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(Placeholder2)Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the problem and its setting. It includes the

introduction, conceptual framework, statement of the problem, assumptions,

scope and limitations and the significance of the study.

INTRODUCTION

With rising concerns for sustainability, it is becoming increasingly

important for all of the people to think the possible effects of what actions to take

in the environment.

Quarrying is any such working on the surface of the earth where minerals

are extracted. It is the process of digging the ground in order to get rocks, sands,

construction aggregates, gravel, riprap, slate or other minerals.

As stated on Republic Act No. 7942 or the Philippine Mining Act of 1995

Section 103, any qualified person may apply to the provincial or city mining

regulatory board for a quarry permit on privately-owned lands and/or public lands

for building and construction materials such as marble, basalt and other similar

materials that are extracted by quarrying from the ground. The provincial

governor shall grant permit after the applicant has complied with all the

requirements as prescribed by the rules and regulations.

The materials or minerals got from quarrying can be used to produce

materials for primary constructions of buildings, monuments, roads, agriculture

and supporting the generation of electricity - to name just a few uses. Quarrying
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supplies vital materials for the economy and for different purposes in people’s

lives. It also supports the livelihood of individuals who works in quarries such as

quarrying machine operators, managers, labourers - to name just a few.

However, quarrying has a repercussions impact that is concerning the

residents and the environment. Despite the economic benefits that the

quarrying industry provides, numerous studies have shown notable

significant threats to health and safety such as stress, physical injury,

coughs and colds (Awoke, Endalew, and Solomon, 2019). Due to the dusts

brought by quarries, the risks of residents suffering from asthma and other

diseases will increase. Noises from the machines or trucks can cause a noise

polution to the residents as well.

Environmental damage from quarrying activities includes soil

displacement, landscape change, and soil infertility. This has been observed to

have significant effects on the environment and agricultural industry (Kafu-

Quvane, and Mlaba, 2024). Quarrying doesn’t only affect the people but the

environment as well.

As stipulated on Republic Act No. 7942: Philippine Mining Act of 1995

Section 103, any person extracting minerals and disposing the same without a

mining agreement, lease, permit, license, or steals minerals or ores or the

products thereof from mines or mills or processing plants shall, upon conviction,

be imprisoned from six (6) months to six (6) years or pay a fine from Ten

thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Twenty thousand pesos (P20,000.00), or both,

at the discretion of the appropriate court. In addition, be shall be liable to pay

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damages and compensation for the minerals removed, extracted, and disposed

of. In the case of associations, partnerships, or corporations, the president and

each of the directors thereof shall be responsible for the acts committed by such

association, corporation, or partnerships.

Quarrying without a permit or license is illegal. Before quarry workers start

to dig the earth, they should first issue a permit from the Provincial Mining

Regulatory Board (PMRB) prior to the approval of the Provincial Governor. The

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has apprehended

six individuals who were conducting quarrying activities in the town of Lian in

Batangas province without the necessary permits.

In conclusion, quarrying have a lot of advantages to the people and to the

economy, however, disadvantages are also present. Quarry workers should be

responsible, professional, and knowledgeable enough to perform this activity.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This section aims to establish any key context and rationales related to the

researchers' study.

Quarrying industry plays a crucial role in the economy The minerals we

get from it such as gravels, sands, and many more can be used to construct

roads, buildings, monument, - to name just a few.

According to Kafu-Quvane and Mlaba (2024), quarrying is essential to

South Africa’s growth and development. It extracts a wide range of useful

materials from the ground, such as coal, metals, stone, etc. Quarrying involves
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investigating potential sites of extraction, then getting the required material out of

the ground, and finally blasting to get out the substance of interest. However,

quarrying activities have a negative effect on the surrounding towns, the

environment and the health and safety of the workers and residents of the

quarries such as landscape degradation, habitat destruction, air and water

pollution, and noise pollution.

In accordance with Philippine Statistics Authority, in 2018, there were 278

establishment in the formal sector of the economy engaged in mining and

quarrying industry.

In the ancient times, people use entire hands along with hammers,

chisels, and wedges in quarrying. In the advancement of technology, a lot of

things and works around the world are done fastly and much more easily than

before. In this modern time, quarry workers often use grinding equipment, drilling

tools, raiseboring tools, and many more to easily perform activities. Quarry

workers also sometimes drill holes into rocks and fill them with explosives to

fracture the rocks into small pieces which will made it easier to extract minerals.

Quarry workers also use vehicles such as excavators, bulldozers, loaders, and

many more.

This research study revolves around the topic of the perceived impact of

quarrying on the residents of Sitio Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban Rizal. This

study tackles the different impacts of quarrying in the lives of the residents.

Specifically, it is solely focused on gathering data from the residents residing

near the quarry area in Sitio Anginan.

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As cited to ABS-CBN news, quarrying activities in Rodriguez, Rizal, are

being scrutinized for their alleged impacts on an Islamic burial site, which

prompted Sen. Robinhood Padilla to author Senate Bill 1273, advocating for

equal access to public cemeteries for Filipino Muslims and indigenous peoples

(IPs). Quarrying activities in Rizal were also recently scrutinized after the

province experienced heavy flooding during the onslaught of Tropical Storm

Enteng in early September. However, the Environment Department pointed to

various factors, such as intense rainfall and urbanization, as causes of the

flooding in the region.

Despite the advantages quarrying has in the economy, the residents near

the quarries are very much concerned about the impacts it has on them and in

the environment.

As stated on RA No. 7942 or the Philippine Mining Act of 1995 Section

103, any qualified person may apply to the provincial or city mining regulatory

board for a quarry permit on privately-owned lands and/or public lands for

building and construction materials such as marble, basalt and other similar

materials that are extracted by quarrying from the ground. The provincial

governor shall grant permit after the applicant has complied with all the

requirements as prescribed by the rules and regulations.

