KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.

1
KALPAKKAM

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
SESSION 2024-25
THIS PROJECT IS SUBMITTED TO THE PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF CLASS XII CBSE PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION PROJECT REPORT ON
HOW CIGARETTES AFFECTS YOUR
HEALTH

GUIDENCE: MUTHU RAMALASKHMI

SUBMITTED BY: A.RINKESH PRAJAPATI

CLASS: XII A
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the investigation
work entitled:
“HOW CIGARETTES AFFECT YOUR HEALTH”
Has been conducted by A. RINKESH
PRAJAPATI, Student of kendriya Vidyalaya
no 1, kalpakkam

He had submitted this project during the

academic year 2024-25 towards partial
fulfilment of requirement of CBSE Board.

Teacher’s signature Principal’signature

ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my teacher, MUTHURAMALAKSHMI as well as our
Principal, SHYJI SAJAN who gave me the who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic “HOW CIGARETTES AFFECT YOUR HEALTH” ,
which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I
came to know about so many new things. I am really
thankful to them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and

friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.
 STUDENT’S SIGNATURE

WHY I CHOSE THIS

TOPIC?

I CHOSE THE TOPIC - HOW CIGARETTES

AFFECT YOUR HEALTH? BECAUSE IT’S THE MOST
COMMON AND WELL KNOWN THING AMONG
PEOPLE. AND THROUGH THIS PROJECT I COULD
HELP MY FRIENDS TO STOP SMOKING.
THROUGH THIS TOPIC WE CAN SPREAD
AWARENESS ABOUT SMOKING AND HELP
PEOPLE TO QUIT SMOKING. EVEN IF THE
PERSON HAS STARTED SMOKING AT AN EARLY
AGE DUE TO ANY REASON, HE/SHE CAN STILL
TRY TO STOP SMOKING.
 INDEX

1) WHAT IS A CIGARETTE?

2) SMOKING.

3) HOW SMOKING AFFECTS YOUR HEALTH?

4) PHYSICAL ADDICTION.

5) SIDE EFFECTS OF SMOKING.

6) HOW TO QUIT SMOKING?

7) CASE STUDY.

8) REFERENCE.
 WHAT IS A CIGARETTE?

A cigarette is a small roll of finely cut

tobacco leaves wrapped in a cylinder of
thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is
ignited at one end and allowed to
smoulder; its smoke is inhaled from
the other end, which is held in or to the
mouth and in some cases a cigarette
holder may be used as well. Most modern
manufactured cigarettes are filtered and
include reconstituted tobacco and other
additives.

The term cigarette, commonly used,

refers to a tobacco cigarette but can apply
to similar devices containing other herbs,
such as cloves or cannabis. A cigarette is
distinguished from a cigar by its smaller
size, use of processed leaf, and paper
wrapping, which is normally white, though
other colours are occasionally available.
Cigars are typically composed entirely
of whole-leaf tobacco.

Rates of cigarette smoking vary widely,

and have changed considerably the
course of history - since cigarettes were
first widely used in themid-20th century.
While rates of smoking have over time
leveled off or declined in the developed
world, they continue to rise in developing
nations.

Cigarettes like other tobacco products do

carry serious health effects with them.
Nicotine, the primary psychoactive
chemical in tobacco and therefore
cigarettes, is addictive. About half of
cigarette smokers die of tobacco-related
disease and lose on average 14 years of
life. Cigarette use by pregnant women has
also been shown to cause birth defects,
including mental and physical disabilities.
 SMOKING

In the early times, people could buy

cigarettes and smoke pretty much
anywhere - even in hospitals! Ads for
cigarettes were all over the place. Today
we're more aware about how bad smoking
is for our health. Smoking is restricted or
banned in almost all public places and
cigarette companies are no longer allowed
to advertise on TV, radio, and in many
magazines.

Almost everyone knows that smoking

causes cancer, emphysema, and heart
disease; that it can shorten your life by 10
years or more; and that the habit can cost
a smoker thousands of dollars a year. So
how come people are still lighting up? The
answer, in a word, is addiction.

Once You Start, It's Hard to

Stop!

Smoking is a hard habit to break because

tobacco contains nicotine, which is highly
addictive. Like heroin or other addictive
drugs, the body and mind quickly become
so used to the nicotine in cigarettes that a
person needs to have it just to feel
normal.

