Vairocana

Vairocana (from Sanskrit: Vi+rocana, "from the sun"

or "belonging to the sun", "Solar", or "Shining") also Vairocana
known as Mahāvairocana (Great Vairocana) is a
major Buddha from Mahayana and Vajrayana
Buddhism.[1] Vairocana is often interpreted, in texts
like the Avatamsaka Sutra, as the Dharmakāya[2][3][4]
of the historical Gautama Buddha.

In East Asian Buddhism (Chinese, Korean, Japanese

and Vietnamese Buddhism), Vairocana is also seen as
the dharmakāya (the supreme buddha-body, the body
of ultimate reality), and the embodiment of the
Buddhist concept of wisdom and purity.[5]
Mahāvairocana is often translated into East Asian
languages as "Great Sun Buddha" (Chinese: 大日如來,
Japanese: Dainichi Nyorai) Buddha.[5] In the The Spring Temple Buddha, a colossal statue
conception of the Five Jinas of Mahayana and of Vairocana, in Lushan County, Henan, China.
Vajrayana Buddhism, Vairocana is at the centre and is It has a total height of 153 meters (502 ft),
often considered a Primordial Buddha. In East Asian including the 25 meter (82 ft) lotus throne
esoteric Buddhism, Mahāvairocana is considered to be which the statue stands on.
a cosmic Buddha whose body is the entire universe,
Sanskrit वैरोचन
the Dharmadhātu.[5]
Vairocana
Vairocana is not to be confused with Vairocana Burmese ဗုဒ္ဓဘုရားရှင်
Mahabali, son of the asura Virochana, a character in Chinese 大日如來
the Yoga Vasishta. Vairocana Buddha is also not to be (Pinyin: Dàrì Rúlái)
confused with another Buddha that appears in some 毘盧遮那佛
Mahayana sources called "Rocana". (Pinyin: Pílúzhēnà Fó)
だいにちにょらい
Japanese 大日如来
(romaji: Dainichi Nyorai)
Literary and historical び る し ゃ な ぶ つ
毘盧遮那仏
development (romaji: Birushana Bosatsu)
Korean 대일여래
Vairocana Buddha is first introduced in the Brahmajala
大日如來(RR: Daeil Yeorae)
Sutra: 비로자나불
毘盧遮那佛(RR: Birojana Bul)
Now, I, Vairocana Buddha am sitting atop a
ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠ
ᠭᠡᠢᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ
ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ

Mongolian
lotus pedestal; On a thousand flowers
surrounding me are a thousand Sakyamuni
Buddhas. Each flower supports a hundred
million worlds; in each world a Sakyamuni Машид гийгүүлэн зохиогч
 Buddha appears. All are seated beneath a Masida geyigülün zohiyaghci
Bodhi-tree, all simultaneously attain

ᠪᠢᠷᠦᠵᠠᠨ᠎ ᠠ᠂
ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠ
ᠭᠡᠢᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ
ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ᠂
ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ
ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠦ
Buddhahood. All these innumerable Buddhas
have Vairocana as their original body.[6]

Бярузана, Машид Гийгүүлэн

Vairocana is also mentioned in the Avatamsaka Sutra;
Зохиогч, Гэгээн Гэрэлт
however, the doctrine of Vairocana is based largely on
Biruzana, Masida Geyigülün
the teachings of the Mahavairocana Tantra (also
Zohiyaghci, Gegegen Gereltü
known as the Mahāvairocana-abhisaṃbodhi-tantra)
and to a lesser degree the Vajrasekhara Sutra (also Thai พระไวโรจนพุทธะ
known as the Sarvatathāgatatattvasaṃgraha Tantra). (RTGS: Phra wịrocana
phuthṭha)
In the Avatamsaka Sutra, Vairocana is described as Tibetan རྣམ་པར་སྣང་མཛད་
having attained enlightenment immeasurable ages ago Wylie: rnam par snang mdzad
and residing in a world purified by him while he was a THL: Nampar Nangdze
bodhisattva. He also presides over an assembly of
Vietnamese Đại Nhật Như Lai
countless other bodhisattvas. He may be considered the
大日如來
celestial existence (saṃbhogakāya) of Gautama
Tỳ Lư Xá Na
Buddha, who came to be as Vairochana's earthly
毘盧遮那
rebirth from his previous existence in Tushita
Tỳ Lô Giá Na Phật
heaven.[7] Similarly, the Brahmajala Sutra also states
毗盧遮那佛
that Shakyamuni was originally named Vairochana,
regarding the former as a physical incarnation Information

