ENGINEERING ORIENTATION

F. Mega Structures of the Modern World

Introduction Statue
Mega structures in the modern world are 3. Statue of Unity
massive, complex constructions that push the The tallest statue in the world, Statue of
boundaries of engineering and architecture. Unity is an iconic landmark in India and
These include skyscrapers, bridges, dams, and especially the vibrant state of Gujarat.
transportation hubs designed to serve large The statue of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel,
populations, improve infrastructure, and 'the Iron Man of India' is 182 m high.
symbolize technological advancement. Close to Vadodara, set on a river island
of Narmada, the monuments overlook
Historical Context the Sardar Sarovar Dam.
Mega structures date back to ancient
civilizations, with iconic monuments like the 4. Spring Temple Buddha
Pyramids of Giza, the Colosseum, and the Great The Spring Temple Buddha, completed
Wall of China showcasing their technological in 2008 in Henan, China, is one of the
and cultural prowess. These landmarks set the world's tallest statues. Made of copper,
stage for today's even more massive, complex, steel, and gold, its gleaming surface is
and efficient creations. visible from miles away. The statue is a
major tourist attraction, built after the
Criteria for selecting mega structures: Taliban destroyed the Bamiyan Buddhas.
1. Size and Scale
2. Technological Innovation Bridge
3. Impact on Society and the Environment 5. Millau Viaduct
4. Purpose and Functionality Located in Southern France, the Millau
Viaduct is the tallest bridge in the world.
The Modern Mega Structures Constructed in three short years, the
bridge is an engineering and
Skyscraper
architectural marvel. At its highest point,
1. Burj Khalifa (Dubai, UAE)
the bridge soars 343 meters (1,125 ft)
At 828 meters, the Burj Khalifa is the
above ground, that's 19 meters (62 ft)
tallest building in the world. It represents
taller than the Eiffel Tower.
the pinnacle of modern skyscraper
design, utilizing high-performance
6. Port Man Bridge
concrete and steel. Its aerodynamic
The widest bridge in the world (until the
design reduces wind forces, and its
Bay Bridge's east span recently opened),
tapering shape helps ensure stability at
the bridge East of Vancouver, B.C.,
great heights.
which opened in 2012, remains the
2. Shanghai Tower (China) second-longest bridge in North America.
The second tallest building in the world, The cable-stay bridge uses an
the Shanghai Tower stands at 632 impressive 288 cables to reach a total
meters and boasts a unique twisting bridge length of 6,866 feet.
form designed to reduce wind loads. It
is also a model for sustainable
skyscraper design, featuring advanced
energy-saving systems and a double-
skin façade.
Tunnel Challenges in building mega structures:
7. Gotthard Base Tunnel
The Gotthard Base Tunnel, the world's 1. Technical Difficulties
longest and deepest rail tunnel, opened 2. Financial Constraints
in 2016 after nearly 20 years of 3. Potential Environmental Damage
construction. It spans 35 miles and
reaches about 7,500 feet below the Conclusion
Swiss Alps, connecting Zurich, Megastructures represent not only remarkable
Switzerland, and Milan, Italy. feats of engineering but also serve as symbols
of human advancement. As technology
8. Channel Tunnel progresses, our capacity to construct even
The Chunnel is a 31-mile undersea tunnel larger and more innovative structures will
connecting the UK and France. It has likewise expand. These architectural
two train tunnels and one emergency masterpieces not only redefine our skylines but
tunnel. Trains travel at nearly 100 mph. also play a pivotal role in shaping the future of
Advanced systems manage pressure urban development, transportation, and energy
and heat. It is one of the longest production.
undersea tunnels, reaching depths of
246 feet below the seabed.

Dams
9. Three Gorges Dam
The largest hydroelectric dam on Earth,
the Three Gorges Dam generates over
22,500 megawatts of electricity. While
it provides substantial energy, it has also
been criticized for its environmental and
social impacts, displacing millions of
people and affecting biodiversity.

Technological Innovations
The construction of mega structures is enabled
by advancements in materials science, including
high-strength concrete, lightweight steel, and
carbon fiber composites. Technologies like
Building Information Modeling (BIM), 3D printing,
and AI in design have transformed planning,
construction, and maintenance processes for
architects and engineers.
ENGINEERING ORIENTATION
G. Filipino Intfrastructure

