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AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

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AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN
POLITICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH

1
Mercy Ehidiamen Ikponmwosa, 2Prof. Stephen. M. Omodia & 3Harriet Omokiniovo Efanodor-
Obeten, Ph.D.

1, 2 & 3
Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Edo State University Uzairue
Edo State, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author’s email: ikponmwosa.mercy@edouniversity.edu.ng

KEYWORDS ABSTRACT

political The study examines the use of quantitative method in political science research and probes into the extent to which
science; researchers apply quantitative methods in political science research. It also identifies the possible factors limiting the use
positivism; of quantitative method in political science research. The study adopts descriptive quantitative research design using
quantitative; primary and secondary sources of data. It applies content analysis technique, using a self-constructed checklist containing
qualitative different aspects and attributes of quantitative research was adopted for data collection. Analysis of the data was carried
method; out using percentage analysis, graphs and charts from articles on SCOPUS database, with the aid of the Statistical
research Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 27.0 software. The study finds that the usage of quantitative method in political
science research is low across the articles examined. The study recommends collaboration and a multidisciplinary focused
research, so as to incorporate varieties of methodologies in political science research.

being influenced by specific people, researchers, or their

INTRODUCTION surroundings, and that it is possible to create fresh, bias-free
Quantitative research is the systematic investigation of social knowledge. As a result, quantitative researchers adopt methods of
phenomena using statistical models and mathematical theories in inquiry like surveys and experiments because the knowledge that
order to construct, collect, and enhance the scientific knowledge matters to them is precise, objective, verifiable, and reproducible.
base (Arel-Bundock et al. 2022). Marlow (1998) asserts that
quantitative research produces generalizable findings and is Research in political science has assumed various forms and
distinguished by the use of large samples, uniform measures, a methodologies in recent years. These methods are either
deductive methodology, and rigidly structured data collection quantitative, qualitative or a combination of both (mixed method),
instruments. depending on the nature of events being investigated, form of data
collected and the approach adopted. Most studies in political
The quantitative approach is "shaped by loosely defined sets of research adopt qualitative method because the focus is mainly on the
philosophical ideas of positivism" (Hammersley, 2014a, p. 17). why and how of political behavior, the subjective and multifaceted
Positivism broadly aims to expand the application of the scientific nature of political phenomena, as well as the non-numeric nature of
method to new fields, such as the study of social structures, human most political events and objects being measured (Gerring, 2017).
behavior, and history (Hammersley, 2007). It largely views the Formal theory, mathematics, and statistics are the main components
world as it is. The reality and 'truths' that exist in the world may be of the quantitative research technique and are utilized as effective
seen by everybody, according to positivist ontology (Guba & research tools in political science. It requires statistical analysis and
Lincoln, 1994). This suggests that the truth is already known and mathematical modeling to assess the key variables because it
that it is the researcher's job to use unbiased research methods to involves a large amount of numerical data. It is a data-driven
determine it (Muijs, 2004). When it comes to epistemology, strategy in which conclusions and insights into crucial political
positivist scholars ostensibly employ scientific procedures to find issues are provided through the collection, analysis, interpretation,
information that is highly objective and empirically verifiable. In and presentation of numerical data. (Gabrielian et al., 2008;
other words, positivism is the belief that truth can exist without Steinmetz, nd.).

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Quantitative research is not new in the field of political science as web scraping. The qualitative papers are frequently so big that they
researchers like Young and Soroka (2012); Cassese et al. (2014) can no longer be termed qualitative data and need advanced
have applied quantitative method in investigating various political quantitative analysis methods like topic modeling or machine
inquiries. Some have resorted to combining the quantitative and learning. In a similar vein, surveys are frequently seen as a
qualitative methods (Wesley, et al., 2020). Although researchers like quantitative research methodology. Interviews and surveys are
Creswell and Plano Clark (2007); and Tzagkaraki and Kritas (2023), comparable, but surveys are typically more structured and used on a
a suitable blend of quantitative and qualitative methodologies bigger sample (Wesley et al., 2020). Qualitative data from surveys
contributes to a deeper comprehension of study issues. Despite the are usually converted to quantitative data through coding, which
usage of the quantitative research approach, it is unclear to what involves assigning numerical values to qualitative responses. Data
extent it is used in political science research because there is a dearth obtained from web scrapping and surveys are usually expressed in
of empirical data to support this claim. The study therefore charts and graphs and/or analysed statistically to produce a summary
investigates the depth of usage of quantitative method in political (descriptive statistics), deduce relationships (correlation) or make
science research among academics and researchers. inferences (regression).

