Multimedia

Multimedia refers to the usage of multiple media of communication including

video, still images, audio, animation and text in such a way that they can be
accessed interactively

i) Audio
i.1) Audio codecs
Audio codecs are programs that compress data for transmission and
decompress that data on the receiving end, their speed is measured in
thousands of bits processed per second (bitrate or Kbps)
A lower bitrate means a smaller file but also means more data (sound) is
lost in compression

i.1.a) Sample Rate

This is the number of samples of the signal’s amplitude per second
i.1.b) Bit depth
This is the number of bits per sample the higher the number the fuller the
sound (louder).

Compressed
i.1.c) Lossy format

-They lose data in transmission

-They don’t decompress back to their original file types hence
end up smaller and some sound waves are lost.
i.1.c.i) Mp3 (Mpeg 1 audio layer iii)
-This is the most popular of the Lossy formats
- They work on most devices.
- Files can be as small as 1/10th the size of the Lossless file.
- can only be 16bits
i.1.c.ii) .AAC (Advanced Audio Coding)
Also known as Mpeg 4 AAC (Mpeg=Moving picture Expert Group)
-These take up very little space and are good for streaming especially over
mobile devices
-They require less than 1mb per minute of music and sound better than
Mp3s at the same bit rate.
- The AAC format is used by iTunes/apple music, YouTube and android.

i.1.c.iii) OGG Vorbis

-This is a free open source codecs that Spotify uses it is great for streaming
but also experiences data compression losses.
-It is considered more efficient than mp3 at the same bit rate.

i.1.b.) Lossless Formats

These files decompress back to their original size keeping their
quality intact.
Lossless bit rate depends on the volume and density {how many things
are packed in a video or image} of the music instead of the quality of the
audio.
i.1.b.1) FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec)
 -FLAC offers lossless compression and its free and open source.

i.1.b.2) ALAC (Apple’s Lossless Audio Codec)

-Allows for lossless data compression
-It only works on apple devices

2)Uncompressed
These files remain the same size from origin to destination

1.1).wav (wave form Audio File)

- It retains all the original data making it the ideal format foe sound
engineers

-It has a greater dynamic range and greater bit depth.

- it can be 24bits, 32 bits all the way up to 192 kilo Hertz and even
higher.

1.2) AIFF (Audio Interchanged file Format)

Originally created by apple files are like are like WAV files in that they
retain all of the original sound and take up more space than MP3 .They
can play on macs and Pcs, but they don’t hold time codes, so they’re
not useful for editing and mixing.
Time code is a function used in linking/arranging audios to make them
in sync using synchronization system

▎a. Differentiate between Multimedia and Hypermedia

1. Definition:

• Multimedia refers to the integration of multiple forms of media

such as text, audio, images, animation, and video into a single
presentation or application.

• Hypermedia is an extension of multimedia that incorporates

hyperlinks, allowing users to navigate between different pieces of
content (e.g., text, images, and videos) in a non-linear fashion.

2. Navigation:

• Multimedia content is typically linear and may follow a specific

sequence.

• Hypermedia allows for interactive navigation, enabling users to

choose their path through the information.

3. Interactivity:

• Multimedia can be interactive but does not necessarily include

navigational elements.
 • Hypermedia emphasizes user interactivity and engagement through
links and nodes.

▎b. Explain what you understand by multimedia and multimedia

systems

• Multimedia: This term refers to the use of various types of content

forms such as text, audio, images, animations, and video to convey
information or provide entertainment. It enhances user experience by
combining different media types to create engaging presentations.

• Multimedia Systems: These integrated systems manage and deliver

multimedia content. They consist of hardware and software
components designed to create, store, manipulate, and present
multimedia data. Multimedia systems enable users to interact with
content in various ways, such as playback, editing, and navigation.

▎c. What are the key distinctions between multimedia data and more
conventional types of media?
1. Integration: Multimedia data combines multiple media types (text,
audio, video), while conventional media usually focuses on a single type
(e.g., text in a book or audio in a music file).

2. Interactivity: Multimedia allows for interactive experiences where

users can engage with the content (e.g., clicking links), whereas
conventional media typically presents information in a linear format
without user interaction.

3. Complexity: Multimedia data often requires more complex storage

and processing due to the variety of formats and the need for
synchronization between different media types, while conventional
media is generally simpler in terms of data structure.

▎d. The components of a multimedia system

1. Input Devices: Tools for capturing data (e.g., microphones, cameras,

scanners).
2. Storage Devices: Media for storing multimedia data (e.g., hard drives,
SSDs).

3. Processing Units: Hardware for processing and rendering multimedia

content (e.g., CPUs, GPUs).

4. Output Devices: Tools for displaying or presenting multimedia (e.g.,

monitors, speakers, projectors).