What is Infrastucture? Began Operation: December 1, 1984

Infrastructure is the collection of systems and Engineer: Engr. Bouygeus Travaux
facilities that serve as the basis for the Publics
economic growth of a country. It includes the 2. SM Supermalls
services and facilities required for economic SM Supermalls, or simply SM, is a chain
development, industrialization, improved of shopping malls owned by the
lifestyles, and flourishing businesses. Philippines-based SM prime. As of
October 2024, it has a total of 95 malls
Construction of roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, (87 in the Philippines and 8 in china). It
water supply, sewage, electrical grids, and also has 13 malls under construction (5 in
telecommunications (including Internet the Philippines and 2 in China) it was
connectivity and broadband access) are formerly known as Shoemart.
examples of large-scale public and private Introduced: November 8, 1985
sector infrastructure projects that boost the Owner: SM PRIME
economy of a society. Such infrastructure Engineers: ESCA Engineers
facilities comprise interconnected systems that
3. Skyway
enable, sustain, or improve society and the
The Metro Manila Skyway, officially the
environment.
Metro Manila Skyway System (MMSS) or
simply The Skyway, is an elevated
Types of Infrastructure
highway serving as the main expressway
of Metro Manila, Philippines. It connects
Hard infrastructure
the North and South Luzon Expressways
This infrastructure directly contributes to the
(NLEX and SLEX) with access to Ninoy
economic prosperity of a country or an
Aquino International Airport via the NAIA
organization. This covers essential facilities
Expressway (NAIAX).
and services that immediately influence and
Construction began on April 7 1995
benefit productivity and distribution.
Owner: San Miguel Corporation
Hard infrastructure, also known as tangible
Architect: Victor Gruen
or built infrastructure, is the physical
infrastructure of roads, bridges, tunnels, 4. Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA)
railways, ports, and harbors. Also known as Manila International
Airport (MIA), is the main international
1. Manila Light Rail Transit (LRT) System airport serving Metro Manila in the
The Manila Light Rail Transit System, Philippines. Located between the cities
commonly known as the LRT, is an urban of Pasay and Parañaque, about 7
Rail Transit System that primarily serves kilometers (4.3 mi) south of Manila
Metro Manila, Philippines. Although proper and southwest of Makati, it is the
categorized as a light rail system main gateway for travelers to the
because it originally used light rail Philippines and serves as a hub for PAL
vehicles, it presently has characteristics express and Philippine Airlines.
of a rapid transit system, such as high Opened: 1948
passenger throughput, exclusive right- Owner: MIA Authority
of-way, and later use of full metro Architect: Leandro Locsin's L.V. Locsin
rolling stock. and Associates
 5. Subic Bay International Terminal Corporation 1. Malacañang Palace
The port of Subic bay is in the Subic Bay Malacañang Palace complex includes
Freeport Zone, the former U.S. Naval numerous mansions and office buildings
Base Subic Bay, on Subic Bay in the designed and built largely in the bahay
Philippines. It is one of the busiest, na bato and neoclassical styles.
largest, historical and most important of Founded: 1750, Originally A Summer
ports in the Philippines. House by Don Luis Rocha.
Made on 1992 First Architect: Ralph Harrington Doane
Owner: Subic Bay Authority (Early 1900s, American Colonial Period).
Engineer: Alexande T. Legados First Engineer: Tomas Mapua (Early
1900s).
6. Cebu-Cordova Link Expressway (CCLEX) The building was constructed by the
The Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway Bureau of Public Works with involvement
(CCLEX), also known as the Cebu– of American consulting architect Ralph
Cordova bridge and the third Cebu– Harrington Doane and supervision of
Mactan bridge (or simply, the third Filipino architect Tomas Mapua. The
bridge), is an 8.9-kilometer (5.5 mi) toll building's pre-cast ornamentation and
bridge expressway in Metro Cebu, carved wooden interiors were made by
Philippines. The bridge connects the sculptors Isabelo Tampinco and
south road properties in Cebu city in Graciano Nepomuceno.
mainland Cebu, and Cordova, on 2. Negros Oriental State University (NORSU)
Mactan island. Negros Oriental State University is a
Owner: Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway public/state nonsectarian higher
Corporation education institution in Dumaguete,
Engineer: Sener Ingenieria Y Sistemas & Philippines. It is the only state university
Carlos Fernandez Casado (SENER-CFC in the province of Negros Oriental,
JV) Philippines.
Opened: April 30 2022 Founded on June 25, 2004, through the
merger of three institutions.
Soft Infrastructure Originally established in 1907 as the
This infrastructure provides essential services Negros Oriental Provincial School.
that boost individual productivity while Became the Negros Oriental Trade
achieving social goals. The social School in 1927, later transitioning into a
infrastructure indirectly contributes to the university. Officially became a state
country's economic development. university in 2004.
Soft infrastructure is all the services that are Formerly known as Central Visayas
required to maintain the economic, health, Polytechnic College (1983-2004).
cultural and social standards of a
population. It includes institution such as the
financial and economic systems, the
education system , the health care system,
the system of government, and law
enforcement, and emergency services.
 3. Bank Of The Philippine Island (BPI)
The Bank of the Philippine Islands is a Originally the Department of Tourism
universal bank in the Philippines. It is the Building, this structure was converted as
first bank in both the Philippines and the National Museum of Natural History
Southeast Asia. The BPI was established Renovations began in 2013, the design
in 1851 as El Banco Español Filipino de were from the team of Dominic Galicia
Isabel II, making it one of the oldest Architects and interior designer Tina
banks in Southeast Asia. Periquet. Renovations included adding a
Juan N. Arellano, who won an glass dome, supported by a double helix
architectural competition in 1924 structure inspired by DNA. The dome and
sponsored by the bank, designed the BPI supporting structure were dubbed as
building in the neoclassical style. the "Tree of Life". The museum was
Arellano’s monumental interpretation of inaugurated on September 30, 2017,
neoclassical architecture won for him an and opened on May 18, 2018.
award when he submitted his designs
for the BPI building in a competition held 6. Cultural Center of the Philippines
in New York. The Cultural Center of the Philippines
Foundation, Inc. (CCP), located in
4. Philippine General Hospital (PGH) Manila, is a government-owned and
The Philippine General Hospital (PGH) is controlled corporation established to
a state-owned tertiary hospital preserve, develop and promote arts and
administered by the University of the culture in the Philippines.
Philippines Manila. Established in 1907 Established through Executive Order
and officially opened on September 1, No. 30 s. 1966 by President Ferdinand
1910 is situated along Taft Avenue in Marcos.
Manila. Designed by Filipino architect Leandro
It was built by architect Tomas Mapua in V. Locsin. Known for his modernist style,
Neoclassical style that follows the Locsin created the CCP as a hallmark of
Daniel Burnham plan for Manila. The Philippine modern architecture.
plan were executed by his successor, The structural engineer for the project
William Parsons( Burnham’s student) was Alfredo Juinio, who helped realize
included who was a city planner in the Locsin’s vision by designing the building's
Philippines during the early period massive cantilevered roof and its
American colonization in the country. distinctive geometric shape.

5. National Museum of Natural History

The National Museum of Natural History
is the national natural history museum of
the Philippines, located in Rizal Park,
Manila.
ENGINEERING ORIENTATION
H. Famous Civil Engineers in the World