As per GMA Integrated News, operatives of the National Bureau of

Investigation-Batangas District Office (NBI-BatDO) arrested 18 individuals for

illegal quarrying in Batangas, the bureau announced Friday. NBI stated that its

agents conducted an entrapment operation with deputization authority from the

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Mines and Geosciences Bureau in Barangay Celestino, Lipa City on August 1,

Thursday.This resulted in the arrest of 18 individuals for violation of Section 103

of Republic Act 7942 or the Philippine Mining Act of 1995. GMA Integrated News

also reported that the Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) personnel seized a fishing

boat and nabbed its three crew members onboard for allegedly engaging in

illegal sand quarrying in Isabela City, Basilan.

As cited to GMA News (2020), Chief Roy Cimatu stated that the quarrying

and crushing plant operations of several companies in Rizal have been

suspended by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Cimatu

made a run-down of the following firms during the Senate hearing conducted by

the committee on environment on the protection and conservation of the

country’s forest cover whose Mineral Production Sharing Agreements (MPSAs)

had been temporarily suspended, effective December 2. Information from the

DENR-Mines and Geosciences Bureau-Calabarzon’s website showed that the

Mineral Processing Permits of the following had also been suspended and shall

remain suspended until the DENR’s assessment is completed and after the

cause of flooding in San Mateo and Rodriguez, Rizal and in Marikina City during

Typhoon Ulysses on November 12, 2020 has been identified.

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theory that best help the researchers in this study is the Utilitarianism.

It is an ethical theory that asserts that right and wrong are best determined by

focusing on outcomes of actions and choices.

UTILITARIANISM THEORY

The utilitarian theory, founded by Jeremy Bentham, is in favour of the

intergenerational equity principle. There is a concern for future generations,

which is founded on the intergenerational equity principle, according to the

benefits of nature must be enjoyed by future generations in the same ways that

we as the current generation do. This implies that there needs to be a balance

between our personal interests and the interests of our descendants. Serving

nature is helping the next generation of humans. The long-term consequences of

environmental exploitation, including quarrying, marine pollution, etc., will be felt

most keenly by humans for many generations in the future. In some parts of

South Africa, quarrying is important since it helps the country’s local economic

development. In addition, using the materials that are extracted improves trade

and opens job opportunities. According to the Department of Mineral Resources

2017 report, the market study of the construction sector revealed an exponential

rise in the actual value added to the GDP during the previous ten years. Human-

centred ethics that are solely focused on the advantages of the current

generation, such as quarrying, which gives greater emphasis to the country’s

development and more economic growth, will result in unequal development.

This results in growth at the expense of environmental destruction. The impact of

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it though may not be felt by the present generation. Its evil effects will be most

acutely observed in the lives of future generations.

Therefore, it shows that the current people should be responsible enough

in using nature resources so that the future generation will still be able to witness

and enjoy the beauty of our environment. Balancing the personal interests while

considering the needs of our descendants is important.

Quarrying is one of the reasons why people have shelters, roads,

buildings, and etc. However, it also have an effect in the environment or nature.

Quarry workers and operators should be considerate, responsible and

professional enough in performing this activity. Workers and operators should

balance their interests and think of the interest’s future generation will have. The

long term consequences of irresponsible and too much quarrying will be most

keenly felt by the next generations.

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This section showcases a diagram that presents the input, the process of

conducting the study, and the expected output

PROCESS OUTPUT
INPUT
•Identify the problem.
•Background of the -Identified impact of
•30 respondents from
Sitio Anginan, San study quarrying on the
Isidro, Montalban Rizal •Identify of the residents of Sitio
•Develop survey respondents Anginan, San Isidro,
questionnaire •Administration of Montalban Rizal.
-Perception of the sampling technique.
•Construction of
residents
research in instrument.
•Validation of research
instrument.
•Administration of
research instrument.
•Data gathering
•Analyzed data
gathered
•Interpretation of data
•Conclusion.
•Recommendation

FEEDBACK
Figure 1. Paradigm of the study on the Perceived Impact of Quarrying on the
Residents of Sitio Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban Rizal.

The paradigm above figures the input, process, and output of our research

regarding the Perceived Impact of Quarrying on the Residents of Sitio Anginan,

San Isidro, Montalban Rizal.

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First in the input, the researcher aims Perceived Impact of Quarrying on

the Residents of Sitio Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban Rizal. The researchers will

select 30 respondents and make a survey questionnaire that will used for the

interview.

While in the process, the researchers will first identify the problems in their

research; second the researchers will find some background in their study, after

that, the researchers have to administer their sampling technique to have their

respondents in the study, then the researchers will identify who are the possible

respondents in this study, next, researchers will construct their research

instrument based on the statement of the problem, after that, the research will

have the research instrument validated by the help of their research advisor ,after

that the researcher will conduct an interview to the respondents after that, the

researcher have to collect the raw data then the researcher have to analyze the

raw data and give an interpretation and lastly will formulate the conclusion based

on the data gathering lastly, recommend and give suggestion on the future

researchers about the study.

Lastly, in the output, the researchers will identify the perceived impact of

quarrying on the residents of Sitio Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban Rizal.The

following process will be strictly followed by the researchers on conducting the

study knowing the perceived impact of quarrying on the residents of Sitio

Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban Rizal.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

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This study focuses on the impact of quarrying on the residents of Sitio

Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban, Rizal.

The researchers will only interview the residents who are experiencing the

impacts of quarrying. The respondents of the study will be selected by purposive

sampling composed of thirty (30) residents.

The researchers will conduct this study on September to December 2024.

This study will be conducted at Sitio Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban,

Rizal.

This study will benefit the residents in Sitio Anginan. They will have an

understanding and awareness of what impact quarrying has on them and on their

fellow residents.

The researchers data for this study will be collected by interview with

questionnaires and analysis by taking down notes from the answers of the

respondents. The answer also will also be recorded if the respondents give their

permission.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to identify the perceived impact of quarrying on the

residents of Sitio Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban Rizal. Specifically, this seeks to

answer the following questions.

1. What are the demographic profiles of the respondents, in terms of:

1.1. years of residency

1.2. occupation

1.3. income

2. What are the perceived impact of quarrying activities in Anginan, San Isidro,

Montalban Rizal?
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ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY

In conducting this research, the researchers assumed that:

1. The perception of the residents of Sitio Anginan about quarrying is

bearable for them.