(nirmāṇakāya) of the latter.[7] Venerated by Mahayana, Vajrayana

Attributes Śūnyatā
Vairocana is also mentioned as an epithet of Gautama
Religion portal
Buddha in the Samantabhadra Meditation Sutra, who
dwells in a place called "Always Tranquil Light".[8] In
the Śūraṅgama mantra (Chinese: 楞 嚴 咒 ; pinyin: Léngyán Zhòu) taught in the Śūraṅgama sutra
(Chinese: 楞嚴經; pinyin: Léngyán Jīng), an especially influential dharani in the Chinese Chan tradition,
Vairocana is mentioned to be the host of the Buddha Division in the centre, one of the five major
divisions which dispels the vast demon armies of the five directions.[9]

Vairocana is the Primordial Buddha in the Chinese schools of Tiantai, Huayan and Tangmi, also
appearing in later schools including the Japanese Kegon, Shingon and esoteric lineages of Tendai. In the
case of Huayan and Shingon, Vairocana is the central figure.

In Chinese and Japanese Buddhism, Vairocana was gradually superseded as an object of reverence by
Amitābha, due in large part to the increasing popularity of Pure Land Buddhism, but veneration of
Vairocana still remains popular among adherents.

During the initial stages of his mission in Japan, the Catholic missionary Francis Xavier was welcomed
by the Shingon monks since he used Dainichi, the Japanese name for Vairocana, to designate the
Christian God. As Xavier learned more about the religious nuances of the word, he substituted the term
Deusu, which he derived from the Latin and Portuguese Deus.[10][11]
The Shingon monk Dohan regarded the two great Buddhas, Amitābha and Vairocana, as one and the same
Dharmakāya Buddha and as the true nature at the core of all beings and phenomena. There are several
realizations that can accrue to the Shingon practitioner of which Dohan speaks in this connection, as
James Sanford points out:

[T]here is the realization that Amida is the Dharmakaya Buddha, Vairocana; then there is the
realization that Amida as Vairocana is eternally manifest within this universe of time and space;
and finally there is the innermost realization that Amida is the true nature, material and
spiritual, of all beings, that he is 'the omnivalent wisdom-body, that he is the unborn,
unmanifest, unchanging reality that rests quietly at the core of all phenomena".[12]

Helen Hardacre, writing on the Mahavairocana Tantra, comments that Mahavairocana's virtues are
deemed to be immanently universal within all beings: "The principle doctrine of the Dainichikyo is that
all the virtues of Dainichi (Mahāvairocana) are inherent in us and in all sentient beings."[13]

According to the Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra, the whole universe is a vast pure buddha-field which has been
purified by Vairocana Buddha. This is the view of Pure Land which is found in the Chinese Huayan
tradition.[14] According to this view, our world is just one small part of this universal Pure Land which is
named: "Ocean of worlds, whose surface and inside are decorated with an arrangement of flowers"
(Sanskrit: Kusumatalagarbha-vyūhālamkāra-lokadhātusamudra).[15] It is also called the "Lotus Treasury
World" (Chinese: 華蔵世界, Skt. Padmagarbha-lokadhātu), since it is an array of billions of worlds in a
lotus shape.

In the cosmology of the Avatamsaka sutra, our world is just one of the immeasurable number of worlds in
a multiverse called "Ocean of worlds, whose surface and inside are decorated with an arrangement of
flowers" (Kusumatalagarbha-vyuhalamkara-lokadhatu-samudra).[16] The Avatamsaka states that this
entire cosmos has been purified by the Buddha Vairocana through his bodhisattva practices for countless
aeons, after having met countless Buddhas. The sutra also states that our world is in Vairocana's
buddhafield.[17] Vairocana is closely associated with Shakyamuni Buddha, in some cases he is even
identified with him in the Avatamsaka Sutra.[18] Huayan generally sees Shakyamuni as an emanation
body (nirmanakaya) from the ultimate Buddha Vairocana ("The Illuminator").[19]