1. John Smeaton Personal Life

John Smeaton a renowned English civil Whipple was born on September 16, 1804, in
engineer, is often regarded as the “FATHER OF Hardwick, Massachusetts. He moved to New
CIVIL ENGINEERING” due to his pioneering work York at the age of 13. He attended Fairfield
and the establishment of civil engineering as a Academy and graduated from Union College in
profession. His techniques and innovations, 1830. In 1840, Whipple invented a lock for
especially in the use of hydraulic lime and the weighing canal boats. He also authored “A Work
design of the Eddystone Lighthouse, have had a on Bridge-Building in 1847, which was the first
lasting impact on engineering practices. significant attempt to provide a theoretical
Personal Life basis for calculating stresses in bridge
Smeaton was born into a family involved in law construction. This book was later expanded and
but chose a different path in engineering. He reprinted in 1869 as “An Elementary and
was a member of the Lunar Society, a group of Practical Treatise on Bridge Building.”
prominent scientists and engineers. In 1771, he Whipple introduced scientifically based rules for
founded the SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, bridge construction, moving away from the
which later became the Smeatonian Society of traditional rule-of-thumb methods. His book, A
Civil Engineers. Smeaton was born on June 8, Work on Bridge Building (1847), was pivotal in
1724, in Austhorpe, Yorkshire. He attended the field of bridge engineering.
Leeds Grammar School and initially joined his
father’s lawfirm. However, he soon realized his Career Highlights
passion lay in engineering and decided to Whipple is renowned for several major projects.
pursue a career in that field. One of his most notable works is the Whipple
Cast and Wrought Iron Bowstring Truss Bridge
Career Highlights
over Norman’s Kill in Albany, New York. Another
Smeaton’s major projects include the design of
significant project, completed posthumously, is
the third Eddystone Lighthouse using dovetailed
the Cairo Rail Bridge, which featured two large
blocks of Portland stone, a technique that
Whipple truss spans.
became standard for wave-swept structures.
In 1759, Smeaton was awarded the Copley 3. Gustave Eiffel
Medal for his research on water and wind Gustave Eiffel is a renowned French civil
power. engineer, known as the “MAGICIAN OF IRON.”
Eiffel’ s work revolutionized the use of metal in
2. Squire Whipple construction, influencing modern engineering
Squire Whipple, often hailed as the “FATHER OF practices. Eiffel pioneered the use of iron in
IRON BRIDGE BUILDING IN AMERICA, ” was a large-scale construction projects. He also
pioneering American civil engineer known for his conducted significant research in aerodynamics,
innovative contributions to bridge construction. using the Eiffel Tower for his experiments. His
Whipple’ s scientifically based approach to contributions to engineering earned him the title
bridge design revolutionized civil engineering of Officer of the Légion d’Honneur.
practices, particularly in the use of iron for truss
bridges. In 1921, he donated his aerodynamic laboratory
to the French state, showcasing his commitment
to advancing scientific research.
Works: Garabit Viaduct, Eifell Tower, Douro
River Bridge, Statue of Liberty
Eiffel’s most famous project is the Eiffel Tower, 5. Thomas Telford
built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris. Thomas Telford Thomas Telford, often referred
This iconic structure remains one of the most to as the "COLOSSUS OF ROADS," was a
recognizable landmarks in the world. He also pioneering Scottish civil engineer known for his
designed the internal iron framework for the extensive contributions to infrastructure
Statue of Liberty, a gift from France to the development in the UK and beyond.
United States. Another notable project is the
Telford was born on August 9 1752, in
Garabit Viaduct, a railway bridge in France
Glendinning, Dumfriesshire, Scotland. Telford
known for its innovative use of wrought iron.
moved to London in 1782, where he worked on
various projects, including additions to Somerset
4. Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya
House. Telford's career was marked by numerous
Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, often referred
significant projects. He was appointed Surveyor
to as Sir MV, was a distinguished Indian civil
of Public Works in Shropshire in 1787, where he
engineer and statesman, celebrated for his
designed and built over 40 bridges. His notable
significant contributions to engineering and
works include the Ponteysyllte Aqueduct, Menai
public works in India. Sir Mokshagundam
Suspension Bridge, and the Caledonian Canal.
Visvesvaraya was born in Muddenahalli,
Telford was also the first president of the
Kingdom of Mysore. He attended Central
Institution of Civil Engineers, a position he held
College in Bangalore and graduated from the
for 14 years.
College of Engineering, Pune.
Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya’s career was Works: Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, Menai Suspension
marked by several significant projects and Bridge, St. Katharine Docks
innovations. Among his major projects were the
Krishna Raja Sagara (KRS) Dam, which became 6. John Bradfield (Australia)
a crucial source of irrigation and drinking water John Job Crew Bradfield known as the "FATHER
in Karnataka, and the Hyderabad Flood OF MODERN SYDNEY," his contributions
Protection System, designed to protect the city continue to shape the city's infrastructure.
from floods. He also contributed to the Bradfield introduced innovative techniques in
establishment of India’s first steel plant, the Tata bridge construction, particularly with the use of
Steel Plant. Visvesvaraya introduced the Block steel arches. His comprehensive plans for
System, an innovative irrigation method to Sydney's transportation infrastructure
prevent water wastage, and patented the significantly influenced urban development. For
Automatic Weir Water Floodgates to control the his contributions to engineering, he received the
flow of water in dams. Peter Nicol Russell Memorial Medal and the
His outstanding contributions earned him Telford Medal.
numerous accolades including the Bharat Ratna, Bradfield was the chief proponent and overseer
India’s highest civilian award, in 1955, and the of the design and construction of the iconic
title of Knight Commander of the Order of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Another significant
Indian Empire (KCIE) bestowed by King George project he worked on was the Story Bridge in
V. Brisbane, completed in 1940. He also played a
key role in the development of the City Circle,
Works: Krisha Raja Sagara Dam, Mysore Iron & an underground railway system in Sydney, which
Steel Works in Bhadravathi was part of his grand transportation plan for the
city.
Works: Sydney Harbor Bridge: City Circle,
Burrinjuck Dam, Cataract Dam, Story Bridge
7. George Stephenson (England) engineering from the University of Dhaka in 1950
George Stephenson, often hailed as the and later received master's degrees in both
"FATHER OF RAILWAYS, was a pioneering applied mechanics and structural engineering,
English engineer whose innovations laid the as well as a Ph.D. in structural engineering from
foundation for modern rail transport. the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign.
Stephenson's innovations in rail transport were Khan moved to the United States in 1955 and
pivotal during the Industrial Revolution, became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1967.
significantly advancing civil engineering
CAREER HIGHLIGHTS
practices. His contributions laid the foundation
Khan's career was marked by several significant
for modern railways, and he is remembered as a
innovations and projects. He joined the
pioneering engineer whose work transformed
architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in
transportation.
Chicago, where he became a partner in 1966.
Stephenson's career was marked by several Khan ' s most notable works include: Willis Tower,
major projects and innovations. He built the first John Hancock Center, DeWitt-Chestnut
steam locomotive to carry passengers on a Apartment Building in Chicago, Brunswick
public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Building, Hajj Terminal
Railway, in 1825. He also constructed the
Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the first 9. Santiago Calatrava Valls (Spain)
public inter-city railway line in the world to use Santiago Calatrava Valls is a renowned
locomotives, which opened in 1830. Stephenson Spanish-Swiss architect, structural engineer,
introduced the "steam blast" technique, which sculptor, and painter, celebrated for his
locomotive efficiency4 improved and chosen rail innovative and sculptural designs in civil
gauge feet his inches) became the 8.5 standard engineering. Calatrava was born on July 28,
gauge used by most of the world's railways. 1951, in Benimamet, an old municipality now part
of Valencia, Spain. He studied architecture at
Career Highlights
the Polytechnic University of Valencia and later
Throughout his career, Stephenson designed
pursued civil engineering at the Swiss Federal
and built numerous other locomotives and
Institute of Technology in Zürich, where he
railway lines. Some of his notable works include:
earned his doctorate in 1981.
Geordie lamp, Locomotion No. 1, Liverpool and
Manchester Railway, Stephenson's Rocket Calatrava's work has earned him numerous
awards, including the European Prize for
8. Fazlur Rahman Khan (Bangladesh) Architecture, the AIA Gold Medal, and the
Fazlur Rahman Khan, often hailed as the Prince of Asturias Award.
"FATHER OF TUBULAR DESIGNS" for high-rises,
was pioneering Bangladeshi-American civil CAREER HIGHLIGHTS
engineer and architect known for his Calatrava's career is marked by numerous iconic
groundbreaking contributions to skyscraper projects that blend engineering precision with
design. Khan's innovative use of the tubular artistic expression. Some his most notable works
design system revolutionized skyscraper include: Science Museum in Valencia, Turning
construction, allowing for taller and more Torso, Milwaukee Art Museum, World Trade,
efficient buildings. His work earned him Science Museum in Valencia, Auditorio de
numerous awards, including the AIA Institute Tenerife, Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge
Honor for Distinguished Achievement and the
Aga Khan Award for Architecture.
Khan was born on April 3, 1929, in Dhaka, Bengal
Presidency. He earned his bachelor's degree in
10. Michel Virlogeux (France)
Michel Virlogeux Michel Virlogeux is a renowned
French civil Michel Virlogeux Michel Virlogeux is
a renowned French civil engineer celebrated for
his innovative contributions to bridge engineer
celebrated for his innovative contributions to
bridge engineering. His work has significantly
advanced the field, engineering. His work has
significantly advanced the field, particularly in
the design and construction of cable-stayed
particularly in the design and construction of
cable-stayed bridges.