2 The experience while living in Sitio Anginan make their life hard.

3 The income of each citizen of Sitio Anginan is stable.

4 The impact of the quarrying to the houses, roads and work of the

citizens of Sitio Anginan is above bearable.

5 The effect of quarrying to the citizens of Sitio Anginan is restricting their

movements; kids playing outside, going to work, and a noisy place.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will aim to give benefits to the following:

Residents

This study is significant to the residents of Sitio Anginan for them to have

knowledge and understanding on what impact quarrying has on them and in their

fellow residents.

Quarry Companies

To help them gain knowledge and understanding on what advantages and

disadvantages quarrying has in the society.

Government Officials

They will be more aware about the impact of quarrying in the residents

nearby.

Future Researchers

To guide or serve as an additional information about the impacts of quarrying.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

For the purpose of clarification, the important terms used in this study

have been defined. The following terms are;

Quarrying. Extracting minerals from the ground in Sitio Anginan, San Isidro,

Montalban, Rizal.

Residents. Residents that experienced the impact of quarrying in Sitio Anginan,

San Isidro, Montalban, Rizal.

Environment. The environment or vicinity where the respondents live in Sitio

Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban, Rizal.

Occupation. Quarrying is a way to earn a living for some residents in Sitio

Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban, Rizal.

Income. Money gained from the residents in Sitio Anginan, San Isidro,

Montalban, Rizal.

Extraction. A process of removing minerals used at the quarry in Sitio Anginan,

San Isidro, Montalban, Rizal.

Minerals. Minerals that are extracted via quarrying in Sitio Anginan, San Isidro,

Montalban, Rizal.

Benefits. Benefits of quarrying for the residents of Sitio Anginan, San Isidro,

Montalban, Rizal.

Workers. Workers that quarry in Sitio Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban, Rizal.

Blasting. Explosive method used in the quarry areas at Sitio Anginan, San

Isidro, Montalban, Rizal.

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Drilling. The process used to create holes in rocks at the quarry areas in Sitio

Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban, Rizal.

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CHAPTER 2

This chapter includes the appropriate literature and studies. The literature

and studies adduced in this chapter will help the researchers to conduct the

study.

Local Literature

Placino and Gibson (2022) stated that the rapid expansion of urban

development in Asia over the last 50 years has seen a rise in demand for

building materials. From large construction companies to squatter settlers

seeking to improve their housin, concrete is the building material of choice. In

the Philippines there is plentiful supply of the limestone and aggregate (sand and

gravel) required for concrete production. Alongside the large quarries owned by

major corporations are smell, often illegal quarries, supplying aggregate to the

construction industry. In these shadow places informal miners scratch out a

precarious livelihood. They are members of a vast artisanal and small-scale

mining (ASM) workforce that is global in extend.

According to Senate of the Philippines (2024), Senator Risa Hontiveros is

urging the senate to investigate the environmental and social impact of mining

and quarrying activities in the country amid a series of recent incidents linked to

such operations adversely affecting communities and ecosystems. Proposed

Senate Resolution No. 989 calls upon the appropriate Senate Committee to

conduct an inquiry, in aid legislation, into recent widespread reports of adverse

effects of such practices in the country. "The devastation and loss caused by
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mining and quarrying activities are distressing. Hindi lang kabuhayan ang

nawawala pati buhay ng ating mga kababayan. Kailangan punan ang mga

pagkukulang sa batas para matigil na ang mga trahedyang ito," Hontiveros said.

As cited to ABS-CBN news, quarrying activities in Rodriguez,Rizal, are

being scrutinized because of its alleged impacts on an Islamic burial site. This

prompted Senator Robinhood Padilla to author Senate Bill 1273, which promotes

equal access to public cemeteries for Filipino Muslim and Indigenous peoples

(IPs).

The past research studies send forth an elucidate information on how

quarrying affects the economics, lives and situation of a barangay or place.

Though there are negative and positive effects that manifest. According to

Gibson (2022) in his study that the rapid expansion of urban development in

Asia over the last 50 years has seen a rise in demand for building materials.

From large construction companies to squatter settlers seeking to improve their

housing. In Gibson study it shows how economics regenerates in terms of

quarrying the needs and demands shows. In addition to it Senator Risa

Hontiveros is urging to investigate about the environmental and social impact of

mining and quarrying activities in the country according to her there are series of

incidents linked to to such operations that has adverse effecting community and

the ecosystem which leads to landslide and flooding as such.

Foreign Literature
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Mahapatra, Nayak, and Sahu (2024) investigation observed that sloth

bears of Mitrapur-Swarnachud reserve forest adversely affected by stone

quarrying activities. Our study revealed that, stone quarrying activities cause

sloth bear's habitat destruction, increase human-sloth bear conflict,increase

nutritional deprivation, increase sloth bears accident, declining their population in

this region due to their migration to other areas, excessive noise from quarrying

activities disturbed their behavior like increase aggressiveness, fear, anxiety

and alternation of timing of their daily activities. As their habitat exposed by

quarrying activities, they were more prone to poaching, hunting, killing and

capturing that ultimately affected their survival . There is an urgent need to

conserve these species in this region by creating awareness programme among

local people and maintaining strict regulation on stone quarrying activities in wild

animal's habitat.

Francisca, Ijeh, Winner, Nelson and Excel (2024) review unveils that while

quarrying is an important industry in Nigeria, it is critical to ensure it is carried out

sustainably and responsibly. This can be achieved through improved regulations,

strengthening sustainable quarrying practices, conducting thorough

environmental impact assessments, establishing buffer zones around quarries,

enforcing stricter pollution control measures, stakeholder engagement, and

adoption of new technologies, automation and robotics machinery, water

recycling, and treatment systems, waste recycling management, and

reforestation and restoration techniques.

