Chapter 2
Planning steps
1. Purpose Defination: What is the purpose of developing a project
must known to the developer.
2. Audience: What type and age group of audience is going to
watch your project is next necessity that developer must know.
3. Delivery Method: the third thing that director must know what
media will he use for distribution of project
4. Time Estimation: Creating smooth transmission form one
message to another is time consuming
5. Script Writing: It is very important. It shapes or tell what the
visual will be and what the voice over will say.
Process
The multimedia design and planning pyramid is five level midel in
which top three level contains the project planning process. The
steps of MUDPY are:
1. Concept Development : It means defining the theme and
aim of the project. It explains the idea on what the project is
based.
2. Defining the Goals: Goals are general statements of
upcoming project outcomes. In normal language we can say
it explains the outputs that a project must provide at run
time.
3. Defining the audience: It means defining the audience
category who will be the viewers of the outcome of the
project
4. Design: In this phase the design of project is prepaired. It
starts with storyboarding which is like script.
5. Production: This is the final that helps you to implement the
plans and designs of your project.
Data Compression
1. It is a term that specially indicates the reduction of size of
anything.
2. In multimedia application many data elements are used for ex:
audio, video, etc. These elements requires or need more space or
memory storage so to overcome this problem or to compress
these elements is called data compression.
3. For this data compression techniques are used which can be easily
explained by thru elements.
a) Compression ratio: It is the ratio of size of the original data to the
size of compressed data and tell how much data is compressed
b) Compression Quality: It tells that the compression of data is loose
or loose less .In loose quality is low and in loose less quality is
high.
c) Compression time: It depends on the compression and
decompression speed of data. we all want fast speed and less
time of compression
Types of data compression
1. Image compression :
An image need a large amount of memory when stored in
bitmapping .
This requirement can be reduced by using compression of an
image.
An image can be stored in half to 1/50 th of the memory
space as required by the original image
To compares an image it need conversion into different
formats, because an image can be graphic image or a
digitized image.
2. Audio compression:
For audio compression the stereo sound is first converted
into digital sound and then it can be compressed
With this technique we can store the sound in 1/8 the space,
but some quality is lost due to the rounding off effect of
quantization.
The storage can be reduced by using a low sampling rate,
but quality will also decrease with low sampling range.
3. Video compression:
A video clip is basically a group of frames and each frame
requires a lot of storage space about 7mb for each frame.
So it need a lot of space. This requirement can be reduced
only by compression of data.
Video compression can be done by removing the repetition
of pattern from the frames.
Data compression Techniques
There are two data compression techniques.
1) Lossless compression:
It is a technique in which we compresses our data or
you can say we reduces size of our data.
In it we could decompress the data into its original
data but its transmission and decompression speed is
slow
It takes more memory space in our data
It can’t compress much data.
It is commonly used for compression of image, text,
program, and sound, etc.
2) Losse compression:
It is compression technique in which we compress
much data but it’s compress much data but it’s quality
is decreased.
It takes less time to transmit and download data in it
we can’t convert our compressed data into original
data
In it much data is lost and it can’t be recovered and it
takes less space in memory.
It’s compression and decompression speed is high and
time is low but distortion is present in it.
It is commonly used for compression of audio, video,
image , animation , etc.
Difference between loose and lossless
compression
Loose compression lossless compression
In this technique some In this technique data
data get lost don’t get lost
It can’t be converted back It can be converted back
to the original file. to the original file.
In it Transmession and In it transmission and
downloading speed is high downloading speed is low
It holds much data in It holds less data in
channel channel
It compresses more data It compresses less data as
as compare to lossless compare to losse
compression compression
It is used for audio, video, It is used for , text, image ,
image ,etc. program and sound.
In it distortion is present In it distortion is less
It’s compression and It’s compression and
decompression decompression time is
high
Features or Parameters of compression system
Amount of degree of compression
Image/output Quality
Speed of compression and decompression.
Time taken for compression and decompression
What hardware and software does it take.
Data Compression Standards
Jpeg: It stands for Joint Photographic Expert Group and it is an
image compressions standard and file format. It was developed as
joint effort of CCITT and ISO. It defines a set of compression
methods for high quality still images such as photographs, single
video frames or scanned picture .