CAREER HIGHLIGHTS
Virlogeux has received numerous awards for his
contributions to civil engineering, including the
IStructE Gold Medal, the IABSE Award of Merit,
and the Fritz Leonhardt Prize¹² . He has also
been a part- time professor at the École
Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées and the
Centre des Hautes Études de la Construction in
Paris since 1977. Virlogeux began his career in
Tunisia, working on road projects from 1970 to
1973. He then joined the Bridge Department of
SETRA, the technical service of the French
Highway Administration, where he designed over
100 bridges. Some of his most notable projects
include: Millau Viaduct, Normandy Bridge, Third
Bosphorus Bridge (Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge),
Normandy Bridge, Térénez Bridge, Vasco da
Gama Bridge
ENGINEERING ORIENTATION
I.1 Philippine Institute of Civil Engineering (PICE)

What is PICE? What does PICE aims to?

The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers or PICE The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc.
is a professional organization for civil engineers was born to advance the welfare of its members
in the Philippines. It was formed by merging two to develop the prestige of civil engineering
separate organizations of civil engineers: one profession and to be a dynamic force in nation-
group working from government sector and the building
second group working in the private sector.
Three different chapters:
Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) Regular Chapter
It was formed in the late 1920s by a group Student Chapter
of Civil Engineers from the Government International Chapter
Sector and was headed by Engr. Marcial
Kasilag the first President of this Vision
organization. The leader among professional organizations
known globally for professionalism, integrity,
Philippine Association of Civil Engineers excellence and social responsibility – A key
(PACE) player in nation building.
It was formed in 1937 by a group of Civil
Engineers from a private sector and was Mission
headed by Engr. Enrique Sto. Tomas Cortes To advance the welfare of our members and the
the first president of this organization. development and prestige of the civil
engineering profession and to be a dynamic
1950: the Republic Act No. 544 also known as force in nation building.
the Civil Engineering Law was established
through the efforts of Engr. Alberto Guevarra Core Values
the president of (PACE) Professionalism
1972: PACE President Engr. Cesar A. Caliwara, integrity
exerted a serious effort in merging the two Leadership
organization Excellence
Social
After that, the Philippine Institute of Civil Responsibility
Engineers Inc. was born.

December 11, 1973: the Securities and Exchange Engr. Emil K. Sadain (PICE President 2024)
Commission issued a registration certificate to
the association The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)
represents more than 200,000 members of the
February 1974: Engr. Cesar A. Caliwara was
civil engineering profession in over a hundred
became the first President of PICE. Provincial
chapters in the Philippines and 13 international
Chapters was also organized.
chapters worldwide.

