INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

INDIA
Q. What was the Indus Basin Treaty? 4)

On 1 April 1948, India stopped water from the Ferozpur headwork to

Pakistan affecting 1.65 million acres of agricultural land in the Indus plains.
Pakistan took the issue to the international court of justice and an
agreement was reached in September 1960 through the mediation of the
World Bank and the Indus water treaty resolved the problem. According to
the treaty, Pakistan had to build 2 large dams, five barrages, and link
canals with the help of donor countries to inundate the affected region in
the Indus plains.

Q2. Why did relations between India and Pakistan bad from 1947 to
1950? 7)

The canal water dispute began when India stopped the flow of water from
three eastern tributaries of the Indus River—Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas—since
their headworks were in Indian Punjab. This caused significant damage to
Pakistan’s agriculture, as the Indus plains are vital to the country's
economy.

The 1948 Kashmir war started when Indian forces entered Kashmir, taking
control of most of the region. Pakistan believed Kashmir belonged to it, and
along with local Kashmiris, it fought back. This conflict made Kashmir a
major point of tension between India and Pakistan.

Regarding refugees, Pakistan faced a large influx of people coming from

India, which India was seen as encouraging. This created a huge strain on
Pakistan’s already weak economy, making it difficult to provide the
refugees with jobs, food, and healthcare.

How successful were Pakistan's relations with India from 1947 to

1999? Explain your answer. 14)

Successes:

1960, Indus Basin Treaty:

In 1960, Pakistan and India signed the Indus Basin Treaty with help from
the World Bank. Under the treaty, India was given control over three rivers:
Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas. In return, Pakistan received assistance to build
dams, barrages, and canals. This agreement helped improve relations
between the two countries and reduced the chances of conflict over water
issues.

1972, Simla Agreement:

In 1972, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto met with India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in
Simla. The two countries had recently fought over East Pakistan, but the
Simla Agreement aimed to prevent future conflicts and promote peaceful
talks on bilateral issues, improving relations between India and Pakistan.

Failures:

1948, 1965 Wars on Kashmir:

Kashmir has been a core issue between India and Pakistan since their
independence. Pakistan considers Kashmir crucial to its identity, but India
and Pakistan fought wars over the region in 1948, 1965, and 1999. These
wars worsened relations, leading both countries into an arms race and
increasing tensions over Kashmir.

1971, India’s Intervention in East Pakistan:

During the 1971 civil war in East Pakistan, India intervened to support the
independence of Bangladesh. Pakistan saw this as interference in its
internal matters, causing a major decline in relations between India and
Pakistan.

Death of Indira Gandhi:

In 1984, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh
bodyguards. India blamed Pakistan for allegedly supporting the attackers
due to the Khalistan movement in Punjab. As a result, India mobilized its
military towards the border, increasing tensions and the threat of war.

Kargil Conflict:
In 1999, a war broke out between India and Pakistan over the Kargil
Heights in Kashmir. India and the international community accused
Pakistan of aggression, leading to calls for Pakistan’s forces to withdraw.
This event damaged relations between the two countries, especially after
the Lahore Declaration, where both sides had agreed to pursue peaceful
negotiations just months before.

Opinion:
In my view, relations between India and Pakistan have always been tense
because both countries struggle to resolve their main issues. Political
leaders in both countries often use these issues for political gain, which has
prevented meaningful peace efforts and kept relations hostile.
USA
Q1.Describe Anti-communist Pacts? 4)

Q2. Why did Pakistan join the USA as an Ally after independence? 7)

 US was a capitalist country

 India relations with USSR
 Pakistan leaders had good relations with capitalist world

How successful were Pakistan's relations with the USA from 1947 to
1999? Explain your answer. 14)

SUCCESS:

ANTI-COMMUNIST PACTS-1955

In 1955, Pakistan joined several anti-communist pacts, including the Mutual

Defense Assistance Agreement (MDAA) in 1954, the Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization (SEATO), and the Central Treaty Organization
(CENTO) in 1955. Pakistan became part of these pacts mainly to seek
support for the Kashmir issue, strengthen its military, and receive economic
aid. As a result, Pakistan was considered a close ally of the United States,
gaining military, economic, and political support from the U.S. and other
Western countries. This geostrategic partnership with the United States
continued over time.