People start smoking for a variety of

different reasons. Some think it looks cool.
Others start because their family
members or friends smoke. Statistics
show that about 9 out of 10 tobacco
user’s start before they're 18 years old.
Most adults who started smoking in their
teens never expected to become
addicted. That's why people say it's just
so much easier to not start smoking at all.

How smoking affects

your health?
 There are no physical reasons to start smoking. The
body doesn't need tobacco the way it needs food,
water, sleep, and exercise. And many of the
chemicals in cigarettes, like nicotine and cyanide,
are actually poisons that can kill in high enough
doses.
 The body is smart. It goes on the defense when
it's being poisoned. First-time smokers often feel
pain or burning in the throat and lungs, and
some people feel sick or even throw up the first
few times they try tobacco.

 The consequences of this poisoning happen

gradually. Over the long term, smoking leads people
to develop health problems like heart disease,
stroke, emphysema, and many types of cancer -
including lung, throat, stomach, and bladder cancer.
People who smoke also have an increased risk of
infections like bronchitis and pneumonia. These
diseases limit a person's ability to be normally active,
and they can be fatal
These diseases limit a person's ability to be normally
active, and they can be fatal

 Smokers not only develop wrinkles and yellow teeth,

they also lose bone density, which increases their risk
of osteoporosis, a condition that causes older people
to become bent over and their bones to break more
easily. Smokers also tend to be less active than
nonsmokers because smoking affects lung power.
 Smoking can also cause fertility problems and can
impact sexual health in both men and women. Girls
who are on the pill or other hormone-based
methods of birth control increase their risk of serious
health problems, such as heart attacks, if they
smoke.
 The consequences of smoking may seem very far off,
but long-term health problems aren't the only hazard
of smoking. Nicotine and the other toxins in
cigarettes, cigars, and pipes can affect a person's
body quickly, which means that teen smokers
experience many of these problems:

• Bad skin.
Because smoking restricts blood vessels, it can prevent
oxygen and nutrients from getting to the skin - which is
why smokers often appear pale and unhealthy. Studies
have also linked smoking to an increased risk of getting a
type of skin rash called psoriasis

• Bad breath.
Cigarettes leave smokers with a condition called halitosis,
or persistent bad breath.
• Bad-smelling clothes and hair.
The smell of stale smoke tends to linger - not just on
people's clothing, but on their hair, furniture, and cars. And
it's often hard to get the smell of smoke out.

• Reduced athletic performance.

People who smoke usually can't compete with
nonsmoking peers because the physical effects of smoking
impair sports performance.

• Greater risk of injury and slower healing time.

Smoking affects the body's ability to produce collagen, so
common sports injuries, such as damage to tendons and
ligaments will heal more slowly in smokers than
nonsmokers.

• Increased risk of illness.

Studies show that smokers get more colds, flu, bronchitis,
and pneumonia than nonsmokers. And people with certain
health conditions, like asthma, become sicker if they
smoke because teens who smoke as a way to manage
weight often light up instead of eating, their bodies also
lack the nutrients they need to grow, develop, and fight off
illness properly.

• Immune Cells.
Smoking weakens the immune system by depressing
antibodies and cells that are in the body to protect against
foreign invaders. There is an association between smoking
and the increased incidence of certain malignant diseases
and respiratory infections, according to the National
Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). There is also
a significant decrease in immune cells that normally help
the body. But this process can be reversed if a smoker gives
up cigarettes. Smokers who stop show increased levels of
natural killer cell (NK) activity that targets cancerous cells in
the body.