Specifically, it: Johnson and Christensen (2012) list the following characteristics of
quantitative research: "the confirmatory stage of the study cycle is
probes into the extent to which researchers apply quantitative stressed; Behavior is seen to be consistent and predictable; Instead
methods in political science research; and of focusing on particular groups in particular settings, the researcher
is interested in discovering general laws that apply to entire
identifies the possible factors limiting the use of quantitative method
populations; To isolate the effects of individual variables, behavior
in political science research.
is being studied under controlled circumstances; It is use an
The scope of the study covers articles in political science published objective strategy, which calls for a range of observers to be able to
in Journals indexed in the Scopus data base during the period 2018 agree on what is being seen; Data are based on precise measurement
to 2023, to capture the recency and the state of research in political using organized and approved data collection equipment. Data
science discipline. One of the biggest databases of top-notch analysis attempts to look at statistical linkages.
research publications is Scopus. Compared to other
multidisciplinary databases, Scopus contains twice as many titles Empirical Studies
and over 50% more publishers listed, in addition to a large number In their 2018 paper, Pellicer and Wegner argued in favor of using
of peer-reviewed journals. Scopus is regarded as one of the biggest quantitative methods to investigate the Middle East and North
multidisciplinary databases of specialized scientific publications as Africa. They acknowledge the challenges in gathering high-quality
a result. and trustworthy data, but they use instances of recent
methodological advancements to explain how these challenges
Review of Literature might be lessened. They also emphasize the need for in-depth
qualitative expertise to interpret raw data because quantitative
The quantitative approach to study gathers numerical data; data
methods by themselves cannot adequately capture the political and
analysis is generally statistical in nature in order to explain, forecast,
social complexity of the area.
and/or regulate phenomena of interest. Quantitative research is
conducted "by numbers," as has been rightly stated (Sodaro, 2008). Using information from 67,000 papers that were published in 100
The term "quantitative" refers to the generation of quantitative data high-impact journals between 2000 and 2019 and other sources,
that may be subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis in a formal Carammia (2022) conducted a bibliometric analysis of the academic
and structured manner. (Peter, 2018). The quantitative research output of European political science communities in relation to other
method primarily examines social phenomena that may fluctuate in scholarly communities around the world. The bulk of scientists who
quantifiable levels or amounts. (Sodaro, 2008). contribute to the global scientific output, according to studies, are
concentrated in just a few countries, with the US and UK alone
The field of information sought, the researcher's orientation,
contributing more than half of the articles that are published in high-
interest, background, and other factors, among others, determine the
impact journals. However, there is a trend toward more regional
choice of an approach to political and social inquiry, claims Peter
variety in the base of the global scientific production, with European
(2018). Many political scientists feel uncomfortable using the
nations playing a key role in this transition. The enhanced scientific
quantitative technique to conduct research despite its accuracy and
output of academics based in Europe has been significantly boosted
empirical emphasis. They believe it to be riskier because of the
by their contributions to worldwide joint publications. This was a
political scientist's worries about these concerns. Many more people
widespread global trend that was particularly stunning for several
are uncomfortable with numbers, which accounts for their
national intellectual communities. Three clusters have consolidated
preference for the qualitative approach to conducting political
within an expanding and denser network, according to the network
science research.
analysis of international cooperation. The US is at the center of a
Apart from the use of financial data, statistical data and numeric global cluster of collaborations, followed by the UK. A larger,
demographic data, the web scrapping and survey techniques are also increasing cluster and a smaller, even more integrated, highly
useful quantitative approaches. Setting up a computer script to productive, and connected cluster of academics based on seven
download a collection of documents from the internet is known as northern European states make up the bulk of the countries in