MPEG: It stands for Motion Picture Expert group. It is an video
compression standard and file format for moving images. It is
used for both animation and video. It is based in sequence of
pictures called frames.
DVI: It stands for digital video interactive. It is a proprietary
technique from intel corporation which is used to store highly
compressed full motion video on compact. It is used for both
animation and video on compact. It is used to store highly
compressed full motion video on compact. It is specifically based
on use of special hardware.
Encoding Techniques
1. Text encoding:
The process of transforming bytes of data into readable
characters for user of a system is called Text encoding
Encoding is process in which characters like letter ,
number ,punctuation, etc. are converted into a specialized
format for efficient transmission.
Text is most important thing in multimedia so it is very
important to chose character and symbol for our multimedia
presentation so it make communication strong
2. Audio encoding:
It is a process of converting digital signals from one format
to another.
The way of digital file encoding is used plays a big role of
quality of digital file.
In audio encoding analog signals are converted or translated
digital form.
Image
An image is an artifact for ex: A two dimensional picture that
has a similar appearance to some subject. Image may be two
dimensional. That may be captured by optical devices such
as cameras. There are two types of Images.
A. Bitmap image: It is made up pixels or bit of information arranged
on a grid. Each bit can be visualized as a dot . The number of
pixels per unit of measurement determines the resolution of the
image.
B. Vector images: They are mathematical arrangements of points.
These points are connected by mathematical formula . Thus these
images can be stretched and shrank without changing the initial
quality of the image.
Image Editors
Also known as paint application , this is the most popular type of
graphics software. Image editors allows you to create bitmap
based images from scratch with a variety of painting tools
intended to mimic natural painting tools. Images that are created
and edited in this type of application are referred to as bitmap
images because they are made up of series of pixels in grid.
Illustration software (vector based)
It allows you to create drawing using lines and curves These
drawings are called vector illustrations. Vector illustrations can be
easily edited by moving points and changing the colors of various
objects.
Resolution: it has to do with how much detail is contained
within the image. It determines the pixels in our image and quality of
our image for ex a image of 1090 *1181 resolution is good for storage
purpose and Image with high resolution is good for quality.
Resizing : Large digital image typically take up a lot of disk space, so it
make sense to keep your image to a size appropriate to your purpose.
Use of codes
Source coading is very important in multimedia application. Source
coading of audio, video, text, image is used in multimedia application.
There are 4 types of codes. Source code, error code, cryptographic code
and line code. There codes are used for data compression, error
correction, cryptographic, networking
Source code is used to compress and reduce the size of file in
multimedia
Error code is used for error correction it places an extra bit to
data during transmission.
Cryptographic code is used for security in multimedia during
transmission.
Line code is used in communication system for baseband
purpose.
Barcode
Bar codes are square or rectangular images having black
lines of series and parallel to each other having white space
between them and the lines are of various width.
It stores information in it in numeric or text form
It is also called as matrix code.
Barcodes are read by special scanners called Barcode reader.
As barcodes were first launched in super market system and
it becomes commercially successful.
There are two types of barcode:
1D barcode: These are the black lines which can store
data in form of text like : name of product, type ,
color , etc. They appear on the top of the universal
product.
2D barcode: These are used to store information more
than texts like: quality of product, image price, etc.
They can’t be read by linear barcode reader but they
can be read by the camera of your mobile.
QR code
It is a trademark for matrix of barcode. It was developed for an
automotive industry of japan
It has black squares in a square grid with white background. It
stands for Quick respond code.
It is an 2D Barcode and it stores much data as compare to 1D
barcode.
It can be read by an digital camera like camera, smart phone , etc.
It is used to store data in physical form and if it get damaged from
any place it could tell us about the product.
There are two types of QR code.
Static QR code : It is used to disseminate information for
public purpose. It is mostly used in advertisement material
like : television, magasene’s , newspaper , etc.
Dynamic code : It is also unique code. It can be changed
anytime by the owner. It tells more specific information
about scanner like : name of scanner, email address, no of
times scaned.