• Infections.
Many cancer-causing chemicals from cigarette smoke
travel throughout a smoker's bloodstream to reach the
organs of the body and damage the immune response.
Carbon monoxide is carried through the body by smoke,
interfering with oxygen levels. Less oxygen reaches the
brain, heart, muscles and other organs. Lung function is
reduced because of the narrowing of the lung airways and
excess mucus in the lungs. Lung irritation and damage
result from invading substances, leading to lung infection.
Blood pressure and heart rate are affected negatively by
smoking chemicals carried through the blood. The immune
system does not work as well and smokers become more
prone to infections, such as pneumonia and influenza. It
takes smokers longer than nonsmokers to get over
illnesses.
• Lung Tissue.
Smoking can cause the body's immune system to attack
lung tissue and result in severe respiratory disorders,
according to research at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio.
Health scientists examined mice to study the link between
cigarette exposure, the immune system and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), a serious lung
disease characterized by emphysema and severe
inflammation of the lung tissue. After lung cells were
damaged from cigarette smoke in the lab research, the
cells signaled the immune system when the damaged cells
needed to be destroyed. The research shows that smoking
actually activates certain parts of the immune system,
which works against the lungs and attacks the tissue; it was
reported in the March 2009 issue of the "Journal of Clinical
Investigation." The researchers found a strong correlation
between cellular stress signals, activation of the immune
system and development of diseases similar to COPD.
Researchers compared the results with tissue samples
from humans who included nonsmokers, smokers with
COPD and smokers who did not have COPD. They found
that patients who had never smoked had no trace of
the lung cells that triggered the immune system to
attack lung tissue. Current and former smokers who
developed the disease had evidence of those lung
signals.

Physical Addiction

Being physically addicted means a person's body

actually becomes dependent on a particular substance
(even smoking is physically addictive). It also means
building tolerance to that substance, so that a person
needs a larger dose than ever before to get the same
effects.
Someone who is physically addicted and stops using a
substance like drugs, alcohol, or cigarettes may
experience withdrawal symptoms. Common symptoms
of withdrawal are diarrhea, shaking, and generally
feeling awful.

Psychological Addiction
Psychological addiction happens when the cravings for
a drug are psychological or emotional. People who are
psychologically addicted feel overcome by the desire to
have a drug. They may lie or steal to get it.
A person crosses the line between abuse and addiction
when he or she is no longer trying the drug to have fun
or get high, but has come to depend on it. His or her
whole life centers on the need for the drug. An
addicted person - whether it's a physical or
psychological addiction or both - no longer feels like
there is a choice in taking a substance.
Signs of Addiction
The most obvious sign of an addiction is the need to
have a particular drug or substance. However, many
other signs can suggest a possible addiction, such as
changes in mood or weight loss or gain. (These also are
signs of other conditions too, though, such as
depression or eating disorders.
Signs that you or someone you know may have a
cigarette addiction include:

Psychological signals:
• Use of drugs or alcohol as a way to forget problems
or to relax.
• Withdrawal or keeping secrets from family and
friends.
• Loss of interest in activities that used to be
important.
• Problems with schoolwork, such as slipping grades or
absences.
• Changes in friendships, such as hanging out only with
friends who use drugs.
• Spending a lot of time figuring out how to get
cigarette.
• Stealing or selling belongings to be able to afford
cigarette.
• Failed attempts to stop taking cigarette or drinking.
• Anxiety, anger, or depression.
• Mood swings.
Physical signals:
• Changes in sleeping habits.
• Feeling shaky or sick when trying to stop.
• Needing to take more of the substance to get the
same effect.
• Changes in eating habits, including weight loss or gain

Side effects of
smoking

Dangers of Smoking with Nicotine:

One of the main dangers of smoking is due to Nicotine.
Nicotine is found naturally in tobacco. It has no odor
and no color. It is, however, both physically and
psychologically addictive, and it causes those who use
it to want to smoke one cigarette after another.
Nicotine enters the body as tiny droplets resting on
particles of tar in cigarette smoke. Inhaled into the
lungs, the drug passes quickly into the bloodstream,
reaching the brain within about 10 seconds. In another
5 to 10 seconds the nicotine has spread to all parts of
the body.
The nicotine raises both the heart rate and blood
pressure. The smoker quickly feels more alert and
relaxed. In less than 30 minutes, however, about half of
the nicotine has left the bloodstream, and the smoker
starts feeling less alert, more edgy.
So he or she reaches for another cigarette to get a new
“hit” of nicotine. Over time, the smoker starts needing
more cigarettes throughout the day to satisfy the craving.

Dangers of Smoking with Tar:

There are other dangers of smoking as well. The tar from
tobacco smoke starts to accumulate on the bronchial tubes
leading to the lungs. The hot smoke burns the tiny hair like
projections (called cilia) that trap harmful particles before
they enter the lungs.

