlightened consensus of mankind • Equality, dignity & brotherhood
of man. • Value of universal education with emphasis on spirit of free enquiry and
importance of scientific knowledge. • Practice of religious tolerance • Women's
liberation & her spiritual equality with man. • Freedom from slavery and
exploitations of all kinds • Dignity of manual labor • Integration of mankind in a
feeling of oneness irrespective of their differences of race & color (But on the basis
of moral and spiritual values) • The devaluation of arrogance and pride based on the
superiority of color, race, wealth. Foundation of society on Justice for all. • Rejection
of the philosophy of asceticism
30. Teachings of Quran • Righteousness • Simple Life • Education • Thinking, pondering
and rationalizing • Discriminate among values • Time and again it calls for us to look
at the phenomenon of nature and of creation • Then to see the signs of Lord • Day
& Night • Sun & Moon • Mountains, Rivers, Fruits, Seasons • Dead earth becoming
alive after the rainfall • Pairs (two of every kind)
31. Quran & its meaning • The message of Quran is therefore for the world. • Some
how or the other world is following. the message that it brought. • It is the most
widely Book read and practiced. • Another important claim that it makes is not just
the reading of this Book • Rather Understanding and application of it on our lives. •
and our conduct. • Therefore, just reading and reciting the Arabic verses is not
enough rather understanding the message that it contains matters. • Even in Arabic
if we analyze, we find that the Arabic used in Quran is very simple one and just a lay
man if intends to understand may understand it. • It is also a Book of Hope that
presents us the image of our creator who forgives us and protects us against our
own follies.
32. END NOTE “Had We sent down this Qur’an upon a mountain, you would have surely
seen it humbled (and) go to pieces with the fear of Allah. We draw such comparisons
for mankind, so that they may reflect.” (Al-Hashr 59:21) علَ ٰى َجب ٍَ۬ل َ َنز ۡلنَا َه ٰـذَا ۡٱلقُ ۡر َءان
َ َ لَ ۡو أ
َاس لَ َعلَّ ُهمۡ َيتَفَ َّك ُرون ۡ َٱَّلل َوت ِۡلكَ ۡٱۡل َ ۡمث َ ٰـ ُل ن
ِ َّض ِربُ َہا لِلن ِۚ َّ عا ِم ۡن َخ ۡش َي ِةٍ۬
ش ٍ۬ اعا ُّمتَص َِد ا
ِ لَّ َرأ َ ۡيتَهُ ۥ َخ ٰـ