AFGHAN MIRACLE-1979

In 1979, the Soviet Union sent 80,000 tanks into Afghanistan to support a
pro-Soviet government. In response, the United States, through Pakistan,
intervened to help fight against the USSR. Pakistan played a key role as a
proxy for the U.S. in this conflict. The Soviet Union got stuck in a long and
costly war, leading to huge economic losses. Eventually, the USSR was
forced to sign a peace treaty in 1986, and this conflict contributed to the
disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991. As a result, Pakistan’s relations
with the U.S. improved quickly, and Pakistan received economic aid.
Additionally, the U.S. helped train and develop Pakistan's military.

FAILURES:

INDO-CHINA WAR-1962

The Indo-China War of 1962 was fought over a boundary in the northern
region, particularly in Kashmir and Ladakh. During the war, India was
defeated by China. The United States provided unconditional military
support to India but did not consult Pakistan, which caused tension
between the two countries. As a result, Pakistan began to turn towards
China and the USSR for support, leading to growing mistrust between
Pakistan and the U.S. This shift in alliances marked a change in Pakistan's
foreign policy.

1965-71 WARS

The wars of 1965 and 1971 had a major impact on Pakistan. The 1965 war
was fought over Kashmir, and the 1971 war was a civil conflict within
Pakistan. During both wars, the United States imposed a weapons
embargo on both Pakistan and India, which left Pakistan struggling since it
had relied on U.S. support. Neither SEATO nor CENTO helped during
these times. As a result, Pakistan's relations with the U.S. became strained,
and in response, Pakistan decided to leave SEATO.

ZAB POLICIES

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s policies caused tension between Pakistan and the
United States. He dropped Pakistan's membership in SEATO and visited
the USSR, where he signed agreements, including one to build a steel mill
in Pakistan. Bhutto also implemented nationalization policies, taking control
of key industries, and started Pakistan's nuclear program. These actions
were seen by the U.S. as a potential threat, which led to strained relations
between the two countries.
NUCLEAR TESTS

In 1999, Pakistan conducted six nuclear tests in Chagai, Balochistan, in

response to India’s own nuclear tests. Following this, the United States
imposed sanctions on Pakistan, which negatively impacted its economy.
Inflation rose, and unemployment increased as a result. The U.S. also
became concerned about Pakistan potentially using its nuclear technology
in the black market, which further strained relations between the two
countries.

AFGHANISTAN

How successful were relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan

from 1947 to 1999? Explain your answer. 14)
Failures:
ISSUE OF PAKHTOONISTAN
The Pakhtoonistan issue arose in 1947 when Afghanistan claimed that the
NWFP (North-West Frontier Province) of Pakistan should be part of
Afghanistan. Initially, local leaders in the region supported the idea of
Pakhtoonistan, a separate state for Pashtuns. However, in 1947, the region
decided to stay part of Pakistan, especially after the country granted
autonomy to its provinces. This disagreement led to strained relations
between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
VOTED AGAINST PAK IN UN:

On 30th September 1947, Pakistan was voted as an independent country

in the United Nations. All Muslim countries supported Pakistan’s
membership, except Afghanistan, which voted against it. This happened
because of the ongoing dispute over Pakhtoonistan, with Afghanistan
claiming the NWFP region of Pakistan. This disagreement further worsened
relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
KARACHI TALKS &TRADE & TRANSIT AGREEMENT WITH USSR:
In 1947, talks were held in Karachi between Pakistan and Afghanistan,
during which Afghanistan demanded the right to Pakhtoonistan and access
to the sea. Pakistan rejected these demands. Later, Afghanistan sought a
sea route from the USSR, ignoring Pakistan's role, and rejected Pakistan's
offer of access to the sea. These events contributed to the hostility between
Afghanistan and Pakistan.
PAK EMBASSY ATTACKED IN KABUL:

In March 1955, Pakistan's embassy in Kabul was attacked, which led

Pakistan to close its border and cut off diplomatic relations with
Afghanistan. In 1956, President Iskander Mirza visited Afghanistan in an
attempt to improve relations, but Afghanistan's reluctance to cooperate
prevented any meaningful progress in repairing the relationship between
the two countries.
REFUSED TO JOIN RCD & NO SUPPORT IN 65 WAR:

Afghanistan was offered the chance to join the RCD (Regional Cooperation
for Development), an economic group formed by Iran, Turkey, and
Pakistan, but it refused because of Pakistan's membership. During the
1965 war between Pakistan and India, the Afghan government did not offer
official support to Pakistan, even though the public in Afghanistan
sympathized with Pakistan.
Success:

ZAB’S ISLAMIC FOREIGN POLICY (1971-78)

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's Islamic foreign policy (1971-78) focused on improving
relations with Afghanistan. He visited Kabul, and in 1973, Afghan leader
Sardar Daud visited Pakistan, with the help of the Shah of Iran. During this
time, Afghanistan was given access to India for trade. In 1976, Pakistan
provided aid to Afghanistan following an earthquake, and visits between the
two leaders continued that year. Additionally, General Zia ul Haq also
visited Afghanistan, further strengthening ties between the two countries.
AFGHAN MIRACLE:
In 1979, the Soviet Union's army entered Afghanistan to install a pro-Soviet
ruler, and they appointed Babrak Karmal. The Soviet forces remained in
Afghanistan to maintain peace, but soon a war broke out between the
Soviet forces and the Mujahideen fighters. Pakistan played a key role in
supporting the Mujahideen, helping to trap the Soviet forces and prolong
the war. This long conflict led to a major economic crisis for the Soviet
Union.

ACCOMODATION OF REFUGESS:
Pakistan faced a large influx of refugees, with around 3 million people
entering the country. These refugees lived in Pakistan for 30 to 40 years,
placing a huge burden on the country's economy. Despite the challenges,
Pakistan's role in accommodating these refugees was recognized and
appreciated internationally.

CIVIL WAR IN AFGHANISTAN & ISLAMABAD ACCORD:

During the civil war in Afghanistan, Afghan warlords fought against the
communist regime, and the Mujahideen battled to overthrow it. At this time,
Pakistan did not receive support from the West, but still faced a continued
influx of refugees. In an attempt to end the fighting, Nawaz Sharif brought
together six separatist factions to sign the Islamabad Accord. However, the
accord had little impact because there was no strong government in place
in Afghanistan. The lawlessness from the war spread to Pakistan,
especially in the tribal areas, where the easy availability of guns led to an
increase in crime.

CHINA
Q. How successful were Pakistan's relations with China from 1949 to
1999? 14)
Failures:
TREATY WITH INDIA
One of the significant diplomatic setbacks was India's early recognition of
China and its role in bringing China to the United Nations. Additionally,
India signed a Treaty of Peace and Perpetual Friendship with China,
strengthening ties between the two nations. These moves were seen as
diplomatic failures for Pakistan, as they left Pakistan isolated in its regional
diplomacy.
Pakistan was member of Anti Communist block

Pakistan was a member of the anti-communist bloc and participated in

various anti-communist pacts, which led to strained relations with China.
Although Pakistan did maintain trade relations with China, its overall ties
with the country were not cordial. In the United Nations, Pakistan voted in
favor of China, yet it remained under the influence of the United States,
which recognized the nationalist government in Taiwan. This complex
relationship reflected Pakistan's not in good relations with China.
Success:
INDO CHINA WAR-1962

The War of 1962, fought between India and China over their northern
boundary, presented an opportunity for Pakistan to improve its diplomatic
relations with China. Despite the United States supporting India against
China, Pakistan managed to settle its own border issue with China
amicably. As a result, China extended a $60 million interest-free loan to
Pakistan and pledged to support the country in any future war with India.
Additionally, Pakistan supported China's entry into the United Nations, and
Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) began flights to China, marking a new
chapter in bilateral relations.
1965 WAR

During the 1965 war between India and Pakistan, China provided military
aid to Pakistan and applied diplomatic pressure on India to ease the
conflict. However, when the 1971 war broke out, China was unable to offer
the same support due to the Soviet Union's involvement, which shifted the
balance of international alliances and limited China's capacity to intervene
on Pakistan's behalf.

Richard Nixon visit to china-1972

In 1972, U.S. President Richard Nixon visited China for a six-day trip, with
Pakistan playing a key role in facilitating the visit. This diplomatic
breakthrough led to a significant improvement in relations between the
United States and China, while also undermining the influence of the Soviet
Union. Pakistan was seen as a key country in improving relations between
the U.S. and China.

ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO VISIT TO CHINA & KARAKURAM HIGHWAY-

1978

During Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's visit to China, Pakistan's previous loans from
China were converted into grants. The two countries also agreed on the
supply of military aircraft and tanks. In 1978, the Karakoram Highway,
which had been under construction since 1966, was completed as the first
major road built between the two countries. Largely financed by China, the
project was led by Chinese engineers, and tragically, one construction
worker lost their life for every kilometer of road built. The highway replaced
the old Silk Route and became a vital link between Pakistan and China.