▎e. Definition of the following terms: WWW, W3C, SGML, HTML,

HTTP,

1. WWW (World Wide Web): A system of interlinked hypertext

documents accessed via the Internet using web browsers.

2. W3C (World Wide Web Consortium): An international community

that develops open standards to ensure the long-term growth of the
Web.

3. SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language): A standard for

defining markup languages used for document formatting and
structuring.
4. HTML (HyperText Markup Language): The standard markup
language used to create web pages and web applications.

5. HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): An application protocol for

transmitting hypertext over the Internet.

6. XML (eXtensible Markup Language): A markup language that defines

rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable
and machine-readable.

f. Basic characteristics of multimedia system

1. Integration: Combines multiple media types into a cohesive

presentation.

2. Interactivity: Allows users to engage with content through navigation

and manipulation.

3. Dynamic Content: Supports real-time updates and changes in

response to user interactions.
4. Multisensory Experience: Engages multiple senses through sound,
visuals, and text.

▎a. Define the following terms:

1. Image Sampling: The process of converting a continuous image into a

discrete digital signal by measuring the intensity of light at regular
intervals.

2. Image Quantization: The process of mapping a range of values (such

as colors or brightness levels) into finite levels for digital
representation.

3. Digital Image: An image represented in a format that can be

processed by a computer, consisting of pixel values that convey color
and intensity.

1. Define the following terms or expressions:

 • a. Saturation: The intensity or purity of a color; high saturation
means vivid colors while low saturation results in muted or grayish
colors.

• b. Raster Image: A bitmap image made up of pixels arranged in a

grid; resolution is defined by the number of pixels in each dimension.

• c. Image Resolution: The detail an image holds; commonly

measured in pixels per inch (PPI) or dots per inch (DPI).

• d. Bit Depth: The number of bits used to represent the color of a

single pixel; higher bit depth allows for more colors and finer
gradations.

2. Give the full meaning of the following related to digital images:

• a. EPS: Encapsulated PostScript

• b. PPI: Pixels Per Inch

• c. PNG: Portable Network Graphics

• d. TIFF: Tagged Image File Format

• Vector Image: Composed of paths defined by mathematical

equations; scalable without loss of quality.

• Raster Image: Made up of pixels; resolution-dependent and loses

quality when scaled up.
4. Domains of application of image processing.

• Medical imaging (e.g., MRI scans)

• Remote sensing (e.g., satellite imagery)

• Computer vision (e.g., facial recognition)

5. What is the difference between primary and secondary colors?

• Primary Colors: Colors that cannot be created by mixing other

colors; typically red, blue, and yellow in pigment or red, green, and blue
in light.

• Secondary Colors: Colors created by mixing two primary colors

together; e.g., green (blue + yellow), orange (red + yellow).

6. There are two different ways of combining or mixing colors. Name

them

• Additive Color Mixing

• Subtractive Color Mixing

1. Design Software:
a) Adobe Photoshop: Adobe Photoshop is a software used for editing
and manipulating digital images. It is best used for tasks such as
photo editing, graphic design, and digital art creation.

b) Figma: Figma is a cloud-based design tool that is used for interface

design, prototyping, and collaboration.

c) Adobe Illustrator: Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editor used

for creating illustrations, logos, and graphics.
d) Adobe InDesign: Adobe InDesign is a desktop publishing software
used for creating print and digital media.
e) CorelDraw: CorelDraw is a vector graphics editor used for designing
and creating vector graphics.

2. Differentiation
a) RGB and CMYK color modes: RGB is used for digital displays and
contains red, green, and blue channels, while CMYK is used for print
and contains cyan, magenta, yellow, and black channels.
b) Saturation and Contrast: Saturation refers to the intensity of
colors, while contrast refers to the difference between the light and
dark areas in an image.
3. Image Resolution and Image Size: Image resolution refers to the
quality and detail of an image, while image size refers to the
dimensions of the image in terms of width and height.

4. Adobe Photoshop or Adobe Illustrator Tools:

a) Eyedropper tool: It is used to sample colors from an image.
b) Pathfinder tool: It is used for creating complex shapes by
combining or cutting out parts of other shapes.
c) Clone Stamp tool: It is used to duplicate parts of an image.
d) Shape Builder tool: It is used to combine shapes.
e) Curvature tool: It is used to create and edit curved paths.

SECTION 2: AUDIO

1. Audio Definition: Audio refers to sound within the acoustic range

available to humans. It can be music, speech, or any other sound.

2. Basic Types of Audio:

- Analog Audio: Analog audio is a continuous representation of sound,
such as in a vinyl record.
 - Digital Audio: Digital audio is a representation of sound in a digital
format, such as in a CD or MP3 file.

3. Classes of Sound
- Audible Sound: Sound that can be heard by the human ear.
- Ultrasonic Sound: Sound that is above the range of human hearing.

