1

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Problem and Its Setting

The issue on child labor continues to exist not only in

the Philippines but in other regions of the world. It is

prohibited, yet, a lot are doing it. Child labor robs

children of their childhood, their potential, and their

dignity, as well as being detrimental to their physical and

mental development.

In the Philippines, child labor and its worst forms

refer to all sorts of slavery and similar activities,

including employment that is hazardous or likely to be

harmful to children's health, safety, or morality by its

very nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out.

The child who is forced to beg on the streets and make

money; a child prostitute who contributes to the tourist

industry's growth. In mines and quarries, the freed body is

digging out earth. The girl is employed as a servant in a

private residence. Scavenging in dumpsites by a child. The

runner is assisting in the distribution of illegal drugs. A

teenage displaying more skin in the social media is

necessary. Child labor has a lot of different faces. It is

work that puts children's health or safety at jeopardy,

 2

interferes with or inhibits their education, or keeps them

away from play and other crucial activities.

Furthermore, the United Nations Convention on the

Rights of the Child views child labor as a human right

violation. Child labor is considered to be damaging, and to

violate children's rights as it hampers children’s

appropriate emotional, physiological, psychological and

social development. The CRC aims to free children from

“economic exploitation and from performing any work that is

likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s

education or to be harmful to the child’s health or

physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development”

(Article 32, CRC).

Moreover, the 1987 Philippine Constitution ensures the

rights of children to assistance and protection from

neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation and other conditions

prejudicial to their development (Art. XV, Sec. 3, Item 2).

If this is so, why are there still children engaged in hard

labor?

Article 139, Chapter II, Title III, Book III of the

Labor Code establishes the minimum employable age and

prohibits the employment of anybody under the age of

eighteen (18) in any endeavor recognized by the Department

of Labor and Employment to be hazardous or injurious in

 3

character. Article 140 makes it illegal to discriminate

against anyone based on their age when it comes to work

terms and circumstances. Subject to the Secretary of Labor's

approval, a child of at least 14 years of age may be

employed in apprenticeable occupations in highly technical

industries under Book II of the Labor Code (As amended by

Section 1, Executive Order No. 111, December 24, 1986.)

Likewise, Book III, Chapter III of the same code allows

children under 18 years of age to be employed as household

helpers, provided that their employer gives them the

opportunity for at least an elementary education, the cost

of which shall be part of the helper’s compensation, unless

otherwise stipulated.

According to recent ILO (International Labor

Organization) survey statistics, 95% of Philippine children

aged 10 to 14 are in school, and 13% of children in the same

age group are involved in economic activities. Around 85%

are in school only, 11% mix school and work, 3% are idle

(not in school or job), and 2% are in work just. Boys are

slightly less likely to be in school and are more likely to

work (15 percent against 10%). In the Philippines, children

in this age range are not permitted to engage in commercial

activities, despite the fact that implementation of such

 4

regulations has been under-resourced, at least until the

establishment in 2015 of an interagency coordination group.1

The ILO calls government authorities' attention to

abolish various forms of child labor in their area. However,

the government is attempting, but failing, to curb child

labor because they do not want to insult parents with

working children, thus, many local officials disregard child

labor issues.

Child labor is also present in Catarman, Northern

Samar, particularly in Barangay Bangkerohan. Due to poverty,

some families, according to barangay officials, allow their

children to work at a young age. This is to assist the

parents in meeting the daily demands of their family. With

such a scenario of children, the barangay local government

unit (BLGU) took no action since they lacked the capacity to

help and assist these families in their daily subsistence,

even if they were beneficiaries of the DSWD flagship

program, the Pamilyang Pantawid Pilipino Program (4Ps). This

is particularly alarming because their children's education

is neglected.

As a result, the goal of this study is to conduct an

assessment of the child laborers in Barangay Bangkerohan,

Catarman, Northern Samar, in order to pave the way for

1
U.S. Department of Labor. 2016. “Philippines: 2015 Findings on the Worst Forms of Labor:
Significant Advancement.”
 5

future chances of helping these children avoid child labor

abuses.

Statement of the Problem

This study is designed to determine the extent of child

labor in Barangay Bangkerohan, Catarman, Northern Samar.

Specifically, this study attempts to answer the

following questions:

1. What is the socio-demographic characteristics of the

child laborers in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

1.3 Education

1.4 Income from labor

1.5 Type of work employed

1.6 Years of work as a laborer

2. What are the practices of child labor in Barangay

Bangkerohan, Catarman, N. Samar?

3. What are the causes of child labor in Barangay

Bangkerohan, Catarman, N. Samar?

4. What are the effects of child labor in Barangay

Bangkerohan, Catarman, N. Samar?

 6

Objectives of the Study

The following are the objectives of the study:

1. Describe the characteristics of the child laborers

in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

1.3 Education

1.4 Income from Labor

1.5 Type of Work Employed

1.6 Years of Work as a Laborer

2. Determine the practices of child labor in Barangay

Bangkerohan, Catarman, N. Samar

3. Find out the causes of child labor in Barangay

Bangkerohan, Catarman, N. Samar

4. Find out the effects of child labor in Barangay

Bangkerohan, Catarman, N. Samar

Significance of the Study

The result of the study will be beneficial to the

following:

Child laborers. As the primary beneficiary, findings

from this study could merit the child laborers in Barangay

Bangkerohan, Catarman, Northern Samar. As such, provision of

 7

laws as regards abolition of child labor would permit them

to enjoy their rights as children.

Parents. The result of this study may provide insights

for the parents to avoid letting their children work at an

early age. In this way, they could find possible and legal

means to support their family other than sending their

children to work.

LGU-Catarman. The result of this study may serve as

baseline information for the barangay officials and the

local officials in the municipality to provide adequate

assistance to the children who are into child labor.

Multisectoral actions especially with the involvement of

local governments, NGOs, and people’s organizations are

critical for effective and sustainable community-based

initiatives may be made to eradicate child labor practices

in the municipality.

Department of Social Welfare and Development. The

result of this study may substantially push the DSWD

personnel to intensively monitor the 4Ps beneficiaries

especially on the status of their children's education. This

is to discourage and avoid child labor practices which

usually happen in families living within the poverty line.

Department of Labor and Employment. The findings of

this study may urge the DOLE to monitor establishments or

 8

residents that employ children. Through this, they could

establish legal means to penalize those establishments

employing child workers in Catarman, Northern Samar which

would essentially eradicate the problem on child labor.

NGO advocates on child labor. The result of this study

may allow NGO advocates on the eradication of child labor to

provide programs, projects and activities aiming at

restoring children’s rights in the municipality. Campaign

programs and education awareness are probable instruments

that will likely improve awareness among families on the

eradication of child labor practices.

Future researchers. The findings of this study may

serve as reference for researchers who are interested to

conduct same kind of study.

Scope and Limitation

This is a descriptive-method research which aims to

determine the child labor practices in Barangay Bangkerohan,

Catarman, Northern Samar.

Child laborers ages 10-17 years were the respondents of

the study. A survey questionnaire was used to gather

relevant data for the study.

The study was conducted during the School Year 2021-

2022. The First Semester was devoted to crafting of the

 9

research proposal; while the Second Semester for writing the

final manuscript.

One of the limitations which this study may encounter

is locating the child laborers in the barangay under study.

Concealment of these child laborers may hamper data

collection for fear of being caught by authorities.

Theoretical Framework

The theory of Exploitative Child Labor developed by

Rogers and Swinnerton in 2002, states that children ended up

in exploitative child labor because their parents are

tricked by promises of a better life that prove not to be

true. Parents have some knowledge of the possibility of

exploitation when they enter their children into the labor

force. In equilibrium, they are willing or need to gamble.

On the other hand, some firms take advantage of this

willingness by exploiting children. But other firms do not;

in fact, if some firms did not indeed offer a better life

for children than they could obtain without working at all,

parents would not be willing to gamble. Thus, trickery or

deception as a route into exploitative child labor can only

exist as an equilibrium phenomenon if parents have some

reason to believe that their children can be better off

 10

working, and that reason, we presume, is that some children

do end up better off by working. 2

This study is also anchored on the Endogenous Growth

Theory advocated by Lucas in 1988 in his third economic

development model which puts emphasis on human capital

investment through schooling to attain economic development.

In this essence, the government needs to invest in the

education of its human capital for economic development to

come by. Human capital is defined to be the stock of

competencies, knowledge, habits, social and personality

attributes, including creativity, cognitive abilities,

embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce

economic value.3

Furthermore, neoclassical models of household decision-

making are commonly employed in the analysis of child labor

and are typically derivative of Becker (1964). Models of

household bargaining fall into two broad categories: those

in which children have no bargaining power and those in

which children have some intrinsic value in the family. In

models in which children have no bargaining power in the

2
Carol Ann Rogers & Kenneth A. Swinnerton (2002) A Theory of Exploitative Child Labor,
retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6589454.pdf.

3
A. Liening, "Growth Theory and Endogenous Human Capital Development: A Contribution to the
Theory of Complex Systems," Theoretical Economics Letters, Vol. 3 No. 2, 2013, pp. 96-104. doi:
10.4236/tel.2013.32016.
 11

household, parents make decisions that serve their own

interests, without regard for the impact on the child. This

class of models lends analytical support for public policies

that constrain the choices that parents are allowed to make

for their children, e.g., compulsory schooling, minimum age

of work, a ban on bonded child labor, etc.4

Conceptual Framework

This study is based on the premise that the

characteristics of the child laborers in Barangay

Bangkerohan, Catarman, Northern Samar have a significant

relationship with the extent of child labor practices. On

sex, it is conceived in this study that the child labor is

practiced among male and female.