ZIA VISIT TO CHINA

Zia ul-Haq chose China as the destination for his first state visit. During this
visit, he signed a nuclear cooperation treaty between the two countries. As
a result, Pakistan and China enjoyed excellent relations, strengthening their
diplomatic and strategic ties.

USSR
Q. How successful were Pakistan's relations with USSR from 1947 to
1999? 14)
Success
INDO CHINA WAR-1962
During the Indo-China War of 1962, the United States supported India,
which led Pakistan to turn towards China and the USSR in response. The
Soviet Union extended financial assistance to Pakistan by providing a loan
of £11 million and offered support for oil exploration. In 1964, Pakistani
President Ayub Khan visited the USSR, resulting in the establishment of an
oil refinery in Pakistan. The Soviet Union also provided military support to
Pakistan, marking the beginning of a period of strong bilateral relations
between the two countries.
TASHKANT TALKS-1966
In 1966, the Soviet Union invited both India and Pakistan to Tashkent to
engage in talks aimed at resolving their disputes. The result was the
signing of the Tashkent Declaration, which marked a significant effort by
the USSR to mediate peace between the two nations. This initiative not
only increased Soviet influence in South Asia but was also seen by
Pakistan as a positive gesture of goodwill from the USSR. The Soviet
Union played a crucial role in promoting peace in the region through these
talks.
ZAB VISITED USSR-1972
In 1972, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto visited Moscow, where an agreement was
reached to establish a steel mill in Pakistan. Additionally, the USSR began
supplying Pakistan with military aircraft and tanks, marking a positive step
towards stronger relations between the two countries. This development
introduced a new dimension to Pakistan's foreign policy, as it deepened its
ties with the Soviet Union.
Failures:
LIAQAT ALI KHAN VISITED USA-1950
Between 1947 and 1950, the United States showed little interest in
establishing ties with Pakistan. In 1950, the USSR extended an invitation to
Pakistan, but the United States quickly followed with its own invitation.
Pakistan chose to visit the United States, which resulted in a diplomatic
snub to the Soviet Union. This decision led to a deterioration in Pakistan's
relations with the USSR, which subsequently supported India on the
Kashmir issue.
USSR OFFICIALLY SUPPORTED INDIA OVER KASHMIR-1955
In 1955, Soviet leaders visited India and made a significant visit to Kashmir,
where they officially declared their support for Kashmir's integration into
India. Additionally, the USSR backed Afghanistan on the Pakhtoonistan
issue, aligning itself against Pakistan. This stance was largely in reaction to
Pakistan's decision to join anti-communist military pacts, which strained its
relations with the Soviet Union.
U2 INCIDENT

The U-2 incident occurred when a U.S. spy plane, flown from a military
airbase in Budhber, near Peshawar, Pakistan, was captured by the Soviet
Union while flying over its territory. Although Pakistan had provided military
airbases to the U.S., it denied any involvement in this mission. However,
the USSR did not accept Pakistan's denial and accused it of involvement in
the act. This incident led to a significant deterioration in relations between
Pakistan and the Soviet Union.
1971- PAKISTAN CIVIL WAR.
During the 1971 Pakistan Civil War, the USSR signed a Treaty of Peace,
Friendship, and Cooperation with India, solidifying their alliance. The Soviet
Union encouraged India to intervene in the conflict, which eventually led to
the division of Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh. Additionally, the
USSR warned China against aiding Pakistan, threatening retaliation if it did.
This left Pakistan at a significant disadvantage, as it received no support
from either the United States or China during the conflict.
AFGHAN MIRACLE

In 1979, after the establishment of a communist regime in Afghanistan, the

USSR launched an invasion to support the government. Pakistan, with the
backing of the United States, became involved in the conflict against the
Soviet forces. The USSR became entangled in a prolonged and costly war,
eventually suffering defeat. This conflict contributed to significant economic
losses for the Soviet Union and played a role in its collapse in 1991. During
this period, relations between Pakistan and the USSR were strained,
marking an era of hostility between the two nations.