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EDSU Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies (EJPAS) | Volume 1 Issue 2 | ISSN: 1597-8850 | July, 2024
Europe. All bibliometric indexes consistently point to a broad technique, which is often more concerned with articulating
growth in output and a globalization of the scholarly contribution experiences, stressing significance, and investigating the substance
offered by the European political science community. of an issue (Coolican, 2013). According to Kumar (2014), the
quantitative methodological approach is a structured method in
Arel-Bundock et al (2022) assessed the influence of political science which all components of the research process are decided before
research by gathering more than 16,000 hypothesis tests from data collection begins.
around 2,000 papers. According to their generous assumptions, the
median analysis has about 10% power, and only about 1 in 10 tests
METHOD
have at least 80% power to identify the consensus effects asserted in
the literature. The study also shows that there is a big difference in The study adopts descriptive quantitative research design using
the power of tests across research domains, with some having high primary and secondary sources of data. The population of the study
power but others having relatively low power. To analyze the results, consist of open access Journals and conference proceedings (2018-
the study polled political methodologists about how they view 2023) for subject area political science, as obtained in scopus data
power systems. The bulk of methodologists, they conclude, vastly base as at 20th March, 2023. The total population is 6,421 articles
overstate the statistical significance of political science research. from 90 Journals in political science and International relations as
found in SCOPUS database.
From the above, there are limited studies in recent times that carried Using the Taro Yamani formulae for sample size determination, a
out a bibliometric or content analysis of political science research sample size of 377 was derived using 0.05 degree of error expected
using a globally recognized and renowned data base like Scopus. (Yamani, 1967). The articles were selected using stratified random
sampling techniques from the Scopus data base, ensuring that a
maximum of 5 and a minimum of 4 articles were randomly picked
Theoretical Framework
from each of the 90 journals, to arrive at the sample of 377 while
This study is based on the positivism theory. The paradigm that gave ensuring that all of the 90 journals are adequately captured and
rise to positivism was physical science. It carries out research equitably represented. Using content analysis, a self-constructed
methodically and scientifically. Hughes (2010) asserts that the checklist containing different aspects and attributes of quantitative
positivist paradigm claims that through understanding these research formed the basis for appraising the sampled articles.
constant, universal laws, everything that occurs in our world can be
understood. It is vital to systematically watch and record the events Analyses of the data obtained via content analysis was carried out
and phenomena that take place around us in order to understand using percentage analysis, graphs and charts, using the Statistical
these universal laws. The next step is to identify the fundamental Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 27.0 software.
idea that "caused" the event to occur. The tale of Sir Isaac Newton
and the apple serves as an illustration of this procedure in action.
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Isaac Newton allegedly witnessed an apple fall directly to the
ground when he was strolling through an apple orchard. He began This section involves the presentation of data using pie chart and
to formulate his theory of gravity as he began to ponder how high histogram as well as percentage analysis presented in tables. This is
above the Earth the force of gravity was effective. In this illustration, followed by an analysis of data extracted via content analysis.
the observable event was an apple falling, and gravity represented
the underlying universal law (Keesing, 2008).

Some famous scholar of positivism includes the likes of Ernest

Nagel along with Rudolf Carnap, carl Hempel and Hans
Reichenbach. Nagel (1961) using positivism analyses the nature and
logic of scientific inquiry paying keen attention to both natural and
social sciences positivism also refers to the application of scientific
technique in addition to scientific discovery. According to Mukerji
and Albon (2014), positive thinking encourages a rigorous,
scientific approach to research that is favourable to the use of
quantitative approaches. Researchers that employ a quantitative
methodological approach frequently start by formulating a
hypothesis and then collect numerical data to test the hypothesis.
This can be seen in the Farrant and Zubrick study from 2013 as an
example. Quantitative methodology tries to measure, quantify, or
ascertain the amount of a phenomenon, in contrast to qualitative

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Figure 1: Distribution of Articles by Year of Publication

Source: Researcher’s computation using SPSS 27.0 output (2024)

Figure 1 above depicts the distribution of sampled articles by their drawn from 2023 publication year, indicating a good spread of
year of publication. 8 percent, 23 percent, 13 percent and 21 percent sampled articles during the study period.
of sampled articles were published in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021
respectively. 24 percent were drawn from 2022 and 11 percent were

Figure 2: Distribution of researchers by region

Source: Researcher’s computation using SPSS 27.0 output (2024)

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Figure 2 depicts the distribution of sampled articles by the region of In carrying out content analysis of sampled articles, we investigated
researchers (corresponding authors). It reveals an even distribution the presence or otherwise of selected elements of quantitative
of articles across various regions of the world, with Europe, North methods. These elements are descriptive statistics, analysis using
America and Asia having the highest number of articles in the interview, graphs and charts, applied coding for questionnaires,
sample. Article of Africa extraction was also well represented, ahead inferential statistics, analyses of secondary data and hypotheses
of South America and Asia. testing. The results are presented in tables as follows.