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Zoum and Ndimungiang Bechan (2023) stated that quarry operations

carried out without the respect of best practices have posed environmental

challenges globally, in addition of being among the most-risky industry to work in

due to high number of reported health hazards In Cameroon, quarrying in the

past few years has been on the increase due to an increase in the level of

urbanization and subsequent increase in the demand for aggregate for

construction purposes The findings of this study showed a significant relationship

between quarrying operations and environmental degradation. In view of the

acquired outcome, the investigation reasoned that environmental degradation at

Nkolbisson was due to unregulated stone excavation and therefore recommends

that strict enforcement of existing regulatory frameworks be undertaken on non

compliant quarrying operations. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons

Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License.

Both studies examine the negative impacts of quarrying on the

environment and wildfire. The first study focuses on sloth bears in a specific

reserve forest, highlighting habitat destruction, increased human-wildfire conflict,

nutritional deprivation, and population decline due to habitat disruption and noise

pollution. The second study takes a broader perspective, examining the

environmental challenges of quarrying globally and specifically in Nigeria and

Cameroon. It emphasizes the need for improved regulations, sustainable

practices, environmental impact assessments, and the adoption of new

technologies to mitigate the negative consequences of quarrying. Both studies

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underscore the urgent need for stricter regulations and sustainable practices in

the quarrying industry to protect both the environment and wildfire.

Local Study

T. Tajolosa and R. Tajolosa (2022) conducted a study in Palawan

Philippines and stated that based on the foregoing findings, the present study

concludes that the Batak are aware that the small economic benefits they acquire

from participation in the quarrying do not outweigh the potential environment and

health risks the community is exposed to in their engagement to this kind of work.

Despite the awareness of the hazards posed by sand mining on their health and

environment, the need to survive hunger and illness during the lean months and

lack of government support had prompted the people to engage in small scale

quarrying which could worsen the damage being created by latge scale sand

mining already taking place in the river.

Tamayo (2023) stated that with the high demand for construction on a

worldwide scale, this necessitates more volume of aggregates (gravel and sand)

to be extracted from quarry sites, including the Province of Isabela in Northern

Philippines. The investigation yielded that among the five quarry sites, the social

and environmental effects of the gravel and sand quarrying operations which the

respondents strongly agree with their mean values were dust (4.89), and noise

pollution (4.86), unproductive wastelands (4.74) property damage

(4.67),diversion of rivers stream and farming areas (4.63), soil erosion and

sedimentation and surface water dust deposition (4.54). On the other hand, the

most common reported health-related problems experienced by the respondents

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was respiratory problems such as cough and cold and asthma. In spite of the

benefit of quarrying to the economy, it brings about impact especially to the loves

of the people and the environment as a whole. Hence, strict implementation of

government mitigation measures should be strictly observed.

Hugo (2024), stated that the majority of the respondents in her study

within Davao City acknowledged the immense effect of quarrying on their supply

of groundwater. Additional effects, such as dust, water, and noise pollution, are

recorded to have minor impacts on the environment and residents.

The past research studies conveys an illustration of how quarrying affects

the economics of a city or a place. Thus it has negative effects that can harm the

citizens of the place that is being quarry. It affects people who have weak

immune systems as stated in Tamayo’s study in Isabela. Additionally, in Hugo’s

study, it was stated that their environment is getting damage affecting the citizens

of Davao City, similar to the possible effects that can appear at Sitio Anginan. To

conclude, all of the effects that vary on every past research study might be

shown

Foreign Study

Baah-Ennumh, Yeboah, Akularemi (2019), stated that resource availability

and extraction seem to present a paradox to most countries in the global south. It

appears to be a curse rather than a blessing. Using the resource curse theory as

a philosophical lens, this study qualitatively analysed the effects of the stone

quarrying industry in the Wenchi municipality of Ghana. The results indicated that
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the industry poses both positive and negative effects on the economic, social and

environmental facets of the municipality. Some of the positive effects were,

support of communities in the provision of social amenities and infrastructure;

corporate social responsibilities and employment among others. Some negative

effects revealed were, land degradation and loss of top soil; pollution and

vibration; and development of Cracks in Buildings. Despite the negative effects,

the positive outcomes seem to outweigh the negatives owing to the extenuation

measures implemented by the companies. It is concluded that stone quarrying

has It is concluded that stone quarrying has contributed to the socio-economic

development in the Wenchi municipality of Ghana. It is recommended that the

Environmental Protection Agency and the Local Assembly regularly monitor the

companies to ensure strict adherence to the extenuation measures. More so,

occupational safety and sensitization programmes as well as medical check-up.

Nemer, Giacaman, and Husseini (2020) study showed that people who

live close to quarry sites (exposed group) reported significantly higher respiratory

eye and nasal symptoms compared to people who live far from the quarry sites

(control group). Our results indicate that living in close proximity to quarry sites,

which is a main source of dust, is a potential factor for increasing the prevalence

of eye and respiratory symptoms. It has been found that dust is one of the most

invasive and potentially irritating sources for the eyes and respiratory system.

Research has shown that dust concentration, deposition rates, and potential

impacts tend to decrease rapidly away from the dust source. This explains why

our control participants, who live more than 500 m away from the quarry sites,
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have reported significantly lower symptoms. The study from Jammain village has

shown that the main reported health effects among the populations living close to

the quarry sites were nasal inflammation, cough, and hearing impairment.

Although several studies in Palestine and the region have investigated the

environmental effects of the quarrying activities in terms of water, air, and soil

pollution, there is a limited number of studies that investigated the health effects

among the populations who live nearby. Studies from India found silicosis and

other respiratory inflammatory diseases among close populations to stone

mining, while a study conducted in Puerto Rico found an elevated prevalence of

bronchitis and nasal allergy among the communities who live close to quarry

sites compared to others who live far from them and screening of workers must

be implemented.

Kafu-Quvane and Mlaba (2024) study shows that the people living next to

the quarry are more vulnerable to the devastation produced by quarrying

operations. Despite the benefits on the local and national economies, the local

population noticed a variety of significant issues as a result of the quarrying

mines. Research shows how mining activities impact the well-being of local

communities and the environment.

Both economic benefits, social amenities, employment and impacts land

degradation, pollution, health issues. Nearby residents experience higher

respiratory, eye, and nasal symptoms due to dust exposure. Research confirms

similar health impacts, including silicosis, bronchitis, and nasal allergies. Despite

economic benefits, quarrying harms local communities and the environment,

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highlighting the need for sustainable practices, regulations, and health

screenings to mitigate impacts of quarrying.