BANGLADESH
Q. How successful were Pakistan's relations with Bangladesh from
1947 to 1999? 14)
Failures

EVENTS OF 1971 WAR

The events of the 1971 war led to strained relations between Pakistan and
India. Pakistan strongly disliked the role played by the Mukti Bahini, the
Bengali liberation forces, and took India's involvement in the conflict more
seriously. After the war, Pakistan still did not recognize Bangladesh as an
independent country, which further worsened relations between the two
nations.

ISSUE OF ASSETS DIVISION AND REFUGEES

After the 1971 war, Bangladesh claimed half of the assets that were shared
between Pakistan and Bangladesh. Bangladesh also pressed Pakistan to
take back non-Bengali Muslims, including 500,000 Bihari Muslims who had
stayed behind during the war. At the same time, Pakistan refused to accept
the 300,000 Bengali refugees who wanted to move to Pakistan. This issue
further complicated relations between the two countries.

ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto rejected Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's demands for more
than half of the assets following the 1971 war. Bhutto also refused to
accept Mujib's request to send all non-Bengalis back to Pakistan. As a
result, there was no agreement on these key issues, which contributed to
ongoing tensions between the two countries.
Success

SHEIKH MUJEEB VISITED PAKISTAN

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman visited Pakistan to attend the OIC summit, where
he was given royal protocol. During this visit, Pakistan officially recognized
Bangladesh as an independent country. Mujib emphasized the importance
of moving past old grievances and focusing on building better relations
between the two nations.

RELATIONS AFTER 1975 & HELP IN CYCLONES:

After 1975, Pakistan and Bangladesh exchanged ambassadors and began
cooperating in areas like trade, tourism, and media. Their trade reached a
value of $40 million, with key goods including cotton, rice, jute, and tea.
During the cyclones in 1985 and 1986, Pakistan offered prompt assistance,
demonstrating its commitment to maintaining good relations with
Bangladesh.

BRITAIN
Q. How successful were Pakistan's relations with Britain and the
commonwealth from 1947 to 1999? 14)

FAILURES WITH BRITAIN:

Pakistan was critical of the British government for appointing Lord
Mountbatten as the Governor-General of India after partition. It also
criticized Britain for its partition plan, which led to the division of India and
Pakistan. Additionally, Pakistan disagreed with Britain’s stance on the Suez
Canal crisis in 1956, further straining relations.

SUCCESS WITH BRITIAIN:

After Pakistan gained independence, Britain provided support in key areas,

including the military and civil services. Both countries were members of
CENTO and SEATO, which helped strengthen their collaboration. During
the 1965 war between India and Pakistan, Britain played a significant role
in ending the conflict by calling a Commonwealth meeting to bring about a
ceasefire.

Relations in 1980s

During the Afghan crisis, Britain showed strong support for Pakistan, with
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher visiting the country. In contrast to its
neutral stance during the Bangladesh crisis, Britain provided significant aid
to Afghan refugees, offering £30 million, along with an additional £16
million for refugees in Baluchistan and NWFP. By 1986, trade between the
two countries had grown significantly, reaching an estimated value of £376
million.

ROLE IN COMMONWEALTH
SUCCESS WITH CW:
GOT ECONOMIC SUPPORT FROM CW
Pakistan received significant economic support from the Commonwealth
through various initiatives. Under the Colombo Plan in 1950, £1 million was
provided for the Sui Gas project in Pakistan. Additionally, Canada
contributed $40 million to help develop Pakistan's railway infrastructure.
These contributions through the Commonwealth platform played a key role
in improving Pakistan's infrastructure and supporting its economic
development.

GOT POLITICAL SUPPORT FROM CW

Pakistan received political support from the Commonwealth in several key
instances. After the 1965 war, a ceasefire was agreed upon during a
Commonwealth meeting. In 1989, Pakistan returned to the Commonwealth
after the end of martial law. Additionally, Pakistan used the Commonwealth
platform to pressure India on the Kashmir issue, urging for a viable solution
to the longstanding conflict.
FAILURES WITH CW
Pakistan faced some setbacks with the Commonwealth. Its membership
was suspended during military regimes, largely due to pressure from India.
Additionally, the Commonwealth did not always provide the level of support
Pakistan hoped for on the Kashmir issue, which was a disappointment for
the country.