On education, children who do not attend schools are

more likely to engage in child labor than those children who

attend school.

On income from labor, this study assumes that children

who receive higher amount of money are more likely to engage

in child labor than children who receive less from their

work.

4
D.K. Brown, R.M. Stern, & A.V. Deardorff (2014) Child Labor: Theory, Evidence and Policy,
retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24137885_Child_Labor_Theory_Evidence_and_Policy.
 12

On type of work employed, this study assumes that

children engage in child labor regardless of the type of

work they are employed but on the basis of earning income

from it.

On years of work as a laborer, this study conceived

that that those children who work for a longer of period of

time may highly practice child labor than those who worked

for a shorter period of time.

 13

Paradigm

Characteristics of the child

laborers

Child labor practices

Causes of child labor

Effects of child labor

Figure 1. A paradigm showing the concept of the study

 14

Definition of Terms

The terms and concepts herein discussed are defined

operationally and conceptually to convey easy understanding

on the part of the readers.

Age. In this study, this refers to the children’s time

of life at which some particular qualifications, power or

capacity. Apparently, this pertains to the number of years

the child laborers in Barangay Bangkerohan, Catarman,

Northern Samar had lives since birth.

Child. This a refers to a person below 18 years of age

or those over but are unable to fully take care of

themselves or protect themselves from abuse, neglect,

cruelty, exploitation or discrimination because of a

physical or mental disability or condition (RA 7610).5

Child labor. It is an illegal employment of children

below the age of fifteen, where they are not directly under

the sole responsibility of their parents or legal guardian,

or the latter employs other workers apart from their

children, who are not members of their families, or their

work endangers their life, safety, health and morals or

impairs their normal development including schooling. It

also includes the situation of children below the age of

5
https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1992/ra_7610_1992.html.
 15

eighteen [years] who are employed in hazardous occupation

(RA No. 7658).6

Child labor practices. As used in this study, this

refers to the regular activities engaged in by the children

in Barangay Bangkerohan, Catarman, Northern Samar which

requires either hard or soft manual labor to earn income.

Education. This refers to the level of education the

respondents attained.

Income from labor. This refers to the amount of money

received by the child laborers on a monthly or daily basis.

Sex. This refers to the gender classification of the

respondents identified as either male or female.

Type of work employed. This refers to a kind of work

engaged in by the respondents.

Years of work as a laborer. This refers to the number

of months or years the respondents have been engaged in

child labor.

CHAPTER II
6
Republic of the Philippines, RA No. 7568, An Act Prohibiting the Employment of Children Below
15 Years of Age in Public and Private Undertakings.
 16

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Characteristics of child laborers

In 2011, there were about 3.3 million Filipino children

aged 5-17 who worked. Out of these, around 1.173 million or

about 35% had not attended school due to work with mostly

children aged 15-17 followed by those aged 10-14 not

attending school. 7

In many developing nations like the Philippines, it is

normal for children contribute to the family and household

economy. Anthropological studies have considered such

contribution by children culturally determined. For example,

Stenning in 1962 shows how the male children of Fulani

pastoralists assume huge responsibilities by the age of 7.

At that age they are considered competent enough to plan and

execute daily cattle grazing schedules. Given circumstances

that working children find themselves – financial, social or

cultural – do all aspects of child labor violate child

rights? Ultimately one asks: does child labor intrinsically

violate child rights?8

7
Philippine Statistics Authority, Final Results of the 2011 Survey on Children, Table 3,
https://psa.gov.ph/content/estimated-number-working-children-5-17-years-old-who-worked-during-past-
weekwas-33-million.

8
Fernando T. Aldaba, Leonardo A. Lanzona And Ronald J. Tamangan (2004), An Empirical Analysis
on the Trade-off between Schooling and Child Labor in the Philippines, Philippine Journal of Development
Number 58, Second Semester 2004, Volume XXXI, No. 2.
 17

The study of Nelson and Quiton used a novel log linear

analysis to identify the factors that enhance and hamper

working children’s effort to receive education, stay healthy

and engage in recreational activities. It was found that the

dropout rate from school decreased when the number of

working hours and frequency of heavy physical work lessened.

Working for a relative, and when the child is an unpaid

worker did not affect their schooling as compared to

children who engaged in heavy physical work. Long working

hours meant less time for recreational activities. The

identification of these specific factors is useful for

policy makers in the Philippines who aim at reducing the

incidence of child labor.9

Only about 30% of child laborers get paid for their

primary occupation and about 40% get paid for their other

occupation. Among the unpaid child laborers, at least 90%

have their wages imputed using as basis the wages of paid

child laborers engaged in the same occupation, except for

unpaid child laborers engaged in other occupations during

the second quarter, where the proportion goes down to 81%.10

9
Nelson, G. L. M., & Quiton, J. D. (2017). Child Labor and Its Effects on Schooling, Health and
Recreation of Filipino Children. Journal of Population and Social Studies [JPSS], 26(1), 68-82. Retrieved
from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jpss/article/view/107375.
10
Ruperto P. Alonzo and Rosemarie G. Edillon (n.d.) ELIMINATING CHILD LABOR IN THE
PHILIPPINES, retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-
manila/documents/publication/wcms_437075.pdf.
 18

Some of these children are forced to work at a very

young age about three to five years old by their parents.

Often these parents become too dependent on their children

up to the extent that they just stay home and let their

children work and simply waits for the wages. But in some

cases, parents do not really want their children stop going

to school and work. They try their best to earn in order to

sustain the needs of the family but due to circumstances

they have no choice but to let their children help them to

earn a living. Because of child labor they don’t have a deep

relationship with each other. “The family is, in fact, the

communities first socializing agency and the source of its

strength and stability.”11

Even though a relationship between child labor and

school attendance may exist, these factors only provide an

indirect measure of the educational consequences of the

child’s involvement in labor activities. In reality, other

characteristics are related to academic performance and the

intensity of the work. In fact, in certain cases, it is

shown that working minors also usually attend school,

suggesting that variables associated with academic

11
A Study of Child Labor in the Philippines (n.d.), retrieved from
https://aboutphilippines.org/documents-etc/Study-of-Child-Labor.pdf.
 19

performance are those that show us the impact of child labor

on the minor’s education (Buonomo, 2011). 12

The study of Holgadoa investigated on the effects of

different variables of child labor on academic performance

are investigated. The results showed that labor conditions,

the number of weekly hours dedicated to work, and the

presence of work scheduled in the morning negatively

affected the academic performance of child laborers. These

results show that the relationship between child labor and

academic performance is based on the conflict between these

two activities. This study has implications for the

formulation of policies, programs, and interventions for

preventing, eradicating, and attenuating the negative

effects of child labor on the social and educational

development of children.13

There are factors that also affect the intensity of

child labor. For instance, Rosati and Rossi (2003) 14

found

that the number of family members in the home was negatively

12
Buonomo, M. (2011). The impact of child labor on schooling outcomes in Nicaragua. Economics
of Education Review, 30(6), 1527-1539.

13
Daniel Holgadoa, Isidro Maya-Jariegoa , Ignacio Ramosa , Jorge Palaciob , Óscar OviedoTrespalaciosb ,
Vanessa Romero-Mendozab and José Amarb (n.d.) Impact of Child Labor on Academic Performance:
Evidence from the Program “Edúcame Primero Colombia, retrieved from
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/84872009.pdf.
14
Rosati, F. C., & Rossi, M. (2003). Children's Working Hours and School Enrollment: Evidence
from Pakistan and Nicaragua. The World Bank Economic Review, 17(2), 283- 295.
 20

correlated to the number of hours the child worked.

Nonetheless, Murkjerhee and Das found that in India, family

size had an important effect on dropping out of school and

on increasing the incidence of child labor. 15

In this

sense, it is possible that other factors in addition to the

number of family members are associated with the

participation of minors in labor. For instance, for

Ravallion and Wodon, the family divides the child’s between

work and education according to the family’s regular level

of consumption and expenditures, the child’s previous

attendance to school and the time dedicated to leisure by

the family.16

Child Labor Practices

Child labor statistics reveal that poverty incidence

among families with child laborers was about twice the

national incidence rate. Furthermore, 85 percent of children

engaged in child labor were found in rural areas, and most

15
Mukherjee, D. & Das, S. (2008). Role of Parental Education in Schooling and Child Labour
Decision: Urban India in the Last Decade. Social Indicators Research, 89, 305- 322.

16
Ravallion, M., & Wodon, Q. (2000). Does Child Labour Displace Schooling Evidence on
Behavioural Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy. The Economic Journal, 110(462), 158-175.
 21

of these children were found in Northern Mindanao, with

about 22 percent child labor incidence.17 Income from child

labor, therefore, is welcome to very low-income households

notwithstanding the setting. Child labor is necessary for

the survival of the household as resources and economic

opportunities are not sufficient to meet the household’s

minimum basic needs. Related to poverty is the lack or

absence of economic opportunities in the household’s

localities. Año studied the situation of child labor in the

pyrotechnics industry. He finds that there are no other

viable enterprises that can serve as livelihood sources for

the community, thus the alternative to engage in a rather

dangerous work.18

Edralin’s indepth studies on the situations of children

in the pyrotechnics industry and prostitution maintain that

limited economic opportunities impel children to engage in

these worst forms of child labor. 19

Brillantes also

mentions that employment of children in domestic service is

17
Alonzo, R. and R. Edillon. 2002. Eliminating Child Labor in the Philippines. Paper submitted to
the International Labour Organization as part of an ILO/ International Programme on the Elimination of
Child Labour (IPEC) study.