Table 1: Use of Descriptive Statistics

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid NO 360 95.5 95.5 95.5
Yes 17 4.5 4.5 100.0
Total 377 100.0 100.0
Source: Researcher’s computation using SPSS 27.0 output (2024)
The result in table 1 above revealed that 95.5 percent of sampled sampled articles used descriptive statistics. An indication that the
articles failed to use any descriptive statistics like mean, median, use of descriptive statistics in data analysis is very low in political
standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis e,t,c. only 4.5 percent of science research.

Table 2: Analysis Using Interviews

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid NO 264 70.2 70.2 70.2
Yes 113 29.8 29.8 100.0
Total 377 100.0 100.0
Source: Researcher’s computation using SPSS 27.0 output (2024)
Table 2 shows the use of interview technique in data analysis among science researchers adopt the interview technique in gathering data
sampled political science articles. 70.2 percent of sampled articles and drawing themes for analyses.
applied interview technique in obtaining data and themes for
analysis. An indication that a relatively good number of political

Table 3: Graphs and Charts

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid NO 256 67.9 67.9 67.9
Yes 121 32.1 32.1 100.0
Total 377 100.0 100.0
Source: Researcher’s computation using SPSS 27.0 output (2024)
Table 3 depicts that 67.9 percent of sampled articles did not utilize
graphs and/or charts analyzing research propositions, questions or
hypotheses. 32.1 percent on the other hand utilized graphs/ or charts
in analyzing data. The result therefore reveals low usage of graphs
and/ or charts in political science research.

Table 4: Coding Questionnaire

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid NO 365 96.8 96.8 96.8
Yes 12 3.2 3.2 100.0
Total 377 100.0 100.0
Source: Researcher’s computation using SPSS 27.0 output (2024)

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As shown in table 4, only less than 4 percent of sampled articles coding. By implication, analyzing questionnaires quantitatively is
converted qualitative attributes to quantitative properties through still poorly practiced in political science research.

Table 5: Use of Inferential Statistics

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid NO 365 97.1 97.1 97.1
Yes 12 2.9 2.9 100.0
Total 377 100.0 100.0
Source: Researcher’s computation using SPSS 27.0 output (2024)
As seen in table 5, the use of inferential statistics to aid lagging in the use of inferential statistics like ANOVA, correlation,
generalization in sampled political science research articles is still regression, chi square amongst others.
very poor. This is indicated by the 967.1 percent of articles sampled

Table 6: Analysing Secondary Data

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid NO 323 85.70 85.70 85.70
Yes 54 14.30 14.30 100.0
Total 3000 100.0 100.0
Source: Researcher’s computation using SPSS 27.0 output (2024)
As revealed in table 6 above, 14.3 percent of sampled articles used government databases, research institutions as well as data base of
secondary data sources for analysis. Data sources include multilateral organisations and NGOs, amongst others.

Table 7: Test of Hypotheses

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid NO 340 90.19 90.19 90.19
Yes 37 9.81 9.81 100.0
Total 3000 100.0 100.0
Source: Researcher’s computation using SPSS 27.0 output (2024)
The result in table 7 revealed that 90.19 percent of sampled articles questionnaires quantitatively is still poorly practiced in political
did not carry out hypothesis testing. While 9.81 percent tested science research this might be due to several challenges pose by
hypotheses in their study, it can be submitted that the testing of respondents.
hypotheses in political science research is still very low.
The use of inferential statistics to aid generalization in sampled
political science research articles is still very poor as indicated in the
Discussion of result analysis above, this may be due to severe limitations on the type of
questions a researcher can ask because inferential statistics rely
To what extent do researchers apply quantitative heavily on frequencies and probability. From the analysis, the use of
methods in political science? secondary source of data among political science researchers is very
The techniques and methods in the quantitative method of research popular which may be due to easy access of the needed materials for
were examined and it was discovered that from the analysis, only the research. From the sampled articles, the testing of hypotheses in
4.5 percent of sampled articles used descriptive statistics signifying political science research is still very low this may be because rather
the low usage of this element of quantitative method in political than exploring alternative explanation or perspectives, hypothesis
science research. A good number of political science researchers makes a researcher look for evidence that confirms predictions due
from the sampled articles, adopted the interview technique in to bias in the research process and interpretation.
gathering data and drawing themes for analyses which may be
From the analysis carried out, the study observed that the use of
because the interview technique gives room for researchers to gain
quantitative research in political science is still very low, as the
rich and detailed data from respondents. From the sampled articles
sampled studies were significantly focused on qualitative method
above, there is low usage of graphs and/ or charts in political science
and techniques. Some of the factors limiting the usage of the
research this might be because of the stringent process of selecting
quantitative method are identify below
the most appropriate graphical and tabular representation of data and
greater design complexity. In the sampled articles, the use of