Carbon Monoxide:
One more of the dangers of smoking are Carbon
monoxide. Smoking also increases the level of carbon
monoxide in the lungs. This poisonous gas is quickly
absorbed into the blood, reducing its capacity to carry
oxygen.
As a result, the smoker has to exert more physical
effort to attain a given task than does a nonsmoker. The
heart in particular must work harder, particularly
during rigorous exercise. Increased levels of carbon
monoxide in the blood can impair vision, perception of
time, and coordination.
Oxides of nitrogen:
Animal experiments showed that nitrogen oxides lungs.
It is believed that nitrogen oxides are some specific
chemicals in tobacco that causes lung disease and
efizem.
Hydrogen cyanide:
The lungs have some hairs (cilia) that help to “clean”
lungs by removing the foreign substances. Hydrogen
cyanide prevents the development process of clearing.
The substances of cigarette smoke remains in the lungs.
Ammonia:
Ammonia is a powerful chemical found in household
products, it is used to preserve human bodies in the
morgue, which is also harmful to the lungs.

How to quit smoking?

There are many different methods that have

successfully helped people to quit smoking, including:
• Quitting smoking cold turkey.
• Systematically decreasing the number of cigarettes
you smoke.
• Reducing your intake of nicotine gradually over time.
• Using nicotine replacement therapy or non-nicotine
medications to reduce withdrawal symptoms.
• Utilizing nicotine support groups.
• Trying hypnosis, acupuncture, or counseling using
cognitive behavioral techniques.
You may be successful with the first method you try.
More likely, you’ll have to try a number of different
methods or a combination of treatments to find the
ones that work best for you.

Medication therapy:
Smoking cessation medications can ease withdrawal
symptoms and reduce cravings, and are most effective
when used as part of a comprehensive stop smoking
program monitored by your physician. Talk to your
doctor about your options and whether an anti-
smoking medication is right for you. U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) approved options are:

Nicotine Replacement Therapy:

Nicotine replacement therapy involves "replacing"
cigarettes with other nicotine substitutes, such as
nicotine gum or a nicotine patch. It works by delivering
small and steady doses of nicotine into the body to
relieve some of the withdrawal symptoms without the
tars and poisonous gases found in cigarettes. This type
of treatment helps smokers focus on breaking their
psychological addiction and makes it easier to
concentrate on learning new behaviors and coping
skills.

Non-Nicotine Medication:
These medications help you stop smoking by reducing
cravings and withdrawal symptoms without the use of
nicotine. Medications such as Bupropion (Zyban or
Wellbutrin) and Varenicline (Chantix) are intended for
short-term use only.
Bupropion (Zyban or Wellbutrin) is a prescription anti-
depressant in an extended-release form that reduces
symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. It does not contain
nicotine. This drug acts on chemicals in the brain that
are related to nicotine craving. Bupropion works best if
it is started a week or 2 weeks before you quit smoking.
The usual dosage is one or two 150 mg tablets per day.
Varenicline (Chantix) is a newer prescription medicine
developed to help people stop smoking. It works by
interfering with nicotine receptors in the brain. This
means it has 2 effects: it lessens the pleasurable effects
a person gets from smoking, and it reduces the
symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. Varenicline should
be started a week before your Quit Day.

Non-medication therapies:
There are several things you can do to stop smoking
that don’t involve nicotine replacement therapy or
prescription medications:
Hypnosis:
A popular option that has produced good results.
Forget anything you may have seen from stage
hypnotists, hypnosis works by getting you into a deeply
relaxed state where you are open to suggestions that
strengthen your resolve to quit smoking and increase
your negative feelings toward cigarettes. Ask your
doctor to recommend a qualified smoking cessation
hypnotherapist in your area or refer to the American
Society of Clinical Hypnosis (ASCH) for guidelines on
selecting a qualified professional.

Acupuncture:
One of the oldest known medical techniques,
acupuncture is believed to work by triggering the
release of endorphins (natural pain relievers) that allow
the body to relax. As a smoking cessation aid,
acupuncture can be helpful in managing smoking
withdrawal symptoms. Ask your doctor for a referral or
search for a local practitioner at the American
Association of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine
(AAAOM).