August 13, 1975: Professional Regulation

Commission (PRC) recognized (PICE) as the only
official organization of Civil Engineers in the
Philippines
ENGINEERING ORIENTATION
I.2 Association of Structural Engineers
of the Philippines
The Association of Structural Engineers of the Notable Publications
Philippines, Inc. (ASEP) is the recognized
organization of Structural Engineers of the National Structural Code of the Philippines
Philippines. Established in 1961, ASEP has been National Building Code of the Philippines
existence for more than 60 solid years. ASEP Steel Handbook

Mission
ASEP is a nationally-recognized association
which exists to advance structural engineering
practice, uphold high ethical values, and
promote national and international professional
collaborations with governments, industry, and
academe. It shall serve as a respected,
authoritative and proactive voice in the
development of codes and standards, and shall
contribute to nation building by advocating
public safety and welfare, and sustainability of
the built environment. Bureau of Philippine Standards
The Bureau was created on 20 June 1964
through Republic Act (RA) 4109, known as the
Vision Standards Law.
ASEP envision itself to be a dynamic The Bureau of Philippine Standards of the
internationally-known structural engineering Department of Trade and Industry (DTI-BPS)
organization, equipped with resources and serves as the National Standards Body (NSB) of
competent members, dedicated to the the Philippines and is mandated to develop,
improvement of the quality of life. promulgate, and implement standards for all
products in the Philippines, to promote
standardization activities in the country, and to
About the Company ensure the manufacture, production, and
distribution of quality products for the
ASEP exists in the advancement of structural protection of the consumer.
engineering in the Philippines as well as
upholding ethical values in the promotion of Programs and Services
national and international professional Develop and maintain national standards
collaboration with governments, industry and coordinate standardization activities so
and the academe. as to address the country's needs for
standards in the area of consumer
The organization lobbies on legislation of protection and trade facilitation;
the Philippines in the national and local Certify products for safety and quality in
levels. accordance with the Philippine National
Standards (PNS) and other conformity
assessment schemes, as necessary;
 Operate a Testing Center to support its
product certification scheme and conduct
confirmatory tests for laboratories;
Maintain a Standards Data Center or a
repository of standards and a website
where a list of PNS and certified products
are published; and
Disseminate information on standards
developed and adopted to manufacturers,
traders and other standards users.

PS and ICC marks

The Philippine Standard (PS) Quality and/or
Safety Mark and Import Commodity Clearance
(ICC) Sticker serve as the consumers’ guide and
assurance that what they purchase are certified
quality and safety products conforming to the
relevant Philippine National Standards (PNS).

Philippine Standard Codes

1. National Structural Code of the Philippines
(NSCP)
2. Philippine Electrical Code (PEC)
3. National Building Code of the Philippines
(NBCP)
4. Philippine Plumbing Code
5. Philippine Green Building Code (PGBC)
6. Philippine National Standards (PNS)
7. Fire Code of the Philippines
8. Philippine Seismic Code
ENGINEERING ORIENTATION
I.3 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

What is ASCE? During the 1840s, continued to develop and

Oldest national engineering society in the organize professional organization
United States October 1852, led by Alfred W. Craven,
Represents more than 100,000 members in “American Society of Civil and Architects”
177 countries was incorporated
Plans, designs, constructs, and operates James Laurie was elected the society’s first
society’s economic and social engine president
Leading provider of technical and In 1867, a number of the original founders
professional conferences and continuing planned to put the society on a more
education permanent footing and elect fifty-four new
The world’s largest publisher civil members.
engineering content On March 4, 1868, by a vote of 17 to 4, the
Authoritative source for codes and name was changed to “American Society of
standards Civil Engineers”
A tax-exempt professional body
History ASCE at the Present
Early 19th century, the first serious and President: Maria C. Lehman
documented attempts to organize civil Headquarters: Reston, Virginia, United States
engineers as a professional society Secretary and Executive Director: Thomas W.
In 1828, John Kilbourn suggested that the Smith III
American Corps of engineers could institute Employees: 250
an American Society of civil engineers Members: 143,189 (2021 ASCE Official Register)
On December 17, 1838, a petition started Member strength: all career stages & students;
circulating asking civil engineers to meet in all sectors & disciplines
Baltimore, Maryland, to organize a Local strength: 94 sections, 159 branches, 12
permanent society of civil engineers. groups, 416 student chapters, and 131 younger
Forty engineers actually appeared at the member groups
February 1839 meeting in Baltimore Technical strength: 9 specialty institutes

SOME ENGINEERS APPEARED IN BALTIMORE

VISION
(1839)
Engineered and natural systems work in harmony
1. John Edgar Thompson
for the benefit of humanity.
2. Benjamin Wright
MISSION
3. Isaac Trimble
Lead the civil engineering profession to
Miller drafted a proposed constitution that sustainably advance and protect the health,
defined society's purpose as "the collection safety and welfare of all.
and diffusion of professional knowledge, the COMMITMENT TO MEMBERS
advancement of mechanical philosophy, Inspire, connect, and serve our global
and the elevation of the character and membership to maximize their professional and
standing of the Civil Engineers of the United personal growth and magnify their lifelong
States. professional impact.
Miller later ascribed the failure to the ASCE STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
difficulties of assembling members. Innovate, Advocate, Inspire, Stimulate, Magnify,
Deliver
ENGINEERING ORIENTATION
I.4 Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE)

What is ICE? The Institution of Civil Engineers has reached

ICE is a professional body for civil engineers. It several key milestones that have influenced the
offers resources and support to its members, field and advanced society. Two pivotal
helps to advance the civil engineering moments stand out: granting the Royal Charter
profession, and sets standards for practice and in 1828 and launching the ICE Proceedings in
education. 1836.
This institution has provided a platform for
engineers to collaborate, share insights, and Granting the Royal Chapter
gain knowledge from each other. As global The Royal Charter, was granted to ICE by King
challenges and opportunities have emerged, George IV in 1828. This official recognition
ICE has shifted its focus and broadened its established ICE as the top authority in civil
scope to stay at the leading edge of the engineering, enabling it to set standards,
engineering field. regulate the field, and advocate for civil
engineers nationally.
Thomas Telford (1757-1834)
Thomas Telford was the first president of the The Launch of ICE Proceedings
institute of Civil Engineers. He was a versatile In 1836, ICE began publishing the ICE
Scottish civil engineer whose crowning Proceedings, which quickly became a key
achievement was the design and construction. resource for civil engineers to share their
His expertise was so famous that people from all knowledge, insights, and experiences. It also
over the world consulted him for their major civil increased the visibility of civil engineering by
engineering projects. highlighting the profession's impact on society.