CHAPTER 3

This chapter explains how the researchers will create this study. It

presents the research design, settings of the study, subject of the study,

procedure of the study, research procedure, construction of instrument, validation

of instruments, administration of instruments, data gathering procedure, and

source of data.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design we used in this study is the descriptive research

design. Descriptive research design aims to systematically obtain information to

describe a phenomenon, situation, or population. The researchers used

descriptive design to gain and know the explanation on what, when, where, why,

and how does the quarry operations affect the perceptions of the residents

nearby about its impact.

SETTINGS OF THE STUDY

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San Isidro is a barangay in the municipality of Montalban, in the province

of Rizal, headed by Barangay Captain Tom Hernandez. On 2020, the population

as determined by the census was 159,612. The total net income of the Barangay

was 190,371,373.

Specifically, this study focuses on Sitio Anginan, a small community

located in Barangay San Isidro, Montalban, Rizal, which lies within the vicinity of

Metro Manila. Montalban has historically been known for its vast natural

resources, including rich deposits of limestone and other minerals, making

quarrying a significant industry in the area.

Sitio Anginan, a barangay within Montalban, has seen both economic

benefits and environmental challenges due to the ongoing quarrying activities.

Historically, the area was once surrounded by lush forests and agricultural lands

that sustained the livelihoods of its residents. However, the rise in quarrying over

the past decades has significantly transformed the landscape. While it has

contributed to local employment and infrastructure development, it has also

brought adverse effects to the environment and the well-being of the residents.

The primary concern for the community in Sitio Anginan is the perceived

impact of quarrying on their daily lives. Residents have reported issues such as

increased dust and air pollution, noise disturbances from heavy machinery, road

damage, and the degradation of local ecosystems. Additionally, there are fears

regarding the long-term health effects and safety risks, particularly the risk of

landslides and flooding exacerbated by deforestation and land alterations caused

by quarry operations.
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This study aims to investigate the perceived impact of these quarrying

activities on the residents of Sitio Anginan, assessing both the positive and

negative effects on their quality of life, health, and local environment. By

conducting this research in a community directly affected by quarrying, the study

will provide valuable insights into the socio-economic and environmental

consequences faced by small communities within quarry zones

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Figure 2. Satellite Map of Sitio Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban, Rizal

Source: https://maps.app.goo.gl/prqRFdpkccJJdrwXA

SUBJECT OF THE STUDY

This study specifically chose residents in Sitio Anginan, San Isidro,

Montalban, Rizal.

The subject of the study was composed of thirty (30) residents who

resides at Sitio Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban, Rizal (for about 5 years and

above) which are selected as representative to be respondents who will answer

the interview. The respondents use purposive sampling technique to select

individuals or groups of individuals that meet specific criteria relevant to the

research question or objective. This intentional selection allowed for focused

exploration of the perceived impacts of quarrying on daily lives, health, and well-

being, providing valuable insights into the local community's experiences and

concerns.

PROCEDURE OF THE STUDY

 29

The researchers looked for a research topic that they would study. After

gaining the approval of the respected panelists and teachers, the study was

conducted.

The researchers introduced the problem and background informations

about the topic, then, looked for additional informations that would support the

study such as theories and related literatures.

In the next chapter, the researchers collected data that is connected to the

subject using data searching tools such as Google Scholar, ReseachGate, news

reports, and articles. Websites and applications that lack information’s or without

supporting details were not used by the researchers.

After collecting datas and informations, the researchers proceeded to

explain the study design, setting, subject, process, data gatherings and the

materials they use in conducting the research. After creating the needed

informations, the researchers entered it into Microsoft Word, a writing program.

CONSTRUCTION OF INSTRUMENT

The researchers will construct a questionnaire that contains questions

about the respondents’ perceived impacts about the quarrying activities in their

community.

The researchers will use both Filipino and English languages so that the

respondents will have a choice on the language they prefer using during the

interview that will make it simpler for them to understand and answer questions.
 30

VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENTS

The respected panelists, research teacher, and school’s administration

with doctorate and master's degrees involved in the subject will scan and validate

the researcher’s questionnaires and request forms before they interview the

respective respondents.

The respected panelist, research teachers, administrator, and faculty

members will utilize content validation and will check if the questions are relevant

and appropriate to the research study being conducted. Content validity will

evaluate how the questionnaires covers all relevant parts of the construct it aims

to measure. The researchers will make use of questionnaires to collect data

regarding the perceived impact of quarrying on the residents in Sitio Anginan.

ADMINISTRATION OF INSTRUMENTS

The researchers will use questionnaires about the perceived impact of

quarrying to perform the one-on-one interview.

Before conducting an interview, the researchers will ask for validation

regarding the questionnaire they will use, from their class adviser, research

teacher, and by the school principal.

 31

The questionnaires will be containing questions about various topics that

are related to their own personal perspective about the impacts of quarrying in

their lives.

After the respondents finished answering the interviews or questionnaire, the

researchers will collect the data gathered.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The study made used of qualitative data gathering. This approach focuses

on collecting non-numerical data to gain an in depth understanding of

experiences, perspectives, and meanings.

The researchers will give the respondents an option if they want to answer

the printed questionnaire by themselves or if they want to perform a one-to-one

interview with the researchers. The researchers wil use the questions they

constructed that are validated by the respected research/academic teachers.

After the respondents finished answering the interviews or the printed

questionnaire, the researchers will collect and analyze the data gathered. The

researchers will interpret the data and will conclude the study..

SOURCE OF DATA

The data gathered by the researchers are categorized as Primary

and Secondary sources. The respondents are the primary sources of the
 32

researchers. The related studies and literatures from the websites or internet are

the secondary sources of information.

The researchers also asked their research teacher of Center for Positive

Futures Inc. about other information’s the researchers used.

 33

CHAPTER 4

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

In this chapter, the results of the data analysis are discussed. The

information was obtained in order to identify the Perceived Impact of Quarrying

on the Residents of Sitio Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban, Rizal. The researchers

specifically aimed to address the following questions.