18
Año, D. 2002. A Cursory Assessment study on the Situation of Child Labor in the Pyrotechnics
Industry. A manuscript submitted to the International Labour Organization as part of an ILO/International
Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) study.
19
Edralin, D. 2002. Indepth study on the Situation of Child Labor in the Pyrotechnics Industry.
Paper submitted to the International Labour Organization as part of an ILO/International Programme on
the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) study.
 22

spurred by their impoverished households, and children who

participate in domestic service come from economically

depressed regions and provinces in the Philippines, which

are characterized by lack of income-earning opportunities.

The lack or absence of income-providing economic

opportunities pushes the already poor household down to

deeper poverty. Poverty and the high cost of education for

poor families are reasons mentioned in the literature why

children of poor households do not attend school. Poor

households simply cannot afford to send their children to

school even with free primary and secondary education. This

is because attendant costs of sending children to school may

even be too much for a low-income household. 20

Another reason which Edralin mentions in her study was

the lack of access to schools. Particularly in rural areas,

the distant location of schools relative to the child’s

place of work or dwelling becomes a factor to consider.21

20
Brillantes,, R. 1996. Developing Strategic Services for Child Domestic Workers: Using Survey
Data on their Working and Living Conditions in Metro Manila, Manila: Bureau of Women and Young
Workers (BWYW), Department of Labor and Employment.
21
FERNANDO T. ALDABA, LEONARDO A. LANZONA AND RONALD J. TAMANGAN (2004) An
Empirical Analysis on the Trade-off between Schooling and Child Labor in the Philippines, Philippine
Journal of Development Number 58, Second Semester 2004, Volume XXXI, No. 2, retrieved from
https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pjd/pidspjd04-2childlabor.pdf.
 23

The study of Fernandez and Abocejo examined the

relationship between poverty and child labor in the

Philippines by region. It investigated how school attendance

of working children relates to poverty incidence covering

the period 2008-2012. Findings revealed that poverty

incidence and prevalence of child labor were strongly

correlated. Similarly, poverty incidence strongly associates

with the number of working children not attending school.

Poverty displaces these children from school. School

children are enticed to participate in the labor force

because of short-term income opportunities. There is,

however, no relationship between prevalence of child labor

and the number of working children not attending school. It

is evident that children have taken on the responsibility of

augmenting the household incomes and of providing the needs

of their households. There is also enough evidence that

conclude that poverty pushes children to participate in the

labor force for them augment household income.22

The study of Halgadoa, et al., determined the effects

of different variables of child labor on academic

performance are investigated. The results showed that labor

conditions, the number of weekly hours dedicated to work,

22
Fernandez, Russell & Abocejo, Ferdinand. (2014). Child Labor, Poverty and School Attendance:
Evidences from the Philippines by Region. CNU Journal of Higher Education. Volume 8. 114-127.
 24

and the presence of work scheduled in the morning negatively

affected the academic performance of child laborers. These

results show that the relationship between child labor and

academic performance is based on the conflict between these

two activities. These results do not indicate a linear and

simple relationship associated with the recognition of the

presence or absence of child labor. This study has

implications for the formulation of policies, programs, and

interventions for preventing, eradicating, and attenuating

the negative effects of child labor on the social and

educational development of children.23

Moreover, according to Webbink, Smits, and de Jong

propose a comprehensive model of different levels. For these

authors, the causes of child labor can be (a) the resources

related to family income, the job or the education of the

parents, (b) the structural characteristics, such as the

number of brothers or family members, the availability of

educational resources, and the level of urbanization, and

(c) the culture as it relates to the existing values and

norms associated with child labor. 24

23
Daniel Holgadoa , Isidro Maya-Jariegoa , Ignacio Ramosa , Jorge Palaciob , Óscar
OviedoTrespalaciosb , Vanessa Romero-Mendozab and José Ama (n.d.) Impact of Child Labor on Academic
Performance: Evidence from the Program “Edúcame Primero Colombia, CORE, retrieved from
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/84872009.pdf.
24
Webbink, E., Smits, Jeroen, de Jong, E. (2011). Household and Context Determinants of Child
Labour in 221 Districs of 18 Developing Countries. Social Indicators Research, Online First.
 25

Amar et al., on the quality of life and mental health

of child laborers in Toluviejo, Colombia noted that the

entrenchment of child labor in the culture of the country is

a way for the child to contribute to the family economy or a

way for the child to learn vital habits for the future. In

addition, the authors note that the reasons for the labor of

minors reported by the adults differ according to the

children’s age. Thus, for 15- to 17-year-old youth, labor

entails an important contribution to their development and

to the role that they will carry out in the future. For

younger children, an allusion is made to economic issues

related to the need for the child to contribute to the

family income.25

Jensen and Nielsen showed a clear relationship exists

between poverty levels or low income and the participation

of children and teenagers in labor-related activities.

Elevated poverty levels can force families to send their

children to work, thereby preventing the children from

investing in the human capital developed by their attending

school. 26

25
Amar, J., Palacio, J., Llinás, H., Puerta, L., Sierra, E., Pérez, A. M., & Velásquez, B. (2008). Calidad
de Vida y Salud Mental en Menores Trabajadores de Toluviejo [Quality of life and mental health in child
workers from Toluviejo]. Suma Psicológica, 15(2), 385- 410.
26
Jensen, P., & Nielsen, H. S. (1997). Child labour or school attendance? Evidence from Zambia.
Journal of Population Economics, 10(4), 407-424.
 26

Moreover, Murkjerhee and Das noted that among those

parents with greater educational levels, there is a lower

frequency of their children engaging in manual labor. This

finding is probably due to their awareness of the negative

effects of child labor on the child’s development. 27

In this

sense, Kim and Zepeda, who investigated the factors related

to children’s involvement on family farms in the United

States, found that there are factors that affect youth in

different ways at different points of the work cycle, that

is, as they first begin working and at a certain point later

in their work cycle. 28

In the first case, the decision of the parents for

their children to contribute to family work is influenced by

the consideration that this will benefit the children in

processes, such as social development, responsibility,

strengthening of family bonds, and vital learning. However,

the economic factors seem to have a greater influence on the

level of involvement of the children. In fact, work

decreases in intensity and duration when the economic

conditions of the family improve.29

27
Mukherjee, D. & Das, S. (2008). Role of Parental Education in Schooling and Child Labour
Decision: Urban India in the Last Decade. Social Indicators Research, 89, 305- 322.

28
Kim, J., & Zepeda, L. (2004). Factors Affecting Children's Participation and Amount of Labor on
Family Farms. Journal of Safety Research, 35(4), 391-401.
29
Lee, B. C., Jenkins, L. S., & Westaby, J. D. (1997). Factors Influencing Exposure of Children to
Major Hazards on Family Farms. The Journal of Rural Health, 13(3), 206- 215.
 27

Pedraza and Ribero found that when the head of the

family was the mother, the children and teenagers were

exclusively dedicated to studying, unlike those cases in

which the head of the family was the father. They concluded

that an exchange between the decision to working or study

apparently exists among children. That is, there is a

change, in varying degrees, among youth from the educational

context to that of labor, as there can be cases where both

activities are carried out simultaneously. This combination

of working and attending school was significantly present

among 12- to 17-year-old youth. However, this was not the

case with the group of 7- to 11-year-old who devoted their

time to school attendance to a greater extent. This finding

could be partly due to the intensive campaigns that have

been carried out in Colombia in favor of the provision of

basic elementary education.30

30
Pedraza, A. C., & Ribero, R. (2006). El Trabajo Infantil y Juvenil en Colombia y Algunas De Sus
Consecuencias Claves. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud., 4(1), 2-28.
 28

26

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

Locale of the Study

This study was conducted in Barangay Bangkerohan,

Catarman, Northern Samar. Catarman, officially

the Municipality of Catarman, (Waray: Bungto san

Catarman; Tagalog: Bayan ng Catarman), is a 1st

class municipality and capital of the province of Northern

Samar, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a

population of 97,879 people. It is the largest municipality

 29

in terms of land area and population in the province. It is

the commercial, educational, financial, political and

government center of the province.

Catarman lies on the northern part of Samar Island,

bounded to the east by Mondragon, to the west by Bobon, to

the south by Lope de Vega, and to the north by

the Philippine Sea. On the Pacific coast are flat lowlands

with the interior characterized by outlying low hills. Mount

Puyao in Barangay Liberty is the highest peak in the area.

The Catarman River, a major provincial river, divides the

eastern and the western parts of the town. It is fed by the

Paticua, Hibulwangan, Mahangna, Tura, and Danao creeks

together with lesser prominent estuaries.

 30

Figure 2. Map of the Municipality of Catarman, Northern

Samar

Research Design

In this research, quantitative methodology specifically

descriptive method of research was used to determine the

profile, and the child labor practices, and their issues and

challenges in Barangay Bangkerohan, Catarman, Northern

Samar.

The Respondents

The respondents of the study were child workers and

child laborers themselves who are living in Barangay

Bangekerohan, Catarman, Northern Samar. They were chosen as

the respondents because they could supply information about

their profile and the child labor practices.

The Research Instrument

This study made use of a researchers-made survey

questionnaire. The research instrument consisted of four

parts. Part I investigated into the profile of the

respondents such as age, sex, educational attainment,

position and trainings attended. Part II asked into the

perception about child labor practices. Part III contained

 31

the causes and reasons of engagement in child labor. And the

last part, Part IV was concerned with the effects of child

labor.

Validation of the Research Instrument

For purpose of testing the validity and reliability of

the research instrument, the instrument was checked and

reviewed for corrections and accurateness by the Research-

Adviser.