Behavioral Therapy:
Nicotine addiction is related to the habitual behaviors
(the “rituals”) involved in smoking. Behavior therapy
focuses on learning new coping skills and breaking
those habits. The American Lung Association offers
afree online smoking cessation program that focuses
on behavioral change. To find a local behavioral
therapist, check with your doctor or search at the
Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
(ABCT).

Motivational Therapies:
Self-help books and websites can provide a number of
ways to motivate you to quit smoking. One well known
example is calculating the monetary savings. Some
people have been able to find the motivation to quit
just by calculating how much money they will save
after they quit. It may be enough to pay for a summer
vacation.

Filters:
Filters that reduce tar and nicotine in cigarettes do not
work. In fact, studies have shown that smokers who
use filters tend to smoke more.

Smoking deterrents:
Other methods have been used to help stop smoking,
such as over-the-counter products that change the
taste of tobacco, stop-smoking diets that curb nicotine
cravings, and combinations of vitamins. At this time
there is little evidence that any of these work.

Case study

(i)Basic Information
Name: Monang Patel
Age: 17 years Sex: Male
Address: 601,602 C wing Shiv Darshan Apt. Kandivali
Phone no: 9123456XXX
Language: Guajarati Religion: Hindu
Marital Status: Unmarried
Ref by:
II) Chief Complaints
1) Lack of concentration.
2) Disputes with friends.
3) Severe headaches.
4) Client is a chain smoker.

(III) History of present illness (HPI) [ODP]

The client is facing problems with his studies due to
lack of concentration. But he tries working on it and is
gradually improving. The next problem that the client is
facing is his disputes with friends. These conflicts
always bother him due to which he started
smoking. The client started smoking after the 10th std.
board exams. He started using cigarette due to peer
pressure and depression. Due to excess of smoking the
client suffer from severe headaches.
(IV) Psychiatric history
There has been no psychiatric history either in the
client or any of his family members.
(V) Medical History
The client by far has never been hospitalized but has
suffered from jaundice in standard VII due to eating of
junk food. The client has also suffered from chicken pox
in standard VIII. He usually gets severe headaches and
even feels like puking after smoking when he doesn’t
have any food intake.
(VI) Family History
The client lives in a joint family of 6 members. The
client is very close to his mother and shares
everything with her. His mother expects him
Understand Their Perception and follow
their opinion rather than doing things by him wish.
His father is very friendly with him but the client
doesn’t share his problems as much as he does with his
mother. The client finds his brother as a supporter and
helper when needed. He has clear bonding with his
brother. The client is also very close to his
grandparents.
(VII) Development and social history
Prenatal & Postnatal: The client was a full term normal
baby. The milestones were perfect according to the
age. Social history: The client is enthusiastic and
positive about going to new places and meeting new
people. He has an understanding nature, gets easily
attached to new people and values others feelings. He
easily loses confidence while talking to new person if
betrayed before by someone else.

(VIII) Childhood history

The client was stubborn during his childhood. He was
always pampered by his family. He was a mischievous
and naughty student in his school. The client had a
habit of nail biting.

(IX) Educational history

The client studied in St. Anne’s High School till 10th
std. Now the client is in Vartak College and has opted
for science stream. The client had been an average
student in his academics.
(X) Current living situation
The client’s current living situation is very good. He is
given all the amenities that he wishes from his parents.
(XI)Drug and alcohol addiction
The client has smoking addiction. He started smoking
after the 10thstd boards. He tried smoking due to peer
pressure. He didn’t like smoking at first but due to peer
pressure he kept trying and eventually learned to love
it. Usually the client has 15-16 cigarettes per day. If he
doesn’t smoke for a day, he’ll have a headache as he’s
addicted to smoking.
The client tried to stop smoking but most of the failed
to do so, cause of the peers around him .Other than
cigarette, the client also has hookah but mostly he’s
switched to smoking through cigarettes.

(XII) Mental status examination

1)Appearance: Neatly dressed.
2)Behaviour and psychomotor activity: Well behaved
and all the psychomotor activities were normal.
3)Attitude towards examiner: Co-operative.
4)Mood: There were lots of mood swings.
5)Speech: Clear and specific.
6)Perception: Optimistic towards all the situations
provided by the examiner.
Thank you