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EDSU Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies (EJPAS) | Volume 1 Issue 2 | ISSN: 1597-8850 | July, 2024
What are the possible factors limiting the use of The usage of quantitative method in political science research is low,
quantitative method in political science research? across the quantitative properties examined.
Conducting quantitative research is a challenging topic in political Although articles come from many nations, they all share the same
science due to a number of difficulties. Some of these problems worries about heavily relying on qualitative methods and
include: methodologies. implying that no unique variation based on location
was found by the study.
Many political scientists lack rudimentary understanding of
quantitative research. This represents a significant obstacle to its
potential use in conducting political science research. Modern Recommendations
political scientists, who are more accustomed to qualitative research From the findings made, the study makes the following
methods, won't be able to teach quantitative knowledge to pupils. recommendations.
The conclusion of this is that the qualitative method will continue to
dominate political science research forever (Peter, 2018). 1. The study recommends better collaboration and
multidisciplinary focused researches, so as to
The research's conclusions could also be invalidated by potential incorporate non-traditional methodologies in political
data fabrication and/or omission. This is related to how honest and science research.
ethical the individuals managing the data were. The people who
collect, analyze, and interpret data are extremely capable of 2. Researchers should be dynamic, to vary research choices
falsifying the truth occasionally, despite the widespread belief that so as to bring new methodologies to bear.
numbers do not lie (Osorio, 2014). The natural conclusion is that if
these individuals are required to employ quantitative techniques, 3. Institutionally, journal editors, peer reviewers, and
they may need to enlist the assistance of statisticians and computer promotion committees should do more to incentivize
scientists. Interpretation and generalization will undoubtedly be researchers to conduct quantitative based research and
dubious since the outside aid providers are not familiar with political subject theories, hypotheses or assertions to testing.
reality. There are numerous opportunities for human error to
4. Future studies could expand the sample size of this study
influence a quantitative method from conception to execution.
to improve on generalization. Similarly, other databases
The challenges of selecting the right quantitative or statistical tool(s) outside Scopus could be explored.
to use are another challenge. Only instances of mono-causality,
which are uncommon in the social sciences, can be handled using Conclusion
quantitative methods. In the field of political science, it is frequently
The investigation of Scopus indexed Open Access papers shows a
challenging to attribute a given action or behavior to a single source.
diversity of approaches, however, a significant portion of sampled
When dealing with multi-causality problems, this research
articles were based on qualitative method and techniques. Despite
methodology frequently falls short (Babbie, 2010). The use of
coming from different nations, the articles' themes are the same.
instruments by researchers to gather and analyze numerical data,
However, the study found no particular geographic variance, which
such as surveys, computer software, or statistical packages, presents
brings us to the conclusion that political science approaches should
a barrier to many political scientists who likely have little to no
be examined from a global viewpoint rather than a country-based
experience with those techniques.
one.
The process of operationalization involves turning variables into
Searching for institutional, methodological, and theoretical
quantifiable components. It is necessary for the execution of all
solutions should be motivated by the issue of the limited use of
scientific research. The data source is directed by an operationalized
quantitative research methods in political science. The institution
idea. It has to deal with the ideas in the empirical indicators of the
should do more to encourage scholars to do quantitative based
phenomenon under examination. The underlying thesis is that
research and put ideas, hypotheses, or statements to the test. This
quantitative research techniques have limited ability to probe
includes encouraging journal editors, peer reviewers, and promotion
solutions. It becomes difficult to define concepts effectively because
committees. By utilizing cutting-edge methodologies, study
everything is reduced to statistics and numbers (Peter, 2018)
designs, and measurement approaches, researchers should aim to
boost their quantitativeness. The study should be interpreted with
Findings caution as some aspects of quantitative method may have been
The investigation of Scopus indexed Open Access papers shows a omitted from the content analysis conducted. Also, Scopus indexed
diversity of approaches, however, a significant portion of sampled articles that are not open accessed were excluded from the study.
articles were based on qualitative method and techniques. Similarly, the study did not capture published articles outside the
Scopus database.

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EDSU Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies (EJPAS) | Volume 1 Issue 2 | ISSN: 1597-8850 | July, 2024

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