IRAN
Q. How successful were Pakistan's relations with Iran from 1947 to
1999? 14)

Success
CENTO/ BAGHDAD PACT
In 1955, the Baghdad Pact was established by Turkey and Iraq, and later
Pakistan and Iran joined, with the UK also becoming a member. The pact
was renamed CENTO (Central Treaty Organization). Although the pact
didn't create a structure for raising permanent forces for mutual defense, it
helped bring Pakistan and Iran together as neighbors and allies of the USA.
As both countries were Muslim, it was natural for them to develop good
relations, which further strengthened their ties.
RCD
On July 21, 1964, Pakistan, Iran, and Turkey formed the Regional
Cooperation for Development (RCD) with Pakistan's efforts. The initiative
aimed to strengthen trade links and establish industrial projects, such as
mills and factories. Later, in 1985, Zia-ul-Haq transformed RCD into the
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO). The partnership fostered
economic ties between the neighboring countries, with new railway and
road links connecting them. This helped bring the two Muslim countries
closer together.
1965 War
During the 1965 war, Iran asked other countries to help Pakistan, but that
support didn't materialize. However, Iran did assist Pakistan by fueling its
fighter jets during the conflict, showing its support for Pakistan in the war.
Balochistan Crisis
In 1973, during Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's era, law and order in Balochistan
became a major issue. Guns were exposed at the Iraqi embassy in
Islamabad, which led the government to launch a military operation in the
region. Iran stepped in to help control the situation by providing 50 Cobra
helicopters and $200 million in aid to support the Pakistani government’s
efforts.
Failures:
Islamic revolution in Iran

In 1979, the Shah of Iran was overthrown, and Pakistan was the first
country to recognize the new regime. However, there were reasons for
mistrust between the two countries. Pakistan had been a close ally of the
Shah, so the new government in Iran viewed Pakistan with suspicion.
Additionally, while Pakistan supported the USA during the Afghan conflict,
Iran’s new government was strongly anti-USA, which further strained
relations.

Policy Over Afghanistan

From 1996 onwards, Pakistan supported the Taliban government in

Afghanistan, which was a Sunni Pashto-speaking faction. On the other
hand, Iran supported the Northern Alliance, which was a Shia faction in
Afghanistan. This difference in policies regarding Afghanistan led to
strained relations between the two countries.

PAKISTAN AND UNO

REASONS FOR JOINING UNO

 To be recognized by the world

 To get financial help form the monitory organizations
 To influence world comity on the Kashmir issue
 To talk for the issues related to Muslims (Palestine issue)

UN ROLE RELATED TO PAKISTAN

 1949 did ceasefire on Kashmir( Karachi agreement) (ceasefire line

(LOC))
 1948-Resolution 39 3 member commission
 1960- Indus Basin Treaty
 1965-ceasefire to end war
 1972-china used veto power on recognition of Bangladesh
 IMF and World Bank providing economic aid to Pakistan
 UNHCR supporting refugees in Pakistan
 UN peace keeping missions Bosnia, sierra Leon, Somalia, Congo etc
 1980s tabled resolutions against USSR in UN for Afghanistan
 UNESCO, UNECEF, ILO, Climate change UNEP etc

FAILURE OF UNO

 Failed to conduct plebiscite on Kashmir

 Monetary organizations put pressure on the economy of Pakistan
 1971- Pakistan was unhappy with the role of UNO the way it handled
issue of civil war in east Pakistan

(a) Why did Pakistan support the Palestinian cause between 1947 and
1999? [7]

(a)How successful was Pakistan in establishing a new constitution

between 1947 and 1973? Explain your answer. [14]

(a)What is the Karakoram Highway? [4]

Why was Benazir Bhutto dismissed from office a second time in 1996? [7]

(a)How successful have India and Pakistan been in finding a solution to

the Kashmir issue between 1947 and 1999? Explain your answer. [14]

(a)Why were there so many governments between 1951 and 1958? [7]

(a) Why did Pakistan distrust India so much between 1971 and 1988? [7]

(a)Why was Martial Law declared by Ayub Khan in 1958? [7]

(a)Why was it so difficult to agree on a new Constitution in 1950? [7]

(a)Why did General Musharraf come to power in 1999? [7]

(b)Was the collapse of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International

(BCCI) the main reason for the government ending in 1993? Explain your
answer. [14]

(b)Explain why there was a constitutional crisis in 1958. [7]

(b) Why did being a nuclear power create difficulties for Pakistan in the
1980s and 1990s? [7]

(a)Why did many Pakistanis migrate between 1947 and 1999? [7]

(a)Why was India successful in the 1965 and 1971 wars against Pakistan?
[7]