Some of his most famous project include: Objectives of ICE

To support the civil engineering profession.
The Ellesmere Canal in To enhance lives by ensuring that the
A waterway in England and Wales that was world possesses the necessary engineering
planned to carry boat traffic between the rivers expertise and infrastructure systems.
Mersey and Severn. It was first proposed in 1791. To ensure high standards in civil engineering
practices and ethics.
The Caledonian Canal To provide professional development
This canal connects the Scottish east coast at training such as:
Inverness with the west coast at Corpach near Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS)
Fort William in Scotland. It was completed in Explains how to use and create
1822. drainage systems also its role in
managing water.
The Menai Suspension Bridge Building Information Modeling (BIM)
A suspension bridge spanning the Menai Strait These programs help individuals gain the
between the island of Anglesey and the skills needed for modern construction
mainland of Wales. It was completed in 1826. projects
Concrete Appreciation
Explains how to use and create
drainage systems also its role in
managing water.
ICE Global Influence The Institute of Civil Engineers ICE) is a key
Global Projects of ICE involves groundbreaking professional body supporting civil engineers,
feats like the Thames Tunnel and the Channel setting industry standards, and influencing
Tunnel, which stand as testaments to the power infrastructure policy to advance the field and
of civil engineering to shape our world. address global challenges. By fostering
innovation and advocating for best practices,
Thames Tunnel ICE plays an important role in shaping the built
Thames Tunnel was constructed between 1825 environment and addressing global challenges.
and 1843, and was made to provide a means for
people to cross the river safely and As ICE looks forward, it acknowledges the
conveniently. significant challenges and opportunities facing
the civil engineering field. With a focus on
Channel Tunnel tackling the pressing issue of climate change
This 50.5-kilometer undersea rail tunnel, and developing resilient infrastructure for a
connecting the United Kingdom and France, is swiftly urbanizing world, the institution is
also known as the Eurotunnel, and is used for dedicated to pioneering innovative solutions
passenger and freight trains. and fostering positive change.

Activities of ICE ICE will keep advancing and innovating in the

Sharing knowledge and expertise through coming years and decades by honoring its
interactive events, professional growth, history, adapting to change, and motivating
collaboration. future generations.
Provide publications
ICE CityZen competition - project for
students to pitch their idea of how civil
engineering could be used to improve their
local environment.
Virtual Work Experience - provides
everything you need to know about civil
engineering
Educational Resources

Anusha Shah
Anusha Shah is the current president of the ICE.
Elected as the 159th President of the Institution
of Civil Engineers, she is an Indian-born civil
engineer and became the third woman and first
person of colour to hold the position, taking
office in November 2023.
ENGINEERING ORIENTATION
I.5 American Association of State Highways and
Transportation Officials
How Did the Organization Start? In the same meeting, J.R. Coupal, Jr.,
director of highways for the Iowa State
In 1910, Logan W. Page, then director of the Highway Commission, chaired the
U.S. Office of Public Roads, founded the committee that proposed the name change
American Association for Highway for the American Highway Association. He
Improvement, which was renamed the emphasized the importance of the
American Highway Association in 1912. Page association's broadened mission and
envisioned this organization as a priorities, stating in an interview that future
comprehensive umbrella group to represent planning for states and the nation must
the entire highway community, including incorporate the study and use of all
good roads associations, railroads, transportation modes.
equipment manufacturers, and the state- At the same annual meeting in Los Angeles,
established highway agencies, which were Thomas F. Airis, director of the District of
limited in number at the time. Columbia’s Department of Highways and
However, state highway officials believed Traffic, concluded his term as the last
that they needed their own organization, president of AASHO. He was succeeded by
they consulted Logan W. Page. Then, Logan George H. Andrews, director of the
W. Page approached Commissioner of Washington State Department of Highways,
Highways George P. Coleman of Virginia to who became AASHTO’s first president.
suggest limiting the new group to the heads
of State highway agencies and their Logan W. Page (director of the U.S. Office of
immediate staff. Public Roads)
On December 12, 1914, at the Raleigh Hotel played a pivotal role in founding AASHO
in Washington, DC, Logan W. Page and the he facilitated partnerships between state
highway officials representing 16 States transportation departments and federal
formed the American Association of State agencies, laying the groundwork for future
Highway Officials (AASHO). The participants collaboration and funding.
selected Henry G. Shirley, chief engineer of
the Maryland State Roads Commission, to Henry G. Shirley (chief engineer of the
be president of AASHO, a post he held for Maryland State Roads Commission)
two terms (1914–1915 and 1915–1916). 1st elected president of AASHO

When AASHO become AASHTO George H. Andrews (director of the

Nearly 59 years after being established, the Washington State Department of Highways)
American Association of State Highway 1st elected president of AASHTO
Officials (AASHO) officially renamed itself
the American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). This
change, which reflected a broadened
mission that would encompass different
modes of transportation, specifically took
place when the association’s Policy
Committee approved the new name at the
AASHO Annual Meeting in Los Angeles.
Some of The Books Published by AASHTO
American Association of State Highways
and Transportation Officials
1. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways
a nonprofit, nonpartisan association
and Streets (7th edition)
representing highway and transportation
Also known as the "Green Book," it
departments.
provides guidance on geometric design
aims to educate the public and decision-
principles.
makers about the crucial role of
1047 pages
transportation in building a strong economy
Published in 2018
and high standard of living.
2. The Highway Safety Manual (HSM)
represents all transportation modes
helps to the reduction of roadway
works closely with state transportation
crashes by integrating safety into
departments and the national government
project development and helping
to ensure that highways, bridges, and other
practitioners select effective
infrastructure are built and maintained to
countermeasures.
high standards.
1296 pages
not an agency of the federal government;
Published in 2010
rather it is an organization of the states
3. Standard Specifications for Transportation
themselves.
Materials and Methods of Sampling and
Testing, and AASHTO Provisional Standards
AASHTO BOARD OF DIRECTORS
(44th Edition)
AASHTO is guided by a Board of Directors
contains specifications, recommended
made up of the chief transportation officers
practices, and test methods commonly
from the 50 states, the District of Columbia,
used in the construction of highway
and Puerto Rico.
facilities
The committees collaborate throughout the
the revisions harmonize the industries
year and typically meet annually.
standard, update technology, and
The committees address virtually every
generally improve the standards
element of planning, designing,
5936 pages
constructing, and maintaining transportation
Published in 2024
services.