Population and Sampling Technique

This study purposively chose thirty (30) child workers

and laborers in Barangay Bangkerohan, Catarman, Northern

Samar. Therefore, child workers and laborers identified in

the barangay were the respondents of the study.

Data Gathering Procedures

In the process of research work, this study utilized

various forms of data gathering procedures.

In identifying the target respondents, this study

secured a list of children who are working from the Office

of the Punong Barangay in Brgy. Bangkerohan, Catarman,

Northern Samar.
 32

In collecting the data through a researchers-made

survey questionnaire, the researchers personally

administered to ensure that all its questions are answered.

Prior to the actual administration of the research

instrument, a letter of intent was attached to the survey

questionnaire seeking approval of the conduct of the

research to avoid misconception and misinterpretation among

its respondents.

However, the researchers strictly followed the

necessary health protocols during the collection to avoid

contradicting COVID-19 infection.

Statistical Treatment of Data

This study made use of different types of statistical

tools to analyze and interpret the data gathered such as the

following:

Frequency counts, percentage and means computation were

used to analyze the data that were obtained from the

respondents.

For percentage, the formula is:

 33

f
P= x 100
n

Where:

P - percentage

f - frequency

n - number of respondents

100 – constant multiplier

For the mean, the formula is:

∑x
x=
N

Where:

x - mean

∑ - summation

N - number of respondents

Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Demographic Profile

Age

Table 1 presents data based on the distribution of

respondents with respect to its age. As shows in the table

there were 1 respondent or 3.33 percent in the age of 12, 4

 34

respondents in the age of 13 or 13.33 percent, 3 respondents

or 10 percent in the age of 14, 3 respondents or 10 percent

in the age of 15, 7 respondents or 23.33 percent in the age

of 16 and 12 respondents or 40 percent in the age of 17.

This data indicates that the majority of child laborers

in Barangay Bangkerohan were in the age of 17 years old. The

least number of respondents are in the age of 12 years old.

Sex

Table 1 presents data base of the respondents with

respect to its sex. Statistical data reveals that 19

respondents or 63.33 percent were male and 11 respondents or

36.66 percent were female. This means that male composes a

greater number of the respondents.

Education

Table 1 reveals that with regards to education level

of 30 respondents, attends school regularly got the most

number with 20 or 66.66 percent and the rest got a least

number of education level. This implied that majority of the

respondents were studying and at the same time working.

Income from labor

 35

Table 1 reveals that with regards to the income of

laborers out of 30 respondents, a labor of Php 2, 000 or

below got the most number with 29 or 96.66 percent and the

rest are with number of 1 or 3.33 percent in the amount of

income of Php 2, 100 to 5, 000 per month. This implied that

majority of the respondents has an income of Php 2,000 or

below per month.

Types of work employed

Table 1 reveals that with respect to types of work of

30 respondents, construction worker got the most number with

12 or 40 percent and the rest has a least number of types of

work employed. This means that majority of the child

laborers in Barangay Bangkerohan are construction worker.

Years of work

Table 1 reveals that with regards to years of work of

30 respondents, less than one year got the most number with

19 or 63.33 percent and the rest has a least number in the

years of work. This implied that majority of the respondents

has been engage to child labor for less than one year.

Table 1
Respondents Profile

Profile Frequency Percent

 36

Age
12 years old 1 3.33
13 years old 4 13.33
14 years old 3 10
15 years old 3 10
16 years old 7 23.33
17 years old 12 40
Total 30 100
Sex
Male 19 63.33
Female 11 36.66
Total 30 100
Education
Elementary Level 1 3.33
Elementary Graduate 2 6.66
Highschool Level 4 13.33
Highschool Graduate 3 10
Attends school regularly 20 66.66
Total 30 100

Income from labor

Php 2,000 or below 29 96.66
per month
Php 2,100 - 5,000 1 3.33
per month
Total 30 100
Type of work employed
Housekeeper 5 16.66
 37

Quarry worker 4 13.33

Construction worker 12 40
Farming 6 20
Vending 2 6.66
PD Cab driver 1 3.33
Total 30 100
Years of work
Less than 1 year 19 63.33
1 – 3 years 8 26.66
4 years or more 3 10
Total 30 100

Child Labor Practices

The data in Table 2 shows the practices of child

laborers in Barangay Bangkerohan. The data revealed that

majority of the responses on the practices are often with

3.95 grand mean.

 38

The data also revealed that the child laborers always

worked to support for their family’s need, worked because no

one of the family is able to provide, was force to work

because no one supports the child laborer with 8.84, 6.63,

and 5.44 weighted mean respectively. It indicates that the

child laborers work in order to sustain their needs due to

poverty, lack of decent work opportunities for adults and

adolescents.

Table 2
Child Labor Practices
Weighted
Practices Interpretation
Mean
I worked to support for
8.84 Always
my family's needs
I worked because no one 6.63 Always
in the family is able to
 39

provide for the family

I worked all day and
3 Sometimes
night
I was forced to work
because my parents
5.44 Always
cannot support my
studies
I worked as a laborer
because our place had no 3.22 Sometimes
existing school
I worked because I want
4.06 Often
to buy my personal needs
I worked because there
are job opportunities 0.13 Always
available in our place
I worked because my
parents want me to
3.98 Often
become responsible when
I grow up
I worked because I was
influenced by my friends
4.04 Often
who are also into child
labor
I do hard labor in a day 3.37 Often
I work because no one
3.35 Often
supports me
Child labor is a way of
2.21 Seldom
life in our place
Working allows me to be
3.53 Sometimes
physically fit
Working allows me to be
3.65 Often
mentally fit
As a child worker, I can
contribute to the 3.79 Often
economy of our locality
Grand Mean 3.95 Often

Causes of Child Labor

Table 3 shows the causes of child labor in Barangay

Bangkerohan, Catarman Northern Samar. The data revealed that

 40

no regular income ranked 1 as the main cause of child labor

with 26 responses, followed by lack of support and

encouragement from family with 19 responses, and lack of

jobs, employment or insufficient salary of the parents

ranked 3 with 17 responses from the respondents. This

indicates that these causes are the top most as perceived by

the child laborers. Children are expected to follow in their

parents' footsteps in a particular trade, and to learn and

practice that trade at a very early age. The data shows that

these causes are still widespread largely because of the

vulnerability of poor families to such pressures.

Table 3
Causes of Child Labor

Causes Frequency Rank

No regular income 26 1
 41

Lack of support and

encouragement from 19 2
family
Lack of jobs, employment
or insufficient salary 17 3
of the parents
Sickness of parents or
other members of the 17 4
family
Family beliefs and
10 5
practices
Violence inside the home 9 6
Lack of social
5 7
protection
Limited access to
4 8.5
education
Weak enforcement of
4 8.5
local laws
Lack of assets and
properties such as land,
animals, that maybe a 3 10.5
source of income during
emergency situations
Lack or insufficient
3 10.5
social services
Influence oof vices in
the community (smoking, 2 12
drugs, gambling)
Violence and other
conflicts in the 1 13
community

Effects of Child Labor

 42

Table 4 shows the effects of child labor in Barangay

Bangkerohan, Catarman Northern Samar. The data revealed that

its hard to focus on task assigned got the highest rank with

29 responses, followed by the statement of irritable because

of fatigue from work with 20 responses and with 19 responses

is afraid to mingle and have friends. This indicates that

working children had a hard time synchronizing study with

work because of the fact that their work loads are not only

physically draining them but also mentally and emotionally

as well as having a hard time socializing with others. The

data shows various effects which take away their freedom

and enjoy their youth.

Table 4
Effects of Child Labor
 43

Effects Frequency Rank

Find it hard to
focus on task 29 1
assigned
Irritable because of
20 2
fatigue from work
Afraid to mingle and
19 3
have friends
Low self steem 18 4
Thin, sickly and
stunned height and 13 5
overall growth
Hunchbacked due to
lifting of heavy 12 6
objects at work
Loses their respect
11 7
to parents
They can only get
low paying and 8 8
unskilled jobs
Lung problems due to
exposure to fumes in 9
4
the workplace
Skin disease due to
exposures to 3 10.5
chemicals
Minimal
opportunities to
remove oneself from
poverty due to lack 3 10.5
of skills, sickness,
and low level of
education
Arrogant because of
the earned money 2 12
from working
 44

Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY

The study was conceptualized to determine the child

labor in Barangay Bangkerohan, Catarman Northern Samar.

Specially, it sought to find out the profile of the

respondents in terms of; age, sex, education, income from

labor, type of work employed, and years of work. To

determine the practices of child labor, to find out the

causes of child labor as well as to find out the effect of

child labor. The respondents of the study were 30 child

laborers age 10 to 17 years old.

This study was conducted in the province of Northern

Samar particularly at Barangay Bangkerohan, Catarman Norther

Samar. Following the descriptive research design, a

questionnaire was used as the main tool for data gathering

with the respondents to validate the responses. The

respondents were the child laborers that is randomly

selected. The questionnaire was personally administered and

retrieved. The data were treated statistically using

frequency counts, percentage, rank and weighted mean.

 45

Apparently, most of the respondents were male than

female, 17 years old, majority of the type of work are

construction worker and do attends school regularly. Child

laborers deals with this hazardous work for less than one

(1) year with an income from labor a sum of Php 2,000 or

below per month, at a very young age, children go to work,

sacrifice their future and health risk just to fulfill their

day-to-day existence, most especially the family needs. It

is inside the home that force a child to go to work at a

very young age because of the circumstances that happens

within the family and as a result, due to some heavy works,

a child faces a lot of complications not only to their

physical appearance but also their mental health. The health

effects of which may be evident until adulthood.