Table 1. Demographic Profile

Table 1.1. Years of residency
Respondents Years of residency
R5, R7, R8, R10, R11, R12, R13, R16, 6-15 years
R17, R19, R25, R30
R9, R14, R15, R20, R21, R23, R26, 16-25 years
R29
R3, R6, R18, R22, R27, R28 26-35 years
R1 36-45 years
R2, R4, R24 46-55 years

Based on table 1.1, Respondents 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 25,
and 30 are living in Sitio Anginan for 6-15 years already. While Respondents 9,
14, 15, 20, 21, 23, 26, and 29 are residing there for 16-25 years. Respondents 3,
6, 18, 22, 27, and 28 lives there for 26-35 years. While Respondent 1 resides in
Sitio Anginan for 36-45 years already. It is also shown in the table that
Respondents 2, 4, and 24 have 46-55 years of residency in Sitio Anginan.

Table 1.2. Occupation

Respondents Answers
R1, R2, R4, R5, R7, R9, R11, R12, Stick maker
R13, R14, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22,
R23, R24, R25, R26
R3 Breakfast seller
R8 Passer
R10 Farmer
R16 Grasser
R29, R30 Housewife
 34

R6, R15, R17, R27, R28 None

Based on Table 1.2, most of the respondents are stick makers,

Respondents 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and
26. It is shown that Respondent 3 is a breakfast seller while Respondent 8 is a
passer, Respondent 10 is a farmer and Respondent 16 is a grasser. It is also
shown that Respondents 29 and 30 are housewifes and Respondents 6, 15, 17,
27, and 28 have no occupation.

Table 1.3. Income

Respondents Income
R2, R7, R11, R14, R23, R25, R26 1,001 – 3,500 pesos a month
R1, R4, R5, R9, R10, R12, R13, R19 3,501 – 6,000 pesos a month
R21 6,001 – 8,500 pesos a month
R22 8,501 – 11,000 pesos a month
R3 11,001 – 13,500 pesos a month
R8, R16, R20 13,501 – 16,000 pesos a month
R18, R24, R27, R28, R29, R30 Depends in their hardwork
R6, R15, R17 None

Based on Table 1.3, Respondents 2, 7, 11, 14, 23, 25, and 26 have an
income of 1,001 – 3,500 pesos a month. Respondents 1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, and
19 get 3,501 – 6,000 pesos a month from their occupation. Respondent 21 have
6,001 – 8,500 pesos, Respondent 22 is 8,501 – 11,000 pesos, and Respondent
3 is 11,001 – 13,500 pesos a month. Based on the table, Respondents 8, 16, and
20 have an income of 13,501 – 16,000 pesos a month. It is also shown that
Respondents 18, 24, 27, 28, 29 and 30’s income depends in their hardwork while
Respondents 6, 15, and 17 have none.

Table 2.1. The effect of quarrying operations in their lives

Respondents Answers
R1, R11, R15, R20, R25, R27, R30 Sira-sira at bako-bako ang daan kaya
mahirap daanan.
R2 Nakakaapekto sa amin at sa baba. Sa
amin, alikabok at saka putik, number
1. Pag tag-araw kasi yan, yung mga
dahon maalikabok kahit malayo sa
main road.
R3, R24 Nakakatulong dahil nakapagbibigay
ng trabaho.
 35

R4, R5, R8, R16, R18, R22, R23, R29 Malabo na ang tubig sa ilog.
R6, R7, R12, R28 Wala pa masyado.
R9, R13, R19, R26 Madalas na bumaha.

R10, R14, R17 Nakakasira ng pananim, lupain, at

bundok.
R21 Kapag may quarry, dapat yung
kukuhaan naming buho eh dapat
magagawa pa naming stick yon.
Syempre pag nagawa na ng quarry
yon, nauubos na yung mga buho, so
dapat mapalapit yung ano naming,
mapapalayo kaming pagkuha namin
ng buho.

Based on Table 2.1, Respondents 1, 11, 15, 20, 25, 27, and 30 answered
that the road is uneven and bumpy which makes it hard for them to pass by.
Respondent 2 stated that it affects them because of dusts and muddy road.
According to Respondents 4, 5, 8, 16, 18, 22, 23, and 29, the water became
blurry or murky. Respondents 9, 13, 19, and 26 said that it easily floods.
Respondents 10, 14, and 17 answered that it affects plants or farms, land, and
mountains. According to Respondent 21, when quarrying reaches the areas
where they get bamboos for stick making, they have to find bamboos in far
places instead of getting it near. It is also shown that quarrying doesn’t affect
Respondents 6, 7, 12, and 28 that much.

Table 2.2. Positive impacts of quarrying

Respondents Answers

R1, R5, R6, R8, R9, R11, R16, R24, Nakakapagbigay ng trabaho sa mga
R27, R28, R29, R30 residente ditto.
R2, R4, R7, R12, R13, R14, R15, Walang positibong dulot ang
R17, R18, R19, R20, R22, R23, R25, quarrying.
R26, R3
R10, R21 Nakakakuha ng mga materyales
katulad ng semento na p’wedeng
gamitin sa pagpapatayo ng building o
bahay.

Based on Table 2.2, quarrying gives the residents a work or occupation

according to Respondents 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 16, 24, 27, 28, 29, and 30.
Respondents 10 and 21 answered that quarrying produces materials like cement
 36

that can be used to build houses or buildings. It is also shown that Respondents
2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25 and 26 doesn’t see any
possible effects of quarrying.

Table 2.3. Negative impacts of quarrying

Respondents Answers
R1, R9, R20, R27 Nasisira ang kabundukan.
R2, R11, R15, R18, R19, R21, R25, Nagdudulot ng pagbaha.
R26, R29
R3, R7, R8, R12, R13, R24 Wala naman.
R4, R14 Nagdudulot ng landslide.
R5, R6, R16, R17, R28 Nasisira ang kalikasan.
R10 Nakakawala ng kaligtasan.
R22 Masisira nila yung sa bandang ilaya,
yung may bahay-bahay.
R30 Nahihirapan sa daanan lalo’t mga
estudyante pag pumapasok ng
school. Hindi maayos yung mga
daanan pagpunta sa Barangay.
R23 Syempre, gigibain nila yung mga
bundok eh. Tapos syempre, pag
nagiba na yung bundok, wala na
kaming makukuhanan ng buho,
syempre, magsstick kami eh.