Jim Tymon- AASHTO Executive Director

American Association of State Highway
Craig Thompson- President; Secretary,
Officials (AASHO)
Wisconsin DOT
founded on December 12, 1914.
Garrett Eucalitto- Vice President;
with the aim of providing a platform for
Commissioner, Connecticut DOT
state transportation departments to
Russell McMurry, P.E.- Secretary-Treasurer;
collaborate on highway and road issues.
Commissioner, Georgia DOT
Changed to American Association of State
Roger M. Millar, P.E., FASCE, FAICP-
Highway and Transportation Officials
Immediate Past President; Secretary,
(AASHTO) on November 13, 1973. to reflect a
Washington State DOT
broader focus on all aspects of
transportation.
AASHTO Strategic Plan 2021-2026 National Transportation Policy Leadership
The 2021-2026 strategic plan expands on Deliver a proactive policy platform for the
AASHTO’s position as a transportation future
leader. It builds on the organization’s past Evaluate emerging trends in technologies,
work by encouraging new and collaborative policies and practices
partnerships and inviting greater Communicate the value of transportation •
participation from members and Advocate for sustainable funding
stakeholders. Promote a broad range of thoughts and
The new strategic plan will strengthen policies
AASHTO’s efforts to improve quality of life
by working toward a transportation system Organizational Excellence with World Class
that serves the needs of every community Services
safely, equitably, sustainably and efficiently. Be the trusted developers and keepers of
transportation standards and guidance
Vision Keep committees relevant and aligned
Providing improved quality of life through Build transportation workforce capabilities
leadership in transportation Innovate and modernize products and
services Maintain focus on AASHTO's
Mission financial sustainability
Supporting state DOTs to connect America with
the transportation system of today and Strategies
tomorrow Policy, Implementation and Research
Establish framework and tools to enable
Values impactful policy decisions, support
Values implementation within member agencies
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion and make priority research investments
Collaboration Partnership and Collaboration
Transparency Strengthen partnerships with traditional and
Trust and Integrity non-traditional organizations to support our
vision, mission, goals and objectives
Goals and Objectives
Workforce Development
Safety, Mobility and Access for Everyone
Establish framework and tools to enable
Advance a safe, multimodal transportation
impactful policy decisions, support
system
implementation within member agencies
Connect community, economy, land use and
and make priority research investments
the environment
Advance equity and social justice • Improve Member Engagement
asset performance Expand ways to engage members and
Strengthen resiliency deliver an outstanding and valuable
Align transportation interests across membership experience
partners and regions Organizational Optimization
Foster an optimized organization that is
strategic, integrated and efficient – built on
sound management practices and best
technologies
AASHTO Services

Technical Service Programs

AASHTO Environmental Management
AASHTO Resilience & Sustainability
Management
AASHTO Materials Guidelines

Centers Of Excellence
Center OF Environmental Excellence
National Operations Center of Excellence

Training Service Programs

AASHTO Leadership Development Series
AASHTO Technical Training Solutions

Highway Safety Manual

ENGINEERING ORIENTATION
I.6 Unified Soil Classification System and The
United States Department of Agriculture
History COARSE-GRAINED SOILS
It was originally developed by Arthur Coarse-grained soils are those where more than
Casagrande (1948) for use in the airfield 50% of the material is larger than the No. 200
construction works undertaken by the Army sieve size. They are primarily divided into gravels
Corps of Engineers during World War II. and sands based on particle size and gradation.
In cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of They are known for their grainy texture and
Reclamation, the Waterways Experiment larger particle size. These soils exhibit greater
Station (WES) revised this system in 1952 to strength, increased compressibility, reduced
make it applicable to dams, foundations, permeability, and larger porosity in comparison
and other constructions (WES 1960). to fine-grained soils.
Additional refinements were made and it is
currently standardized as ASTM D 2487-93

The Unified Soil Classification System

(USCS)
Widely used by geotechnical engineers to
categorize soils based on their engineering
properties, particularly for construction
projects.
The USCS classifies soils into various groups
based on their particle size distribution,
mineralogy, and plasticity characteristics.
The system uses two-letter symbols to
represent the major soil groups and
additional symbols to indicate specific
properties.

FINE-GRAINED AND HIGHLY ORGANIC SOILS

Fine-grained soils contain more than 50% of
particles smaller than the No. 200 sieve size.
The classification is based on plasticity (ability
to deform without cracking) and liquid limit
(water content at which soil behaves more like a
liquid)

Highly Organic Soils labeled as PT includes soils

with a high content of decomposed organic
USCS classifies soils into 3 main soil groups material, such as peat. These soils are soft,
compressible, and retain a lot of moisture,
making them less stable for construction
 USCS Applications in Engineering

1. Foundation Design
The USCS classification helps engineers
assess the soil's properties and behavior
to determine suitable foundation types
and design parameters. Different soil
types have varying bearing capacities
and settlement characteristics, which
influence foundation design decisions.
2. Earthwork and Excavation
The USCS classification is used to
assess the suitability of soils for various
earthwork activities, such as cut and fill
operations, embankments, and slopes. It
provides information about the soil's
USCS PLASTICITY CHART stability, compaction requirements, and
Plasticity Chart, used to classify fine-grained potential for erosion.
soils, such as clays and silts, based on their 3. Slope Stability Analysis
plasticity. Understanding the properties of
different soil types is crucial in assessing
Liquid Limit (LL) represents the moisture slope stability. The USCS classification
content at which soil changes from a plastic helps engineers identify cohesive and
to a liquid state non-cohesive soils, which play a
Plasticity Index (PI), calculated as the significant role in slope stability analysis
difference between the Liquid Limit and the design of stabilization
Plastic Limit (PL), shows the range in which measures.
soil remains moldable. 4. Retaining Structures
Soils plotted on this chart help identify clays, The USCS classification is used to
which lie above the A-line (indicating higher evaluate soil properties for the design of
plasticity), and silts, which fall below the A-line retaining walls, sheet piles, and other
(indicating lower plasticity) types of structures that resist lateral soil
pressure. Soil types with different
cohesion and angle of internal friction
have varying behavior under lateral
loads.
The United States Department of Agriculture USDA ORGANIZATIONS RELATED TO
(USDA) ENGINEERING