Conclusion and Implications

The following conclusions and implications were drawn

based on the findings of the study:

The respondents were young male, informal workers with

low monthly income and attends school via module. The data

implies that because of their being poor, the respondents

are forced by those circumstances to work and help their

parents earn extra income.

 46

The respondents go to work at an early age due to the

reason that they need to provide for their family needs.

This implies that they worked for their survival and that

their family depends on them because the parent’s income is

insufficient to support the needs. This appears to be the

main reason children look for their own sources of income.

They see it as the best use of their time in contributing to

meet the needs of the family.

Recommendations

This study revealed the child labor practices in

Barangay Bangkerohan, Catarman Northern Samar. Thus, the

following recommendations are hereby presented.

1. The child labor practices has been proven to exist. The

barangay local government is encouraged to conduct

awareness raising activities for parents so as to avoid

child labor.

2. Department of Labor and Employment is encouraged to

monitor establishments or residents that employ

children.

3. A similar study must be conducted in a larger community

to determine if similar findings could be established.

 47

LITERATURE CITED

A Study of Child Labor in the Philippines (n.d.), retrieved

from https://aboutphilippines.org/documents-etc/Study-of-
Child-Labor.pdf.

Aldaba, Fernando T.; Lanzona; Leonardo A.; and Tamangan,

Ronald J. (2004), An Empirical Analysis on the Trade-off
between Schooling and Child Labor in the Philippines,
Philippine Journal of Development Number 58, Second
Semester 2004, Volume XXXI, No. 2.

Alonzo, R. and R. Edillon. 2002. Eliminating Child Labor in

the Philippines. Paper submitted to the International
Labour Organization as part of an ILO/ International
Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) study,
retrieved from
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-
bangkok/---ilo-manila/documents/publication/
wcms_437075.pdf.

Amar, J., Palacio, J., Llinás, H., Puerta, L., Sierra, E.,
Pérez, A. M., & Velásquez, B. (2008). Calidad de Vida y
Salud Mental en Menores Trabajadores de Toluviejo [Quality
of life and mental health in child workers from
Toluviejo]. Suma Psicológica, 15(2).

Año, D. 2002. A Cursory Assessment Study on the Situation of

Child Labor in the Pyrotechnics Industry. A manuscript
submitted to the International Labour Organization as part
of an ILO/International Programme on the Elimination of
Child Labour (IPEC) study.

Buonomo, M. (2011). The Impact of Child Labor on Schooling

Outcomes in Nicaragua. Economics of Education Review,
30(6).

Brillantes, R. 1996. Developing Strategic Services for Child

Domestic Workers: Using Survey Data on their Working and
Living Conditions in Metro Manila, Manila: Bureau of Women
and Young Workers (BWYW), Department of Labor and
Employment.

Brown, D.K.; Stern,R.M. & A.V. Deardorff (2014) Child Labor:

Theory, Evidence and Policy, retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24137885_Child_La
bor_Theory_Evidence_and_Policy.

Edralin, D. 2002. Indepth Study on the Situation of Child

Labor in the Pyrotechnics Industry. Paper submitted to the
International Labour Organization as part of an
ILO/International Programme on the Elimination of Child
Labour (IPEC) study.
 48

Fernandez, Russell & Abocejo, Ferdinand. (2014). Child Labor,

Poverty and School Attendance: Evidences from the
Philippines by Region. CNU Journal of Higher Education.
Volume 8.

Holgadoa, Daniel; Maya-Jariegoa, Isidro; Ramosa, Ignacio;

Palacio, Jorge; Trespalacios, Óscar Oviedo; Romero-
Mendoza, Vanessa; and, Amar, José (n.d.) Impact of Child
Labor on Academic Performance: Evidence from the Program
“Edúcame Primero Colombia, retrieved from
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/84872009.pdf.

Jacobus de Hoop, Jed Friedman, Eeshani Kandpal & Furio Rosati

(2017) Child Schooling and Child Work in the Presence of a
Partial Education Subsidy, DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES, IZA DP
No. 10992, IZA Institute of Labor Economics, retrieved
from http://ftp.iza.org/dp10992.pdf.

Jensen, P., & Nielsen, H. S. (1997). Child Labour or School

Attendance? Evidence from Zambia. Journal of Population
Economics, 10(4).

Kim, J., & Zepeda, L. (2004). Factors Affecting Children's

Participation and Amount of Labor on Family Farms. Journal
of Safety Research, 35(4).

Lee, B. C., Jenkins, L. S., & Westaby, J. D. (1997). Factors

Influencing Exposure of Children to Major Hazards on
Family Farms. The Journal of Rural Health, 13(3).

Liening, A. "Growth Theory and Endogenous Human Capital

Development: A Contribution to the Theory of Complex
Systems," Theoretical Economics Letters, Vol. 3 No. 2,
2013, pp. 96-104. doi: 10.4236/tel.2013.32016.

Mukherjee, D. & Das, S. (2008). Role of Parental Education in

Schooling and Child Labour Decision: Urban India in the
Last Decade. Social Indicators Research, 89.

Nelson, G. L. M., & Quiton, J. D. (2017). Child Labor and Its

Effects on Schooling, Health and Recreation of Filipino
Children. Journal of Population and Social Studies [JPSS],
26(1), 68-82. Retrieved from
https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jpss/article/view/10
7375.

Pedraza, A. C., & Ribero, R. (2006). El trabajo infantil y

juvenil en Colombia y algunas de sus consecuencias claves.
Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y
Juventud., 4(1).

Philippine Statistics Authority, Final Results of the 2011

Survey on Children, Table 3,
https://psa.gov.ph/content/estimated-number-working-
children-5-17-years-old-who-worked-during-past-weekwas-33-
million.
 49

Ravallion, M., & Wodon, Q. (2000). Does Child Labour Displace

Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an
Enrollment Subsidy. The Economic Journal, 110(462), 158-
175.

Republic of the Philippines, RA No. 7568, An Act Prohibiting

the Employment of Children Below 15 Years of Age in Public
and Private Undertakings.

Rogers, Carol Ann & Swinnerton, Kenneth A. (2002) A Theory of

Exploitative Child Labor, retrieved from
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6589454.pdf

Rosati, F. C., & Rossi, M. (2003). Children's Working Hours

and School Enrollment: Evidence from Pakistan and
Nicaragua. The World Bank Economic Review, 17(2).

Understanding Children's Work. Forthcoming. "Understanding

Children's Work and Youth Employment Outcomes in the
Philippines."

U.S. Department of Labor. 2016. “Philippines: 2015 Findings on

the Worst Forms of Labor: Significant Advancement.”

Webbink, E., Smits, Jeroen, de Jong, E. (2011). Household and

Context Determinants of Child Labour in 221 Districs of 18
Developing Countries. Social Indicators Research, Online
First.

https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1992/
ra_7610_1992.html.
 50

Appendix A
Letter to the Dean

Republic of the Philippines

University of eastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND COMMUNICATION
University Town, Northern Samar

DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY

Date:

MARIA ALFE G. BANAWIS, DALL

Dean, College of Art and Communication
University of Eastern Philippines
University Town, Northern Samar

Madam:

The undersigned are Bachelor of Science in

Criminology senior students of the University of Eastern
Philippines, and are presently conducting a thesis
entitled: “CHILD LABOR PRACTICES IN BARANGAY BANGKEROHAN,
CATARMAN NORTHERN SAMAR.”

In connection with this, please allow us to conduct

a data gathering to the respondents.

Thank you so much.

Respectfully yours,
CATHY M. CULA
ERIKA C. HERNANDEZ
Researchers

Noted:

JOY E. PRESADO, DPA, RCrim, LPT

Research Professor

JOY F. LORETO, MCJ

Research Adviser

Recommending Approval:
 51

JOSE E. GABON, JR., DCJE

Chair, Criminology Department

Approved:

MARIA ALFE G. BANAWIS, DALL

Dean, College of Arts and Communication

Appendix B
 52

Letter to the Department Chair

Republic of the Philippines

University of eastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND COMMUNICATION
University Town, Northern Samar

DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY

Date:

JOSE E. GABON JR., DCJE

Officer In-charge
Criminology Department
College of Arts and Communication

Sir:

The undersigned are Bachelor of Science in

Criminology senior students of the University of Eastern
Philippines, and are presently conducting a thesis
entitled: “CHILD LABOR PRACTICES IN BARANGAY BANGKEROHAN,
CATARMAN NORTHERN”

We have constructed survey questionnaires to gather

data for this study.

In connection with this, we would like to ask

permission to conduct survey to gather the data needed in
this study. We are hoping that this request will be
granted and approved.

Thank you very much for your response.

Respectfully yours,
CATHY M. CULA
ERIKA C. HERNANDEZ
Researchers
 53

Recommending Approval:
JOY E. PRESADO, DPA, RCrim, LPT
Research Professor

JOY F. LORETO, MCJ

Research Adviser

Approved:

JOSE E. GABON. JR., DCJE

Chair, Criminology Department
 54

Appendix C
Letter to the Respondents

Republic of the Philippines

University of eastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND COMMUNICATION
University Town, Northern Samar

DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY

Date:

Dear Respondents:

The undersigned are Bachelor of Science in

Criminology senior students of the University of Eastern
Philippines, and are presently conducting a thesis
entitled: “CHILD LABOR PRACTICES IN BARANGAY BANGKEROHAN,
CATARMAN NORTHERN SAMAR.”