Based on Table 2.3, quarrying brings damage to the mountains according

to Respondents 1, 9, 20, and 27. Respondents 2, 11, 15, 18, 19, 21, 25, 16, and
29 answered that it results to floods while Respondents 4 and 14 said that it
results to landslide. Based on the answer of Respondents 5, 6, 16, 17, and 28,
quarrying brings damage to the environment. According to Respondent 10, it
affects their safety. Respondent 22 answered that it damages the areas with
houses near them. While Respondent 30 stated that it’s hard for them, especially
to the students, to pass by the road. While according to Respondent 23, if the
mountains are quarried, they would not be able to get bamboos for their
occupation which is stick making. It is also shown that Respondents 3, 7, 8, 12,
13, and 24 doesn’t feel any negative effects of quarrying.
 37

Table 2.4. Feelings of the residents regarding the quarrying operations

Respondents Answers
R1, R29, R30 Okay lang kasi nakakatulong naman.
R2, R3, R5, R7, R8, R12, R13, R16, Wala.
R24
R4, R20, R22 Sumasama ang loob.
R6, R9, R10, R11, R14, R15, R17, Malungkot kasi may naaapektuhan.
R18, R23, R25
R1, R26 Natatakot sa posibleng dulot ng
quarry.
R21, R27, R28 Napeperwisyo ng quarrying.

Based on Table 2.4, Respondents 1, 29, 30 feels okay with quarrying

operations because it helps them while respondents 4, 20, and 22 feels bad.
Respondents 6, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 23, and 25 feel sad because there are
people who are affected. Quarrying disturbs Respondents 21, 27, and 28. It is
also shown that Respondents 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 16 and 24 doesn’t feel
anything about quarrying.

Table 2.5. Effects on health and safety

Respondents Answers
R2, R11 Maalikabok kaya delikado.
R3, R7, R9, R12, R13, R24 Walang epekto sa kalusugan at
kaligtasan.
R4, R14, R28 Nagkakaroon ng landslide.
R11, R18, R19, R21, R25, R6, R8, Binabaha kaya may epekto sa
R10, R15, R16, R17, R20, R23, R7, kaligtasan.
R30, R22, R29
R1, R4, R5, R20, R27 Delikado yung mga sirang daan.
R26 Kapag nagbablasting sila.

Based on Table 2.5, dusts is unsafe and unhealthy for Respondents 2 and
11 while Respondents 11, 18, 19, 21, 25, 6, 8, 10, 15, 16, 17, 20, 23, 7, 22, 29
and 30’s safety are affected because of flood caused by cutting of trees.
Respondents 4, 14, and 28 feels unsafe because of landslides. According to
Respondents 1, 4, 5, 20 and 27, the damaged roads affect their safety. It is also
shown that quarrying does not affect the safety and health of Respondents 3, 7,
9, 12, 13, and 14.
 38

Table 2.6. Perceptions of the residents about stopping the quarrying

operations
Respondents Answers
R1, R24, R26, R30, R3, R9, R12, R13 Hindi, kasi maraming mawawalan ng
trabaho.
R2, R4, R5, R10, R17, R18, R21, R22, Kung p’wede lang, ipapatigil.
R25, R27
R6, R8, R11, R15, R16, R19, R29, Oo, pero maraming mawawalan ng
R20 trabaho.
R7, R14, R23, R28 Depende.

Based on Table 2.6, Respondents 1, 3, 9, 12, 13, 24, 26, 30 does not
want the quarrying operations to be stopped because a lot of people will lose
their works. Respondents 2, 4, 5, 10, 17, 18, 21, 22, 25 and 27 stated that if it is
allowed, they will ask for quarrying to be stopped. Respondents 6, 8, 11, 15, 16,
19, 20 and 29 wants to stop it but a lot will lose their works. Respondents 7, 14,
23 and 28 said that their answer depends.

Table 2.7. Recommendations of the residents to the government and quarry

companies
Respondents Answers
R1, R6, R8, R14, R16, R29 Reforestation or tree planting.
R2, R7, R12, R13, R21, R22, R23, Wala.
R24, R28
R3, R26 Wala, dahil nakakatulong na naman
ito sa iba.
R4, R27, R30 Ayusin ang daan.
R5, R15, R17, R18, R19, R20 Kung p’wede sana, ihinto o ipasara
muna.
R9 Irelocate ang mga malapit sa quarry o
ilog.
R10 Huwag masyadong sirain ang
kalikasan.
R11 Maganda mag patayo sila ng pang
pabrika para may mapasukan yung
mga tao na may hanap buhay
R25 Kung pagbigyan ng kompanyaz sa
malayo sila, hindi dito sa malapit na
bahay.
 39

Based on Table 2.7, reforestation and tree planting are the

recommendations of Respondents 1. 6, 8, 14, 16 and 29. Respondents 4, 27,
and 30 recommended road fixing while Respondent 9 suggested to relocate the
residents near the quarry areas and river. Respondent 10 and 25 answered not
to bring too much damage in the environment and houses. Respondents 5, 15,
17, 18, 19, and 20 suggested that if it is allowed, they will ask for quarrying to be
stopped and closed temporarily. It is also shown that Respondents 2, 3 ,7, 11,
12, 13, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26 and 28 have no recommendations and suggestions
because it's helping them.
 40

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OF DATA

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

This study aims to identify the perceived impact of quarrying on the

residents of Sitio Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban, Rizal.

Some of the residents stated that their perceived impact of quarrying are

the murky or blurry water, bumpy road, flood, dust, landslide, and damage in the

land and mountain. On the other hand, the others experiences positive impacts

of quarrying such as chances to work and producing materials that can be used

to build buildings and houses. Others does not feel too much impact yet.