Furthermore, Huayan thought sees the entire universe as being the very body of Vairocana, who is seen as
a supreme cosmic Buddha. Vairocana is infinite, his influence and light is limitless, pervading the entire
universe.[20] Furthermore, Vairocana is really the ultimate principle (li), the Dharmakaya, Suchness and
"the substance underlying phenomenal reality".[21] However, while Vairocana as ultimate principle is
eternal, it also transforms and changes according to the needs and conditions of sentient beings.
Furthermore, Vairocana is empty, interdependent and interfused with all phenomena in the universe.[21]
Thus, Vairocana is both immanent (due to its dependent and interfused character) and transcendent (as the
immutable basis of all things).[22]
According to Fazang, while the nirmanakaya Shakyamuni taught
the other Mahayana sutras, Vairocana teaches the Avatamsaka
Sutra through his ten bodies which are: the All-Beings Body, the
Lands Body, the Karma Body, the Śrāvakas Body, the
Pratyekabuddha Body, the Bodhisattvas Body, the Tathāgatas
Body, the Wisdom Body, the Dharma Body, and the Space
Body.[23] Fazang sees these ten bodies as encompassing all
phenomena (animate and inanimate) in the "three realms", i.e. the
entire universe.[24]

Mantras and Dharanis

Numerous mantras, seed syllables and dharanis are associated
with Vairocana Buddha.
A painting of Vairocana at
A common basic mantra is the following:[25] Hwaeomsa

Oṃ Vairocana Vaṃ

Another popular Vairocana related mantra is the Mantra of Light, which is popular in Japanese
Buddhism, including Shingon. This is:

Oṃ Amogha Vairocana Mahāmudrā Maṇipadma Jvala Pravartāya Hūṃ

Another mantra associated with Vairocana is the following Shingon school mantra:

Namo Mahāguru Vairocana Vajra (Jp: namu daishi henjō kongō 南 無 大 師 遍 照 金 剛)

This mantra is also the mantra of Kukai, the founder of the Shingon school.[26] Its inner meaning is an
invocation to Dharmakāya Mahāvairocana Buddha as the great universal teacher.

Five element mantras

Five syllable mantras (Japanese: goji shingon) symbolize how all things in the universe (here: the five
elements) are modes and emanations of Vairocana. One such mantra which is used in the Shingon school
is:[27][28]

aḥ vi ra hūṃ khaṃ

Each syllable is correlated with earth, water, fire, air, space respectively, while Vairocana is the sixth
element - consciousness (vijñana). In the Mahavairocana sutra the mantra appears as: Namaḥ samanta-
buddhānām a vi ra hūṃ khaṃ. According to East Asian mantrayana writers like Kakuban, this mantra
can lead to enlightenment.[28] According to translator Dale A. Todaro, the mantra's syllables have
numerous symbolic correlations aside from the five elements, including: "the Five Buddhas
(Mahavairocana, Aksobhya, Ratnasambhava, Amitabha, and Amoghasiddhi respectively); the five colors
yellow, white, red, black, and blue; five organs (liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, spleen); five Chinese
elements (wood, metal, fire, water, earth); and so on."[28] A slightly longer variation of this mantra, also
found in Shingon is:[29]

Oṃ a vi ra hūṃ khaṃ vajra dhātu vaṃ

This version includes another mantra associated with the Vajradhātu mandala. There is another five
element mantra of Vairocana, which is:[30][31][28]

A vaṃ raṃ haṃ khaṃ

An alternate version sometimes appears with a Buddha vandana (homage) as follows:[32][33]

Namaḥ samanta-buddhānām A vaṃ raṃ haṃ khaṃ

"A" is the seed syllable mantra (bījamantra) of Vairocana in the Garbhadhatu mandala, while "Vaṃ" is
the seed syllable of Vairocana in the Vajradhātu mandala. Thus, this five element mantra contains both
main seed syllables of Vairocana in the East Asian Esoteric tradition. Furthermore, these two seed
syllables are sometimes combined into one mantra: "A-Vaṃ".[30][31]

Dharani
A longer dharani associated with Vairocana is the Sarvadurgatiparishodana dharani (Complete removal
of all unfortunate rebirths), also known as Kunrig mantra in Tibetan Buddhism. This dharani is found in
the Sarvadurgatiparishodana tantra which depicts Vairocana at the center of a mandala surrounded by
the other four tathagatas.[34] The dharani is as follows:[35][36]

OṂ namo bhagavate sarva durgati pariśodhana rājāya tathāgatāyārhate samyaksambudhāya

tadyathā OṂ śodhane śodhane sarva pāpam viśodhani śuddhe viśuddhe sarvakarmāvarana
viśodhani svāhā! [37]

Statues
With regard to śūnyatā, the massive size and brilliance of Vairocana statues serve as a reminder that all
conditioned existence is empty and without a permanent identity, whereas the Dharmakāya is beyond
concepts.