In line with this, please give us a little of your

time to conduct a data gathering regarding our study.

The researchers further assure you that all the data

gathered will be kept confidential and will only be used
for this study.

Thank you.

Respectfully yours,
CATHY M. CULA
ERIKA C. HERNANDEZ
Researchers

Noted:

JOY E. PRESADO, DPA, RCrim, LPT

Research Professor

JOY F. LORETO, MCJ

Research Adviser
 55

Recommending Approval:

JOSE E. GABON, JR., DCJE

Chair, Criminology Department

Approved:

MARIA ALFE G. BANAWIS, DALL

Dean, College of Arts and Communication
 56

Appendix D

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Name (Optional):
Part I. Socio-demographic characteristics

1. Age

2. Sex [ ] male [ ] female

3. Education
[ ] No education at all
[ ] Elementary level
[ ] Elementary graduate
[ ] High school level
[ ] High school graduate
[ ] Attends school regularly
[ ] Do not attend school regularly

4. Income from labor

[ ] Php 2,000.00 or below per month
[ ] Php 2,100-5,000.00 per month
[ ] Php 5,100 or more per month

5. Type of work employed

[ ] housekeeper [ ] fishing
[ ] quarry worker [ ] vending
[ ] construction worker [ ] PD Cab driver
[ ] farming
[ ] others, pls. specify

6. Years of work
[ ] less than 1 year
[ ] 1-3 years
[ ] 4 years or more
 57

Part II. Child Labor Practices

Directions: Please check on the space provided your perception
about child labor practices based on the following scale:
Strongly agree Disagree
Moderately agree Strongly disagree
Agree
Practices Strongly Moderately Agree Disagree Strongly
agree agree disagree

1. I worked to support for

my family's needs
2. I worked because no one
in the family is able
to provide for the
family
3. I worked all day and
night
4. I was forced to work
because my parents
cannot support my
studies
5. I worked as a laborer
because our place had
no existing school
6. I worked because I want
to buy my personal
needs
7. I worked because there
are job opportunities
available in our place
8. I worked because my
parents want me to
become responsible when
I grow up
9. I worked because I was
influenced by my
friends who are also
into child labor
10. I do hard labor
in a day
11. I work because no
one supports me
12. Child labor is a
way of life in our
place
13. Working allows me
to be physically fit
14. Working allows me
to be mentally fit
15. As a child
worker, I can
contribute to the
economy of our locality
 58

Part III. Causes of Child Labor

Directions Please check the causes and reasons why you engaged
in child labor?
( ) Family beliefs and practices
( ) Sickness of parents or other members of the family
( ) Lack of support and encouragement from family
( ) Violence inside the home
( ) Lack of jobs, employment or insufficient salary of the
parents
( ) No regular income
( ) Lack of assets and properties such as land, animals, that
maybe a source of income during emergency situations
( ) Lack or insufficient social services
( ) Violence and other conflicts in the community
( ) Influence of vices in the community (smoking, drugs,
gambling)
( ) Lack of social protection
( ) Limited access to education
( ) Weak enforcement of local laws
( ) Others pls. specify

Part IV. Effects of Child Labor

( ) Hard to continue with schooling because of exhausted from
work and cannot concentrate on the lesson
( ) Find it hard to focus on tasks assigned
( ) Afraid to mingle and make friends
( ) Losses their respect to parents
( ) Thin, sickly and stunted height and overall growth
( ) Skin disease due to exposure to chemicals
( ) Lung problems due to exposure to fumes in the workplace
( ) Hunchbacked due to lifting of heavy objects at work
( ) Low self esteem
( ) Arrogant because of the money earned from working
( ) Irritable because of fatigue from work
( ) They can only get low paying and unskilled jobs
 59

( ) Minimal opportunity to remove oneself from poverty due to

lack of skills, sickness, sickliness, and low level of
education
( ) Others pls. specify

Thank you!
 60

Appendix D

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Ngaran (Opsyunal):
Una na Parti. Pangkalugaringon

Edad

1. Kinatawhan [ ] lalaki [ ] babaye

2. Edukasyon
[ ] waray iniskwelahan
[ ] abot la elementary an iniskwelahan
[ ] nakatangpos sa elementary
[ ] abot la hayskul an iniskwelahan
[ ] nakatangpos sa hayskul
[ ] nasulod pa permi sa eskwelahan
[ ] danay nala nasulod sa eskwelahan

3. Sweldo san pagtrabaho

[ ] Php 2,000.00 o paubos pa kada bulan
[ ] Php 2,100-5,000.00 kada bulan
[ ] Php 5,100 o mas dako pa kada bulan

4. Klase san ginsudlan na trabaho

[ ] kabulig sa sulod sa panimalay [ ] panagat
[ ] manbabaras [ ] paragbaligya
[ ] konstruksyon worker o pagtukod [ ] PD Cab
drayber
[ ] pag-uma
[ ] an iba, alayon pakibutang

5. Tuig san pagtrabaho

[ ] ubos pa sa sayu katuig
[ ] 1-3 katuig
[ ] 4 katuig o lahos pa
 61

Ikaduwa nga Parti. Child labor practices

Direksyun: Alayun paki tsek san espasyo basis a iyo pagkasabot
sine nga tag batan-on nga trabahador:
Pag-uyon kusog Dire pag-uyon
Tama la nga pag-uyon Dire gud pag-uyon
Pag-uyon
Practices Pag-uyon Tama la Pag- Dire Dire gud
kusog nga pag- uyon pag-uyon pag-uyon
uyon

1. Nagtrabaho ak para
suportahan an
pangihalangnon saak
pamilya.
2. Nagtrabaho ak tungod sa
rason nga wara bisan
sayo an makahatag saak
kinahanglanon sa akon
ak pamilya
3. Nagtratrabaho ak bug-os
na adlaw ngan gabe
4. Napiritan ak magtrabaho
tungod sa dire kaya
saak pamilya suportahan
ak pag eskwela
5. Nagtratrabago ak bilang
sayo na trabahador
tungod sa wara saam
eskwelan
6. Nagtratrabaho ak para
makapalit saak
kalugaringon na
pangihanglanon
7. Nagtratrabaho ak kay
tungod nga may puydi
masudlan na trabaho
8. Nagtratrabaho ak kay
tungod sa karuyag saak
kag anak nga maging
responsibilidad ak
pagdako
9. Nagtratrabaho ak kay
tungod nga
naimpluwensyahan ak
saak kasangkayan nga
batan-on pa nga
nananrabaho na
10. Mabug-at na trabahuon
ak inhihimo sa sayo
kaadlaw
11. Nagtratrabaho ak kay
tungod sa wara saak
nasuporta
12. An pagigin batan-on nga
 62

trabahador an pamaagi
san pangabuhi saam lugar
13. An pagtratrabaho an
nakakahatag saak libsog
nga pangalawason
14. An pagtratrabaho an
naghahatag saak maupay
nga pangisipan
15. Bilang sayo nga batan-
on nga trabahador,
makakaamot naak gihapon
sa ekonomiya san aton
lokalidad.

Ikatulo na Parti. Causes of child labor

Direksyun: Alayon paki tsek san rason kay nano na nahibutang
kamo sa pagigin batan-on nga trabahador.

( ) Tinuohan ngan buruhaton san pamilya

( ) Pagkasakit sa kag-anak o sa iba nga membro sa pamilya
( ) Kulang sa suporta ngan pagpakaupay san pamilya
( ) Kapintasan sa sulod sa panimalay
( ) Kawara san trabaho o dire sakto ngan kulang na sweldo san
kag-anak
( ) Wara permanente na kita
( ) Kakulangan san mga kabtanan sugad san tuna, kahayopan nga
puydi pagkuwaan san panahon sa pagkuri ngan
pangahilangnon
( ) Kakulangan san serbisyo sa pangkatawhan
( ) Kapintasan ngan iba pa nga saramok sa komunidad
( ) Impluwensya san pagbisyo sugad san pagpansigarilyo, droga
ngan paghuygo
( ) Kakulangan proteksyon sa pangkatawhan
( ) Limitado nga akses sa edukasyon
( ) Maluya ngan pagpatuman san local nga mga balaod
( ) An iba, alayun pakibutang ________________
 63

Ikaupat na Parti. Effects of child labor

( ) Kakurian san pagpadayon san pag-aram tungod san katanglay
sa trabaho ngan dire makaatinder sa mga leksyon
( ) Nakukurian maka pokus sa mga ginhatag na hirimuon
( ) Hadok makihalobilo ngan makisangkay
( ) Pagkawara respito o pagtahod sa kag-anak
( ) MAhugos, sarakitnon ngan pagtuok sa kahataas tas pagtubo
( ) Sakit sa panit tungod sa pagka-ekspos sa kemikalSS
( ) Problema sa baga tungod sa pagka-ekspos alisngaw sa
gintratrabahuan
( ) Pagkakubaog tungod sa pag-alsa magbug-at
( ) Hamubo nga pag-imod sa pangkalugaringon
( ) Pagkahambog tungod sa may kwarta pagtrinabaho
( ) Pagkauyam tungod sa kapagal sa trabaho
( ) Pagkakuha dito nga kantidad san sweldo ngan dire
pagkahasa sa trabaho
( ) Ditoy na higayon nga makatalwas sa kakurian tungod sa
tungod sa kakulang sa kahasa, sakiton ngan dito nga
inadman
( ) An iba, alayon pakibutang

Salamat!
 64

Population and Sampling Technique

This study will purposively choose thirty ten (30)

child workers and laborers in Barangay Bangkerohan,

Catarman, Northern Samar. Therefore, child workers and

laborers identified in the barangay will become the

respondents of the study.