Most of the residents feels sad about quarrying because it affects them

and other people around. Some of them feels alright about quarrying because it

helps them and their families. Some feels bad and afraid while others are being

distracted because of it. There are also numbers of residents who does not feel

anything about quarrying.

The result shows that most of the respondents wants quarrying to be

stopped if it is only allowed. Some don’t want it to be stopped because a lot will

lose their jobs while the others wants to but they’re considering those people who

lives in quarry areas. Some stated that their answers depends.

 41

Some recommended reforestation and tree planting to control the impacts

of quarrying. while others said that quarrying should be temporarily closed or

stopped. Some suggested that the people residing near quarry areas and rivers

should be relocated while others wants the roads to be fixed. Some

recommended that quarrying activities should not bring too much damage in the

nearby houses and in the environment. Others doesn’t have any

recommendations and suggestions.

 42

CONCLUSION

The researchers reached the following conclusions based on their findings

about the perceived impact of quarrying on the residents of Sitio Anginan, San

Iisidro, Montalban, Rizal.

The researchers concluded that the road, murky or blurry water, dust,

flood, landslides, and damages in the land and mountain are the problems of the

residents about quarrying. Some gain advantages from it because it gives them

work and it produces materials that can be used to build buildings and houses.

On the other hand, some does not feel that much impact of quarrying yet.

This shows that the perceptions of the residents in Sitio Anginan are

different despite the fact that they live in the same community and environment.

Others have their positive perceptions, the others have negative and the others

have none. The researchers also concluded that most of the residents

experiences the impact of quarrying physically while the others are in the

environment.

The researchers concluded that the residents based their perceptions on

what they see and experience.

,
 43

RECOMMENDATIONS

This shows the recommendations and suggestions of the researchers that

will benefit the residents.

To residents, collaborate with others to control quarrying activities in your

area and mitigate their impacts. Plant trees and plants to lessen the flood.

To policymakers, address illegal quarrying operations and regulate those

in Sitio Anginan, San Isidro, Montalban, Rizal.

To quarry companies, be responsible and control the quarrying in the

mountains or lands. Do not perform the said activity without a legal permit.

To future researchers, perform a wider information on the mentioned

topic. This study can help you in developing a study about the perceived impact

of quarrying.
 44

REFERENCES
Oshim, Francisca & Emmanuel, Ijeh & Amaefule, Winner & Ayajuru, Nelson
& Amaefule, Excel & Collins, C.. (2024). Socioeconomic and Environmental
Impacts of Quarrying in Nigeria: A Comprehensive Review of Sustainable
Quarrying Practices and Innovative Technologies. International Journal of
Research and Scientific Innovation. XI. 324-349.
10.51244/IJRSI.2024.1106026.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4925021

Fon Alain, Zoum & Lika, Ndimungiang Bechan. (2023). Impact of Quarrying
Activities at the Nkolbisson Quarrying District Yaounde, Cameroon on the
Environment and Health of Locals. 8. 10.5281/zenodo.8405279.
https://www.academia.edu/122846769/
Impact_of_Quarrying_Activities_at_the_Nkolbisson_Quarrying_District_Ya
ounde_Cameroon_on_the_Environment_and_Health_of_Locals

Tamayo, P. a. A. (2020). Characterizing the effects of quarrying industry in

Northern Philippines: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Advanced
Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 12(SP8), 746–752.
https://doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12sp8/20202577
Nemer, M., Giacaman, R., & Husseini, A. (2020). Lung function and
respiratory health of populations living close to quarry sites in Palestine: a
Cross-Sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health, 17(17), 6068.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176068
Mahapatra, N. T., Nayak, N. S. P., & Sahu, N. K. K. (2024). Impact of stone
quarrying on sloth bears in Swarnachud-Mitrapur reserve forest of
Balasore, Odisha, India. International Journal of Science and Research
Archive, 12(2), 1802–1810.
https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.12.2.1409
 45

Placino, P., & Gibson, K. (2022). Making a living in the diverse economy of
concrete: Commoning in a contested quarry. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 63(1),
66–79.
https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12328

Hugo (2024) Characterization of environmental effects of Sand and

Gravel Quarry within Davao City, Philippines
https://questjournals.org/jrees/papers/vol10-issue5/10056873.pdf

Press Release (2024) Hontiveros Calls Senate Probe Into Mining and
Quarrying Impacts in PH
https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2024/0415_hontiveros1.asp

Dagunan, Mary Ann. (2022). Appraisal of Sand and Gravel Quarrying

Operations in Southern Negros Occidental for Promotion of Extractive
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Environmental Management and Tourism. 13. 1259.
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https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/7190
 46

Appendices
 47

Appendix A. Questionnaire used in conducting the interview

1. How do the quarrying operations affect your life?

(Paano naaapektuhan ng quarrying ang iyong buhay?)

2. What do you think is/are the positive impacts of quarrying?

(Ano sa tingin mo ang/ang mga positibong epekto ng quarrying?)

3. What do you think is/are the negative impacts of quarrying?

(Ano sa tingin mo ang/ang mga negatibong epekto ng quarrying?)

4. What do you feel about the quarrying operation in your life?

(Ano ang iyong nararamdaman tungkol sa mga operasyon ng quarrying sa iyong

buhay?)

5. Do you think quarrying operations affect the health and safety of you and

the people around you? If yes,in what way?

(Sa tingin mo ba ay naaapektuhan ng mga operasyon ng quarrying ang

kalusugan at kaligtasan mo at ng mga tao sa iyong paligid? Kung oo, sa

paanong paraan?)

6. If ever, do you want quarrying operations in your community to be

stopped?

(Kung sakali, nais mo bang matigilbna ang mga operasyon ng quarrying sa iyong

komunidad?)
 48

7. If you'd be given a chance, what would you recommend to the quarry

company or the government to control the impact quarrying his in your lives?

(Kung ikaw ay mabibigyan ng pagkakataon, ano ang irerekomenda mo sa mga

kompanya na namamahala ng quarrying sa iyong lugar o sa pamahalaan upang

nakontrol ang epekto na mayroon ang quarrying sa iyong buhay?)

 49

Appendix B. Photo taken during the conduction of interviews