Interaction among animals
www.pandai.org
This chapter describes the interactions that take place between living things, which are animals and plants. Living things that live in the same habitat interact with
each other for their own survival. Stable ecosystems are formed through the interaction between them and with their surroundings.
4.1 Interaction among animals
Animals interact with each other to obtain basic necessities for survival. These animals are from the same and also different species.
Definition
Interaction between animals means the relationship between the animals that are interdependent on each other
www.pandai.org Animals Living in Groups
Advantages Disadvantages
Cooperate to build their nest Disease outbreak caused by viruses is easy to spread to the same species in the group
Cooperate to get food Great competition for foods and mates
Ensure the safety of the group members The weak animal in a big group have difficulty to save itself when attacked by its predator
Animals Living in Solitary
www.pandai.org
Advantages
Do not need to compete to get food, water, shelter and mates
Do not hunt for food with each other or with other animals
Disadvantages
Takes a long time to get food
Hard to find their mates in a habitat that is in a wide area
Factors of Competition Among Intraspecies Animals and Interspecies Animals
Intraspecies Interspecies
1. Foods
1. Foods
2. Water
2. Water
3. Shelter
3. Territory
www.pandai.org
4. Mating
Symbiosis is the relationship between two or more animals that live closely together and mutually beneficial to each other
Sy b os s s e e a o s p be ee oo o ea as a e c ose y oge e a d u ua y be e c a o eac o e
Symbiosis
Groups of
Explanation
Symbiosis
Definition: Interaction that gives benefits to two types of animals
Mutualism Examples: Buffalo and mynah, crocodile and bird
Definition: Interaction that benefits one species but the other species does not get any benefit or bad effect
Commensalism Examples: Remora fish and shark, barnacles on the shell of a crab
Definition: Interaction that will cause only one species to benefit from the interaction and cause the other species to
suffered
Parasitism
Example: Tick and deer, fleas and cat
4.2 Interaction among plants
Plants also interact to obtain their basic needs to keep alive. Usually small trees will ride on top of larger and taller trees to get water and sunlight.
Symbiosis among plants is the interactions between different plants in a habitat
Factors of competition among plants are:
Water
Sunlight
Space
Nutrients
Types of Interaction Among Plants
Commensalism
Bird's nest fern and dove orchid live on other plants to get sunlight to carry out photosynthesis
Bird's nest fern
Dove orchid
Parasitism
Plant will latch on to a host plant to get nutrients and water. The host plant will lose food nutrition and it will cause the host plant
Rafflesia
to die
Mistletoe
www.pandai.org
plant
© 2023 Pandai.org All Rights Reserved Made with in Malaysia