Data Gathering Procedures

In the process of research work, this study will

utilize various forms of data gathering procedures.

In identifying the target respondents, this study

will serve a list of children who are working from the

Office of the Punong Barangay in Brgy. Bangkerohan,

Catarman, Northern Samar.

In collecting the primary source of data which is

the researchers-made survey questionnaire, the

researchers will personally administer to ensure that all

its questions will be answered. Likewise, retrieval of

the research instrument will take place the day after all

the survey questionnaires will be answered by the

respondents. However, prior to the actual administration

of the research instrument, a letter of intent is

attached to the survey questionnaire seeking approval of

the conduct of the research to avoid misconception and

misinterpretation among its respondents.

 65

However, the researcher will strictly follow the

necessary health protocols during the collection to avoid

from acquiring COVID-19 infection.

Statistical Treatment of Data

This study will make use of different types of

statistical tools to analyze and interpret the data

gathered such as the following:

Descriptive analysis for respondents’ data,

frequency, and mean will be used to measure its

variability and to test the relationship between the two

characteristics and the child labor practices.

For percentage, the formula is:

f
P=
N ×100

Where:

P = percentage

f = frequency

N = number of respondents

100 = constant

For the mean, the formula is:

∑x
x=
N

Where:

x = mean
 66

∑ = summation

N = number of respondents

LITERATURE CITED

A Study of Child Labor in the Philippines (n.d.), retrieved

from https://aboutphilippines.org/documents-etc/Study-of-
Child-Labor.pdf.

Aldaba, Fernando T.; Lanzona; Leonardo A.; and Tamangan,

Ronald J. (2004), An Empirical Analysis on the Trade-off
between Schooling and Child Labor in the Philippines,
Philippine Journal of Development Number 58, Second
Semester 2004, Volume XXXI, No. 2.

Alonzo, R. and R. Edillon. 2002. Eliminating Child Labor in

the Philippines. Paper submitted to the International
Labour Organization as part of an ILO/ International
Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) study,
retrieved from
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-
bangkok/---ilo-manila/documents/publication/
wcms_437075.pdf.

Amar, J., Palacio, J., Llinás, H., Puerta, L., Sierra, E.,
Pérez, A. M., & Velásquez, B. (2008). Calidad de Vida y
Salud Mental en Menores Trabajadores de Toluviejo [Quality
of life and mental health in child workers from
Toluviejo]. Suma Psicológica, 15(2).

Año, D. 2002. A Cursory Assessment Study on the Situation of

Child Labor in the Pyrotechnics Industry. A manuscript
submitted to the International Labour Organization as part
of an ILO/International Programme on the Elimination of
Child Labour (IPEC) study.
 67

Buonomo, M. (2011). The Impact of Child Labor on Schooling

Outcomes in Nicaragua. Economics of Education Review,
30(6).

Brillantes, R. 1996. Developing Strategic Services for Child

Domestic Workers: Using Survey Data on their Working and
Living Conditions in Metro Manila, Manila: Bureau of Women
and Young Workers (BWYW), Department of Labor and
Employment.

Brown, D.K.; Stern,R.M. & A.V. Deardorff (2014) Child Labor:

Theory, Evidence and Policy, retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24137885_Child_La
bor_Theory_Evidence_and_Policy.

Edralin, D. 2002. Indepth Study on the Situation of Child

Labor in the Pyrotechnics Industry. Paper submitted to the
International Labour Organization as part of an
ILO/International Programme on the Elimination of Child
Labour (IPEC) study.

Fernandez, Russell & Abocejo, Ferdinand. (2014). Child Labor,

Poverty and School Attendance: Evidences from the
Philippines by Region. CNU Journal of Higher Education.
Volume 8.

Holgadoa, Daniel; Maya-Jariegoa, Isidro; Ramosa, Ignacio;

Palacio, Jorge; Trespalacios, Óscar Oviedo; Romero-
Mendoza, Vanessa; and, Amar, José (n.d.) Impact of Child
Labor on Academic Performance: Evidence from the Program
“Edúcame Primero Colombia, retrieved from
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/84872009.pdf.

Jacobus de Hoop, Jed Friedman, Eeshani Kandpal & Furio Rosati

(2017) Child Schooling and Child Work in the Presence of a
Partial Education Subsidy, DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES, IZA DP
No. 10992, IZA Institute of Labor Economics, retrieved
from http://ftp.iza.org/dp10992.pdf.

Jensen, P., & Nielsen, H. S. (1997). Child Labour or School

Attendance? Evidence from Zambia. Journal of Population
Economics, 10(4).

Kim, J., & Zepeda, L. (2004). Factors Affecting Children's

Participation and Amount of Labor on Family Farms. Journal
of Safety Research, 35(4).

Lee, B. C., Jenkins, L. S., & Westaby, J. D. (1997). Factors

Influencing Exposure of Children to Major Hazards on
Family Farms. The Journal of Rural Health, 13(3).

Liening, A. "Growth Theory and Endogenous Human Capital

Development: A Contribution to the Theory of Complex
Systems," Theoretical Economics Letters, Vol. 3 No. 2,
2013, pp. 96-104. doi: 10.4236/tel.2013.32016.
 68

Mukherjee, D. & Das, S. (2008). Role of Parental Education in

Schooling and Child Labour Decision: Urban India in the
Last Decade. Social Indicators Research, 89.

Nelson, G. L. M., & Quiton, J. D. (2017). Child Labor and Its

Effects on Schooling, Health and Recreation of Filipino
Children. Journal of Population and Social Studies [JPSS],
26(1), 68-82. Retrieved from
https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jpss/article/view/10
7375.

Pedraza, A. C., & Ribero, R. (2006). El trabajo infantil y

juvenil en Colombia y algunas de sus consecuencias claves.
Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y
Juventud., 4(1).

Philippine Statistics Authority, Final Results of the 2011

Survey on Children, Table 3,
https://psa.gov.ph/content/estimated-number-working-
children-5-17-years-old-who-worked-during-past-weekwas-33-
million.

Ravallion, M., & Wodon, Q. (2000). Does Child Labour Displace

Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an
Enrollment Subsidy. The Economic Journal, 110(462), 158-
175.

Republic of the Philippines, RA No. 7568, An Act Prohibiting

the Employment of Children Below 15 Years of Age in Public
and Private Undertakings.

Rogers, Carol Ann & Swinnerton, Kenneth A. (2002) A Theory of

Exploitative Child Labor, retrieved from
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6589454.pdf

Rosati, F. C., & Rossi, M. (2003). Children's Working Hours

and School Enrollment: Evidence from Pakistan and
Nicaragua. The World Bank Economic Review, 17(2).

Understanding Children's Work. Forthcoming. "Understanding

Children's Work and Youth Employment Outcomes in the
Philippines."

U.S. Department of Labor. 2016. “Philippines: 2015 Findings on

the Worst Forms of Labor: Significant Advancement.”

Webbink, E., Smits, Jeroen, de Jong, E. (2011). Household and

Context Determinants of Child Labour in 221 Districs of 18
Developing Countries. Social Indicators Research, Online
First.

https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1992/
ra_7610_1992.html.
 69

Appendix A
Letter to the Dean

Republic of the Philippines

University of eastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND COMMUNICATION
University Town, Northern Samar

DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY

Date:

MARIA ALFE G. BANAWIS, DALL

Dean, College of Art and Communication
University of Eastern Philippines
University Town, Northern Samar

Madam:

The undersigned are Bachelor of Science in

Criminology senior students of the University of Eastern
Philippines, and are presently conducting a thesis
 70

entitled: “CHILD LABOR PRACTICES IN BARANGAY BANGKEROHAN,

CATARMAN NORTHERN SAMAR.”

In connection with this, please allow us to conduct

a data gathering to the respondents.

Thank you so much.

Respectfully yours,
CATHY M. CULA
ERIKA C. HERNANDEZ
Researchers

Noted:

JOY E. PRESADO, DPA, RCrim, LPT

Research Professor

JOY F. LORETO, MCJ

Research Adviser

Recommending Approval:

JOSE E. GABON, JR., DCJE

Chair, Criminology Department

Approved:

MARIA ALFE G. BANAWIS, DALL

Dean, College of Arts and Communication
 71

Appendix B
Letter to the Department Chair

Republic of the Philippines

University of eastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND COMMUNICATION
University Town, Northern Samar

DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY

Date:

JOSE E. GABON JR., DCJE

Officer In-charge
Criminology Department
College of Arts and Communication

Sir:

The undersigned are Bachelor of Science in

Criminology senior students of the University of Eastern
Philippines, and are presently conducting a thesis
 72

entitled: “CHILD LABOR PRACTICES IN BARANGAY BANGKEROHAN,

CATARMAN NORTHERN”

We have constructed survey questionnaires to gather

data for this study.

In connection with this, we would like to ask

permission to conduct survey to gather the data needed in
this study. We are hoping that this request will be
granted and approved.

Thank you very much for your response.

Respectfully yours,
CATHY M. CULA
ERIKA C. HERNANDEZ
Researchers

Recommending Approval:
JOY E. PRESADO, DPA, RCrim, LPT
Research Professor

JOY F. LORETO, MCJ

Research Adviser

Approved:

JOSE E. GABON. JR., DCJE

Chair, Criminology Department
 73

Appendix C
Letter to the Respondents

Republic of the Philippines

University of eastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND COMMUNICATION
University Town, Northern Samar

DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY

Date:

Dear Respondents:

The undersigned are Bachelor of Science in

Criminology senior students of the University of Eastern
Philippines, and are presently conducting a thesis
entitled: “CHILD LABOR PRACTICES IN BARANGAY BANGKEROHAN,
CATARMAN NORTHERN SAMAR.”

