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Lab 2024 SAT-SUN C2| Homework Lesson 6

Name: _________ Date: December 8, 2024
READING
Water On Tap
A Early people had no need for engineering works to supply their water. Hunters and nomads camped
near natural sources and populations were so sparse that pollution of the water supply did not pose a
serious problem. But as civilised life developed and small settlements grew into cities, water
management became a major concern, not only to supply the urban centres but also to irrigate the
farms surrounding them. The solution was to find a way to raise water up from the rivers.
B Around 5000 BC, primitive attempts were made by the Egyptians. They used the Perian Wheel, a
water-wheel that dipped containers into a river, lifting up water as it revolved. Another method was a
simple lever-and-bucket system called the shadoof. The invention of the lever, as well as a screw, to lift
water is often attributed to Archimedes (287–213 BC) but both devices were without doubt in use
thousands of years before his time. A more accurate explanation is that Archimedes was the first to try
to describe in mathematical terms the way these devices worked.
C By 2000 BC, the rulers of Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Egypt had constructed systems of dams and
canals to control the flood waters of the Tigris, Euphrates and the Nile. Such canals not only irrigated
crops but also supplied water for domestic purposes, the water being stored in large pottery jars,
hand-carried from the river by household slaves. The remains of the earliest aqueduct on record have
been pinpointed to the works of the Assyrian king and master builder Sennacherib (705–681 BC), who
developed a 10-mile canal in three stages, including 18 fresh-water courses from the mountains.
D But we can thank the Romans for being the first to consider seriously the sanitation of their water
supply. Faced with the problem of directing enough water towards Rome – water from the Tiber, a
muddy, smelly river, was out of the question – they set about constructing the most extensive system
of aqueducts in the ancient world. These brought the pure waters of the Apennine Mountains into the
city, with settling basins and filters along the way, to ensure the water’s clarity and cleanliness. The first,
built around 312 BC during Appius Claudius Caecus’s administration, was Aqua Appia, an underground
aqueduct about 10 miles in length.
E The arch revolutionised water supply. By using it, Roman architects could raise aqueducts to the
height needed to span valleys. The Aqua Marcian in Rome – around 56 miles long with a 10-mile
bridged section – was built by the praetor Marcius in 144 BC, and was the first to carry water above
ground. Eventually, Rome was served by eleven linked aqueducts. These kept the city’s taps and
fountains running – providing an astonishing 38 million gallons of water each day. Parts of several of
these are still in use, although the construction of such massive water-supply systems declined with
the fall of the Roman Empire. For several centuries afterwards, springs and wells provided the main
source of domestic and industrial water.
F The introduction of the force pump in England in the middle of the 16th century greatly extended the
possibilities of development of water-supply systems. This pump was by no means a new invention. It
was in fact the brainchild of Ctesibius of Alexandria and it dates to the 3rd century BC. Like all great
engineers, Ctesibius took his inspiration from his surroundings. While working on a way to raise and
lower a mirror in his father’s barbershop by counterbalancing it with a lead weight, he stumbled on a
method of automatically closing the shop’s door without it slamming. He ran a weighted line from the
door over a pulley and into a pipe, which slowed the speed at which the weight dropped. As the door
hissed away, opening and closing, he realised the weight was displacing air and acting as a piston. This
realisation led Ctesibius to investigate methods of moving fluids along a pipe using a piston, and to the
founding principle of hydraulics. Ctesibius’s force pump was not capable of pumping high volumes of
water but it played a vital part in ancient Greek culture. Among other uses, force pumps drained the
bilges of the trading ships of the time. They were used to extinguish fires and they brought to life the
fountains that graced Alexandria.
G In London, the first pumping waterworks were completed in 1562. This pumped river water to a
reservoir suspended 120ft above the Thames. It was then distributed by gravity via lead pipes to
surrounding buildings. In more recent times, many aqueducts have been built worldwide. Among
them are the aqueducts supplying water to Glasgow (35 miles long), Marseilles (60 miles), Manchester
(96 miles), Liverpool (68 miles) and Vienna (144 miles). California now has the most extensive aqueduct
system in the world. Water drawn from the Colorado River’s Parker Dam is carried 242 miles over the
San Bernardino Mountains, supplying more than a billion gallons a day. In addition, the 338-mile Los
Angeles aqueduct draws water from the Owens River in the Sierra Nevada, giving a daily supply of
around 4 billion gallons.
Questions 1-6
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

EGYPTIANS (5000 BC) MESOPOTAMIA, ROMANS ENGLAND

BABYLONIA & EGYPT
(2000 BC)

Perian Wheel (a type Systems of dams and Dealt with water supply Use of force pump
of water-wheel) canals 4 ________

1 ________ (a lever and water for 2 ________ system of aqueducts water pumped to
bucket system) and ________ reservoir and carried to
buildings through 6
________

3 ________ used for invention of 5 _________

keeping water in led to aqueducts above
ground
Question 7 - 10
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs labelled A–G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
7. an invention that could only supply limited amounts of water
8. a reference to a widespread but false belief
9. reasons why water-supply systems needed to be developed
10. the name of the person responsible for creating the first known aqueduct
Questions 11–13
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
11. What was Ctesibius trying to move?
12. What did Ctesibius succeed in causing to move?
13. What area of science did Ctesibius help to establish?

LISTENING
Questions 1-2
Which TWO areas have previous studies on art and music in hospitals focused on?
Choose TWO letters A–E.
A. children
B. the elderly
C. attitude of staff
D. patients with serious injuries
E. patients with psychological problems
Questions 3–4
Which TWO things do the speakers say about the staff’s attitude towards the design of the new
Hightown Hospital?
Choose TWO letters A–E.
A. They felt it was too modern.
B. They were too busy to notice it.
C. They were not keen on it at first.
D. They thought it would have no effect on patients.
E. They were glad that someone had asked for their opinion.
Questions 5–6
Which TWO things impressed Sarah about the research at Hightown Hospital?
Choose TWO letters A–E.
A. the convenience for the staff
B. the design of the questionnaire
C. the speed with which it was done
D. the number of questions on management issues
E. the areas covered in the research
Questions 7–10
What do the speakers say about the impact of art and music in the following areas of Hightown
Hospital?
Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A–F, next to questions 7–10.
Areas of Hightown Hospital
7. Day Surgery Unit ______
8. Children’s Unit ______
9. Accident and Emergency Unit ______
10. ENT Unit ______
Impact on patients
A. Patients spent less time in hospital.
B. Music had more impact than art.
C. Patients co-operated more.
D. Art and music had little impact.
E. Patients needed less medicine.
F. Art had more impact than music.