4. Characteristics of Sound Waves

- Amplitude: The magnitude of the disturbance in a sound wave.
-Frequency: .The. number. .of.. Oscillations (movement back and
forth in a regular rhythm) per unit of time in a sound wave.

5. Device for Converting Sound to Electric Signals:

Microphone

6. Audio File Format: An audio file format is a file format for storing
digital audio data on a computer system.

7. Audio File Formats

- MP3: Used for compressing audio data.
- WAV: Used for storing high-quality audio.
- FLAC: Used for lossless compression of audio.
8. Principles of Digitization of Sound:
- Sampling: The process of capturing and converting analog sound into
digital format.
- Quantization: The process of converting the sampled sound into
binary code.

1. Differences between a video and an image:

• Definition: An image is a still representation, while a video is a

sequence of images displayed in rapid succession to create the illusion
of motion.

• Duration: Images are static and exist in a single moment in time,

whereas videos have a duration and can convey movement over time.

• Content: Videos can include audio, motion, and multiple frames,

while images typically consist of visual content only.

• File Size: Videos generally have larger file sizes due to the amount of
data required for multiple frames and audio tracks, whereas images
usually have smaller file sizes.
 • Interactivity: Videos can be interactive (e.g., clickable elements in
video ads), while images are typically not interactive.

2. Codec: A codec (short for coder-decoder or compressor-

decompressor) is a software or hardware tool used to encode or
decode digital data streams or signals. In the context of video, a codec
compresses video files for storage or transmission and decompresses
them for playback. Popular codecs include H.264, H.265, and VP9.

3. 5 Video Formats and Their Full Meanings:

• MP4: MPEG-4 Part 14 – A popular multimedia format that supports

video, audio, subtitles, and images.

• AVI: Audio Video Interleave – A format developed by Microsoft that

allows synchronous audio and video playback.

• MOV: QuickTime Movie – A multimedia format developed by Apple,

commonly used for video files on macOS and iOS.
 • WMV: Windows Media Video – A format developed by Microsoft for
streaming and downloading video content.

• MKV: Matroska Video – An open-source container format that can

hold an unlimited number of video, audio, subtitle tracks, and
metadata.

4. Role of Videos in Our World Today:

• Communication: Videos enhance communication by providing visual

context and emotional engagement.

• Education: They serve as powerful educational tools, enabling

remote learning and engaging content delivery.

• Entertainment: Videos are a primary form of entertainment,

encompassing movies, TV shows, YouTube content, and more.

• Marketing: Businesses use videos for advertising and brand

promotion, as they can effectively capture audience attention.
 • Social Media: Videos are widely shared on social platforms, helping
users connect and share experiences globally.

5. 3 Software for Video Editing:

• Adobe Premiere Pro: A professional-grade video editing software

widely used in the film and television industry.

• Final Cut Pro: A video editing software designed for macOS users,
known for its powerful features and intuitive interface.

• DaVinci Resolve: A comprehensive video editing software that

combines editing, color correction, visual effects, and audio post-
production.

6. What is a Video?: A video is a digital or analog recording that

captures moving images and sound over time. It consists of a series of
frames displayed in rapid succession to create the illusion of motion.
Videos can be used for various purposes, including storytelling,
education, entertainment, documentation, and marketing.
7. Meaning of FPS: FPS stands for "Frames per Second." It is a measure
of how many individual frames (images) are displayed in one second of
video playback. Common frame rates include 24 fps (cinematic), 30 fps
(television), and 60 fps (high-definition video), with higher frame rates
providing smoother motion.

8. One Transmission Mode: One common transmission mode is

broadcasting, which refers to the distribution of audio or video content
to a dispersed audience via electronic mass communication mediums
such as television or radio.
SECTION 4: STREAMING

1. Streaming Definition: Streaming refers to the continuous

transmission and playback of multimedia content over a network,
allowing users to access and consume content in real-time without the
need for downloading the entire file.

2. Difference Between VOD and Live Streaming:

- VOD (Video on Demand) allows users to access content at any time,
while live streaming provides real-time content as it happens.

3. Software for Online Video Streaming:

 - Examples of software for online video streaming include YouTube
Live, Twitch, Facebook Live, Vimeo, and Dacast.

4. Top Streaming Platforms Today:

- Some of the top streaming platforms today include Netflix, Amazon
Prime Video, Hulu, Disney+, and HBO Max.

5. Difference between Audio Streaming and Video Streaming:

- Audio streaming transmits only audio content, while video
streaming transmits both audio and video content.

6. Protocol Definition and Examples:

- A protocol is a set of rules governing the exchange of data. Examples
of protocols used in video streaming include RTMP (Real-Time
Messaging Protocol), HLS (HTTP Live Streaming), and MPEG-DASH
(Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP).

7. Transcoder Definition: A transcoder is a device or software that

converts multimedia content from one encoding format to another.