In line with this, please give us a little of your

time to conduct a data gathering regarding our study.
 74

The researchers further assure you that all the data

gathered will be kept confidential and will only be used
for this study.

Thank you.

Respectfully yours,
CATHY M. CULA
ERIKA C. HERNANDEZ
Researchers

Noted:

JOY E. PRESADO, DPA, RCrim, LPT

Research Professor

JOY F. LORETO, MCJ

Research Adviser

Recommending Approval:

JOSE E. GABON, JR., DCJE

Chair, Criminology Department

Approved:

MARIA ALFE G. BANAWIS, DALL

Dean, College of Arts and Communication
 75

Appendix D

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Name (Optional):
Part I. Socio-demographic characteristics

7. Age

8. Sex [ ] male [ ] female

9. Education
[ ] No education at all
[ ] Elementary level
[ ] Elementary graduate
[ ] High school level
[ ] High school graduate
[ ] Attends school regularly
[ ] Do not attend school regularly

10. Income from labor

[ ] Php 2,000.00 or below per month
[ ] Php 2,100-5,000.00 per month
[ ] Php 5,100 or more per month
 76

11. Type of work employed

[ ] housekeeper [ ] fishing
[ ] quarry worker [ ] vending
[ ] construction worker [ ] PD Cab driver
[ ] farming
[ ] others, pls. specify

12. Years of work

[ ] less than 1 year
[ ] 1-3 years
[ ] 4 years or more

Part II. Child Labor Practices

Directions: Please check on the space provided your perception
about child labor practices based on the following scale:
Strongly agree Disagree
Moderately agree Strongly disagree
Agree
Practices Strongly Moderately Agree Disagree Strongly
agree agree disagree

16. I worked to
support for my family's
needs
17. I worked because
no one in the family is
able to provide for the
family
18. I worked all day
and night
19. I was forced to
work because my parents
cannot support my
studies
20. I worked as a
laborer because our
place had no existing
school
21. I worked because
 77

I want to buy my
personal needs
22. I worked because
there are job
opportunities available
in our place
23. I worked because
my parents want me to
become responsible when
I grow up
24. I worked because
I was influenced by my
friends who are also
into child labor
25. I do hard labor
in a day
26. I work because no
one supports me
27. Child labor is a
way of life in our
place
28. Working allows me
to be physically fit
29. Working allows me
to be mentally fit
30. As a child
worker, I can
contribute to the
economy of our locality

Part III. Causes of Child Labor

Directions Please check the causes and reasons why you engaged
in child labor?
( ) Family beliefs and practices
( ) Sickness of parents or other members of the family
( ) Lack of support and encouragement from family
( ) Violence inside the home
( ) Lack of jobs, employment or insufficient salary of the
parents
( ) No regular income
( ) Lack of assets and properties such as land, animals, that
maybe a source of income during emergency situations
( ) Lack or insufficient social services
( ) Violence and other conflicts in the community
( ) Influence of vices in the community (smoking, drugs,
gambling)
 78

( ) Lack of social protection

( ) Limited access to education
( ) Weak enforcement of local laws
( ) Others pls. specify

Part IV. Effects of Child Labor

( ) Hard to continue with schooling because of exhausted from
work and cannot concentrate on the lesson
( ) Find it hard to focus on tasks assigned
( ) Afraid to mingle and make friends
( ) Losses their respect to parents
( ) Thin, sickly and stunted height and overall growth
( ) Skin disease due to exposure to chemicals
( ) Lung problems due to exposure to fumes in the workplace
( ) Hunchbacked due to lifting of heavy objects at work
( ) Low self esteem
( ) Arrogant because of the money earned from working
( ) Irritable because of fatigue from work
( ) They can only get low paying and unskilled jobs
( ) Minimal opportunity to remove oneself from poverty due to
lack of skills, sickness, sickliness, and low level of
education
( ) Others pls. specify

Thank you!
 79

Appendix D

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Ngaran (Opsyunal):
Una na Parti. Pangkalugaringon

Edad

6. Kinatawhan [ ] lalaki [ ] babaye

7. Edukasyon
[ ] waray iniskwelahan
[ ] abot la elementary an iniskwelahan
[ ] nakatangpos sa elementary
[ ] abot la hayskul an iniskwelahan
[ ] nakatangpos sa hayskul
[ ] nasulod pa permi sa eskwelahan
[ ] danay nala nasulod sa eskwelahan

8. Sweldo san pagtrabaho

 80

[ ] Php 2,000.00 o paubos pa kada bulan

[ ] Php 2,100-5,000.00 kada bulan
[ ] Php 5,100 o mas dako pa kada bulan

9. Klase san ginsudlan na trabaho

[ ] kabulig sa sulod sa panimalay [ ] panagat
[ ] manbabaras [ ] paragbaligya
[ ] konstruksyon worker o pagtukod [ ] PD Cab
drayber
[ ] pag-uma
[ ] an iba, alayon pakibutang

10. Tuig san pagtrabaho

[ ] ubos pa sa sayu katuig
[ ] 1-3 katuig
[ ] 4 katuig o lahos pa

Ikaduwa nga Parti. Child labor practices

Direksyun: Alayun paki tsek san espasyo basis a iyo pagkasabot
sine nga tag batan-on nga trabahador:
Pag-uyon kusog Dire pag-uyon
Tama la nga pag-uyon Dire gud pag-uyon
Pag-uyon
Practices Pag-uyon Tama la Pag- Dire Dire gud
kusog nga pag- uyon pag-uyon pag-uyon
uyon

16. Nagtrabaho ak
para suportahan an
pangihalangnon saak
pamilya.
17. Nagtrabaho ak
tungod sa rason nga
wara bisan sayo an
makahatag saak
kinahanglanon sa akon
ak pamilya
18. Nagtratrabaho ak
bug-os na adlaw ngan
 81

gabe
19. Napiritan ak
magtrabaho tungod sa
dire kaya saak pamilya
suportahan ak pag
eskwela
20. Nagtratrabago ak
bilang sayo na
trabahador tungod sa
wara saam eskwelan
21. Nagtratrabaho ak
para makapalit saak
kalugaringon na
pangihanglanon
22. Nagtratrabaho ak
kay tungod nga may
puydi masudlan na
trabaho
23. Nagtratrabaho ak
kay tungod sa karuyag
saak kag anak nga
maging responsibilidad
ak pagdako
24. Nagtratrabaho ak
kay tungod nga
naimpluwensyahan ak
saak kasangkayan nga
batan-on pa nga
nananrabaho na
25. Mabug-at na trabahuon
ak inhihimo sa sayo
kaadlaw
26. Nagtratrabaho ak kay
tungod sa wara saak
nasuporta
27. An pagigin batan-on nga
trabahador an pamaagi
san pangabuhi saam lugar
28. An pagtratrabaho an
nakakahatag saak libsog
nga pangalawason
29. An pagtratrabaho an
naghahatag saak maupay
nga pangisipan
30. Bilang sayo nga batan-
on nga trabahador,
makakaamot naak gihapon
sa ekonomiya san aton
lokalidad.

Ikatulo na Parti. Causes of child labor

 82

Direksyun: Alayon paki tsek san rason kay nano na nahibutang

kamo sa pagigin batan-on nga trabahador.

( ) Tinuohan ngan buruhaton san pamilya

( ) Pagkasakit sa kag-anak o sa iba nga membro sa pamilya
( ) Kulang sa suporta ngan pagpakaupay san pamilya
( ) Kapintasan sa sulod sa panimalay
( ) Kawara san trabaho o dire sakto ngan kulang na sweldo san
kag-anak
( ) Wara permanente na kita
( ) Kakulangan san mga kabtanan sugad san tuna, kahayopan nga
puydi pagkuwaan san panahon sa pagkuri ngan
pangahilangnon
( ) Kakulangan san serbisyo sa pangkatawhan
( ) Kapintasan ngan iba pa nga saramok sa komunidad
( ) Impluwensya san pagbisyo sugad san pagpansigarilyo, droga
ngan paghuygo
( ) Kakulangan proteksyon sa pangkatawhan
( ) Limitado nga akses sa edukasyon
( ) Maluya ngan pagpatuman san local nga mga balaod
( ) An iba, alayun pakibutang ________________

Ikaupat na Parti. Effects of child labor

( ) Kakurian san pagpadayon san pag-aram tungod san katanglay
sa trabaho ngan dire makaatinder sa mga leksyon
( ) Nakukurian maka pokus sa mga ginhatag na hirimuon
( ) Hadok makihalobilo ngan makisangkay
( ) Pagkawara respito o pagtahod sa kag-anak
( ) MAhugos, sarakitnon ngan pagtuok sa kahataas tas pagtubo
( ) Sakit sa panit tungod sa pagka-ekspos sa kemikalSS
( ) Problema sa baga tungod sa pagka-ekspos alisngaw sa
gintratrabahuan
( ) Pagkakubaog tungod sa pag-alsa magbug-at
 83

( ) Hamubo nga pag-imod sa pangkalugaringon

( ) Pagkahambog tungod sa may kwarta pagtrinabaho
( ) Pagkauyam tungod sa kapagal sa trabaho
( ) Pagkakuha dito nga kantidad san sweldo ngan dire
pagkahasa sa trabaho
( ) Ditoy na higayon nga makatalwas sa kakurian tungod sa
tungod sa kakulang sa kahasa, sakiton ngan dito nga
inadman
( ) An iba, alayon pakibutang

Salamat!