Theoretical Framework

Throughout the ages people started practicing the utilization of workers and equipment in

order to protect his well- being and property thus, the civilized man adopts security measures to

have adequate protection against unsecured environment. According to Peckley & Fontanos

(2008), the theoretical foundation for security is based on several assumptions. First, individuals

choose pleasure over pain and often make inappropriate decisions in search of gratification.

Second, individuals commit crime when conditions exist that promotes suitable targets of

opportunity for crime and the influence of social control is lacking. Third, the opportunity for the

crime can be reduced through manipulation of the environment (American Society for Industrial

Security, 2000). Fourth, in the occurrence of appropriate prevention and intervention strategies

are not implemented (Hess & Wrobleski, 2011). Police beat system is intended to provide these

prevention and intervention strategies.

Human needs arise out of a person’s biological or psychological makeup. They can be

biological (biogenic) needs which are the needs of the body which exist for the maintenance of

health and protection of the body against physical injuries.

These are influenced primarily by the kind of society in which the individuals are raised.

Psychological motives are those related to the individual happiness and well being, but not for

survival, unlike the biological motives that focuses on basic needs – the primary motives.

Accordingly, there is a hierarchy of needs ascending from the basic biological needs

present at birth to the more complex psychological needs that become important only after the

more basic needs have been satisfied.

According to Maslow’s, the level that commands the individual’s attention and effort is

ordinarily the lowest one on which there is an unmet need. For example, unless needs for safety

is reasonably well-met behavior will be dominated by these needs and higher motives are of little

significance. With their gratification, however, the individual is free to devote time and effort to
meet on the highest levels. In other words, one level must be at least partially satisfied before

those at the next level become determiners of action.

“Practice theory” is a theory of how social beings, with their diverse motives and their

diverse intentions, make and transform the world in which they live. It is dialectic between

structure and human action working back and forth in a dynamic relationship. Practice theory, as

outlined by Sherry Ortner, "seeks to explain the relationship(s) that obtain between human action,

on the one hand, and some global entity which we call 'the system' on the other." The approach

seeks to resolve the antinomy between traditional structuralism approaches and approaches such

as methodological individualism which attempted to explain all social phenomena in terms of

individual actions.

Safety is often seen as one of a group of related disciplines: quality, reliability, availability,

maintainability and safety. These issues tend to determine the value of any work, and deficits in

any of these areas are considered to result in a cost, beyond the cost of addressing the area in

the first place; good management is then expected to minimize total cost.

However, Community/stakeholders need to be active partners in the deployment of foot

patrol. Training community members, businesses, and other stakeholders in crime prevention,

environmental issues, neighborhood watch strategies, being effective witnesses, and problem

solving will assist in reducing crime.

Stakeholders can contribute by taking action in the form of citizen patrols, graffiti

eradication, youth programs, and trash removal. Other municipal agencies can assist with

enforcing codes, developing youth programs, enhancing lighting, and removing visual barriers.

Officers assigned to foot patrols must have the training, resources, and support to develop

and implement programs that address the specific needs of the beat area.

Conceptual Framework
 Foot patrol is the oldest form of police patrol work. The use of foot patrols decreased

substantially in the last century before reemerging as a community policing tool. The benefits,

particularly in the form of community goodwill and improves relationships between the police and

community, may help to explain the recent resurgence in this practice. Coupled with the high gas

prices in 2008, foot patrols are once again being used as a community policing tool.

As with many policing strategies, departments adapt their approaches to community and

departmental needs. Historically, foot patrols had a small effect on crime, but significant changes

have been recorded with increased community stratification. Departments that the positive

elements of foot patrols and combine their efforts with data analysis that focuses on the time,

location, and type of crime, may use the findings to develop strategies to decrease crime and

enhance the quality of life in their communities.

The following are key initiatives that a department can use to pave the way for foot patrols

to succeed: (a) determine the date, time, and location of service calls by type, and create

representative maps to aid in efficient and effective deployment; (b) complement statistical

analysis with a community survey to obtain the opinions of residents and business owners

regarding priority issues; (c) invite the community to participate in planning sessions; (d) recruit a

range of individuals (both officers and civilians) to use various models of patrol, demonstrating

that both police and civilians can address public expectations through a variety of approaches

such as volunteer efforts with neighborhood watch programs and crime-prevention programming;

and (e) strategic planning – Establish a structure for long-term implementation and evaluation.

Hence, police visibility was seen as a means of facilitating engagement and intervention

which, when combined, would be expected to enhance quality of life, reduce fear of crime, fear of

intimidation and reduce the incidence of crime. By cutting red tape and focusing staffing

reductions on back-office functions, it should be possible to maintain a consistent frontline

presence, which is a key aspect of policing for maintaining citizen confidence in the service. With

all these resources, however, it would still boil down to presence. The need for police presence
in every street around the city is what counts in the heightened battle against criminality. A roving

police team cannot only deter crime. It can also create a feeling of safety and security among the

people (Maborrang, 2013).

According to Montojo (2006), safety is the state of being "safe" the condition of being

protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational,

psychological, educational or other types or consequences of failure,

damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be considered non-desirable.

Safety can also be defined to be the control of recognized hazards to achieve an acceptable level

of risk. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to something

that causes health or economic losses. It can include protection of people or of possessions.

However, concept of omnipresence (based from the principles of Sir Robert Peel) is the

community’s perception that the police is always present anytime, anywhere, who are always

ready to assist the public of any untoward eventuality this, for a matter will consciously promote

sense of security to the citizenry.

Also, today our police department continues to evolve to meet the changing needs of the

community in providing a safe and secure environment for our citizens to live and work.

Crank, stated that routine patrol is a strategies that based on the idea that police visibility

in an area provides a general deterrent effect on crime and that, subsequently, the general public’s

fear of crime is reduced by that same police presence. It would be expected, as a result, that

crimes that would normally take place in fairly public areas, such as general property offenses or

street crimes, would be more significantly impacted by preventive patrolling practices, whereas

offenses typically committed in relative seclusion would be less susceptible to the deterrence

effects of preventive patrolling. There is no initiative on the part of the officer or the organization

to target a specific area or problem within the geographical patrol district. However, it can also be

argued that routine patrol is required in order to facilitate response in a timely manner to dispatch

calls.
 With the presented concepts, this study focused on the effectiveness of the Police Beat

System in San Manuel, Pangasinan; Figure 1 illustrates the paradigm of the study. The Police

Beat System in San Manuel, Pangasinan was used as independent variables. Using these inputs,

the researchers was able to determine the level of effectiveness of the Police Beat System in San

Manuel, Pangasinan, the differences that exist between the perceptions of the respondents on

the class respondent on the effectiveness of Police Beat System in San Manuel, Pangasinan and

the problems encountered by the Police Beat Officer while conducting patrol in San Manuel,

Pangasinan as perceived by the respondents as dependent variables

Conceptual Paradigm

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Profile of the respondents Determine the:

in tems of: Level of Effectiveness of

c. Occupation

d. Length of

service

{policemen}

e. E Length of

residency

Classification:

1. PNP Personnel
2. Community
3. Brgy. Official