The Spring Temple Buddha of Lushan County, Henan, China, with a height of 126 meters, is the second
tallest statue in the world (see list of tallest statues).

The Daibutsu in the Tōdai-ji in Nara, Japan, is the largest bronze image of Vairocana in the world.
The larger of the Buddhas of Bamiyan in Afghanistan that were destroyed by talibans was also a
depiction of Vairocana.

In Java, Indonesia, the ninth-century Mendut temple near Borobudur in Magelang was dedicated to the
Dhyani Buddha Vairocana. Built by the Shailendra dynasty, the temple featured a three-meter tall stone
statue of Vairocana, seated and performing the dharmachakra mudrā. The statue is flanked with statues of
the bodhisattvas Avalokiteśvara and Vajrapani.

Gallery

Tang dynasty statue of Southern Song Dynasty Ming dynasty statues of

Vairocana (Dàrì Rúlái) at (1127–1279 CE) cliff carving of Vairocana (center), flanked on
Longmen Grottoes, Luoyang, Vairocana (centre), with the far left by Amitabha and on
Henan, China. The statue was Manjushri (left), and the right by Bhaisajyaguru.
completed in the year 676 and Samantabhadra (right) among Projecting tongues from
is 17.14 m high and has 2 m the Dazu Rock Carvings at Vairocana's throne are petals
long ears. Mount Baoding, Dazu District, that symbolize his radiance in
Chongqing, China infinite directions.

Ming dynasty (1368–1644) Jin Dynasty (1115–1234) Tang dynasty bronze statue of
statue of Vairocana in Huayan statue of Vairocana in Vairocana. 8th century.
Temple in Datong, Shanxi, Shanhua Temple in Datong,
China, one out of a set of Shanxi, China, one out of a set
statues of the Five Tathāgatas of statues of the Five
Tathāgatas
Copper alloy statue of Ming dynasty bronze statue of Statue of Vairocana, made in
Vairocana, made in China Vairocana. Displayed at the China during the Qing dynasty.
during the Ming dynasty Buddhism Sculpture Gallery in 19th century. Made of jade, gilt
(1368–1644). Displayed at the Aurora Museum, Pudong, bronze, enamel, pearls and
Cantor Center for Visual Arts. Shanghai. kingfisher feathers. Displayed
at the Royal Ontario Museum.

Vairocana statue in Sam Poh Shrine to Vairocana in Vairocana at Buddha Tooth

Wan Futt Chi, a Chinese Zhusheng Temple, Hunan, Relic Temple and Museum,
Buddhist temple in Cameron China Chinatown, Singapore
Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia
Seated iron statue of A gilt-bronze statue of The Great Buddha of Tōdai-ji,
Vairocana in Borimsa Temple, Vairocana Buddha, one of the at a Kegon Buddhist temple in
on Gaji mountain in National Treasures of South Nara, Japan
Jangheung County, South Korea, at Bulguksa
Jeolla, South Korea

Vairocana with Avalokitesvara Multi-headed Sarvavid Vairocana statue in Northern

and Vajrapani. 9th century, Vairochana, Central Tibet, Vietnam, 19th century AD,
Indonesia circa late 13th – early 14th Nguyễn dynasty
century

See also
Amaterasu
Acala
Dakini
Ghanavyūha Sūtra
Mantra of Light

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Birmingham, Vessantara (2003). Meeting The Buddhas, Windhorse Publications, ISBN 0-
904766-53-5.
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University Press.
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Vairocana in Hua-yen and Mahavairocana in Shingon Buddhism (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20120727020558/http://ftp.buddhism.org/Publications/IABTC/Vol02_16_Kwangsoo%20Pa
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 Reeves, Gene (2008). The Lotus Sutra: A Contemporary Translation of a Buddhist Classic.
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External links
Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet (http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/co
mpoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557/rec/1), an exhibition catalog from The
Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on
Vairocana (see index)

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