The United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service

(USDA) is a federal agency responsible for (NRCS)
developing and executing policies related The NRCS supports civil engineering through
to farming, forestry, rural economic its focus on soil health, water conservation,
development, and food. and erosion control. It provides essential
Established in 1862, It aims to support tools, like the Web Soil Survey and National
agricultural production, ensure food safety, Engineering Handbook, that engineers use
promote trade, conserve natural resources, for land development, stormwater
and combat hunger both domestically and management, and soil stabilization.
internationally
USDA Rural Development (RD)
USDA TEXTURAL SOIL CLASSIFICATION RD funds and supports infrastructure
The USDA Soil Classification is a system projects in rural areas, including water
primarily designed for agricultural purposes, systems, waste management, and
but it is also useful in civil and environmental community facilities. Civil engineers benefit
engineering. The classification focuses on from RD’s grants, loans, and technical
the textural composition of soil, which is assistance for essential rural projects like
determined by the percentage of sand, silt, water treatment plants and sewer systems.
and clay in a given soil sample. These
percentages are obtained through Agricultural Research Service (ARS)
laboratory tests, and the Soil Texture ARS conducts research on soil and water
Triangle is used to classify the soil based on conservation, helping civil engineers design
these results. sustainable systems for water management
and erosion control. Its research informs
green infrastructure and sustainable land
use in agricultural settings.

USDA Forest Service (USFS)

The Forest Service collaborates on civil
engineering projects related to forest road
construction, slope stabilization, and
watershed management. Its guidelines help
engineers sustainably manage infrastructure
in forested and mountainous areas.

The USDA system uses this triangle to visually Economic Research Service (ERS)
represent soil texture based on sand, silt, and It provides economic analysis and data that
clay percentages. help civil engineers assess the feasibility and
The corners of the triangle represent 100% economic impact of projects related to
sand, 100% silt, and 100% clay. agriculture and rural development. This
The twelve soil classes (like loam, sandy clay, information aids in planning and decision-
etc.) are marked within the triangle. making processes, ensuring projects are
The summation of sand, silt, and clay both viable and beneficial to communities.
percentages always equals 100%.
ENGINEERING ORIENTATION
I.7 American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM International)
Overview Programs and Services
ASTM International: A leading organization Training Programs
that develops and publishes voluntary Certification Program
consensus standards to improve product Proficiency Testing
quality and safety across industries Accreditation of Laboratories
worldwide. Annual Book of ASTM Standards
Headquarters: West Conshohocken, an annual publication
Pennsylvania, USA.
contains over 12,800 ASTM standards
Global Reach: Recognized for over 12,500
comprised of more than 80 volumes
standards used in more than 140 countries.
President: Currently led by Andrew G. Kireta ASTM International in the Philippines
Jr. ASTM International has a significant
presence in the Philippines, primarily through
History its collaboration with the Bureau of Product
1898: Founded as the "American Society for Standards (BPS).
Testing Materials" by Charles Dudley and ASTM International and BPS signed a
other engineers to standardize material memorandum of understanding in 2003.
testing. BPS actively adopts ASTM International
1961: Renamed "American Society for Testing standards as Philippine National Standards
and Materials“ (PNS). These standards cover a wide range
2001: Officially rebranded as "ASTM of industries, including building and
International" with the tagline "Standards construction, food, electrical and electronic
Worldwide“ products, and chemical and consumer
2014: Updated its tagline to "Helping Our products.
World Work Better" Some Examples of ASTM International
Standards
Mission ASTM C150/C150M-24 - Standard
Committed to serving global societal needs, Specification for Portland Cement
ASTM International positively impacts public ASTM D7329-07 - Standard Specification
health and safety, consumer confidence and for Food Preparation and Food Handling
overall quality of life. We integrate consensus (Food Service) Gloves
standards – developed with our international ASTM E8/E8M-22 - Standard Test Methods
membership of volunteer technical experts – and for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
innovative services to improve lives…
Helping our world work better. Why Are ASTM and Similar Standards
Important?
Values ASTM standards ensure the quality, safety,
We Welcome and reliability of materials and products
We Collaborate across industries.
We Innovate Without consistent standards, industries face
We Serve inconsistency and potential risks.
We Believe. Material standards prevent the use of
inappropriate materials in unsuitable
applications.
ENGINEERING ORIENTATION
I.8 American Concrete Institute (ACI)

What is ACI? Concrete International

The American Concrete Institute (ACI) is a non- Concrete International is a monthly magazine
profit organization that creates and shares published by the American Concrete Institute.
guidelines and standards about concrete. It Searchable abstracts of articles are available
started on January 17, 1905, as a group called via the magazine's web page.
the National Association of Cement Users, and
its main office is in Michigan, USA. ACI's main ACIP Awards
goal is to develop and spread expert knowledge The Wason Medal for Most Meritorious Paper
about how to use concrete properly and safely. has been awarded each year since 1917 to the
This helps ensure that concrete is used in author or authors of a paper published by ACI.
construction projects in the best possible way. Notable recipients include:
1922: Harold M. Westergaard
History 1927: Abraham Burton Cohen
In the early 1900s, there were no clear standards 1933: Charles S. Whitney
for making concrete blocks, which gave 1936: Hardy Cross
concrete a bad reputation for construction. In 1950: Chester P. Siess, George E. Beggs, and
September 1904, Charles C. Brown suggested Nathan M. Newmark
creating an organization to set standards and
improve the industry. By 1905, the National
Association of Cement Users (NACU) was
formed, and Richard Humphrey became its first
president. The group started organizing
conventions and creating guidelines for
concrete use, including their first official
reinforced concrete building code in 1910. By
1912, they had 14 standards, and in 1913, they
changed their name to the American Concrete
Institute to better reflect their work.

ACI 138
ACI 318 is a code created by the American
Concrete Institute (ACI) that provides guidelines
for designing and constructing concrete
structures. It ensures that buildings and other
concrete structures are strong, durable, and
safe. The code covers areas like how to mix
concrete properly, how much reinforcement
(steel bars) to use, and how to build different
structural elements like beams, columns, and
slabs.