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TR 1195-50
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TECHNICAL REGULATIONS ] ,

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No. 1195-50. ARApril 15, 1927.
WASHINGTON,
TM
EN
EQUIPMENT T

INTRENCHING TOOLS, NOMENCLATURE AND CARE

Prepared under direction of the

Chief of Engineers

Paragraphs
SECTION I. General_.. 1
II. Intrenching equipment _--. 2-19
III. Additional tools, pioneer equipment_ 20-29
IV. Individual equipment.. 30-33
V. Care of tools ---- 34-41

SECTION I

GENERAL
Paragraph
Purpose-- 1
1. Purpose. The purpose of this pamphlet is to describe the tools and sup-
plies listed in the intrenching equipment, and certain other selected tools
furnished in the pioneer equipment. Information is given regarding their care
and in some instances reference is made to their use.

SECTION II

INTRENCHING EQUIPMENT
Paragraph
Infantry intrenching equipment_ 2
Cavalry intrenching equipment . 3
Ax 4
Bar, pinch.. 5
Files 6
Grinder, tool– 7
Mattock, pick, large- 8
Maul, wood__ 9
Saws, crosscut 10
Set, saw 11
Shovel, D-handled, round point_. 12
Tool, saw 13
Bags, sand 14
Boxes-- 15
Nails, wire, 10d . 16
Nails, wire spikes, 40d- 17
Tape, metallic 18
Tape, tracing 19

2. Infantry intrenching equipment. The intrenching equipment listed

below is assigned to the headquarters and service company of an Engineer
20274°-26-1
TR 1195-50
2-3 EQUIPMENT

combat regiment on the basis of one set per Infantry battalion within a division
in time of war, or two per Infantry regiment in time of peace.
Ax, 4-pound head, single bit, double bevel, 36-inch handle___ 20
Bar, pinch, 4 feet 8 inches long, 12-pound__. 4
Box :
Ax--- 2
Saw, hand, 26-inch ____. 1

11
Saw, one-man, 36-inch crosscut_. 1
Tool grinder, etc. 1
File :
Crosscut saw, blunt, 8-inch … . 3
Saw, taper, 6-inch ____ 6
Grinder, tool, bench, 6 by 14 inch wheel_. 1
Mattock, pick, large, handled__ 125
Maul, wood, 36-inch handled__ 1
Saw :
Crosscut, hand, 26-inch, 6 point _- --- 13
Crosscut, one-man, 36-inch, with supplemental handles__ 13
Set, saw--- 1
Shovel, D-handle, round point_-- .250
Tape, metallic, 50-foot, graduated in feet and inches__ 1
Tool, crosscut saw 1
Supplies :
Bags, sand, with binders____ 500
Handles
Ax, single bit, 36-inch ----- 3
Mattock, pick, large, 36-inch ___ 10
Nails
Wire, common, 10d, keg 1
Wire, common, spikes, 40d, keg . 1
Tape, tracing, white cotton, feet__ 3,000
3. Cavalry intrenching equipment. -The intrenching equipment listed
below is assigned to the headquarters and service platoon of an Engineer com
bat battalion ( mounted ) on the basis of one set per Cavalry regiment within a
division.
Ax, 4-pound head, single bit, double bevel, 36-inch handle___ 13
Bar, pinch, about 4 feet 8 inches long, 12-pound ____. 2
Box :
Ax----- 1
Saw, one-man, 36-inch crosscut (holds six 26-inch and
seven 36-inch saws ) . 1
Tool grinder, etc ---- 1
File :
Crosscut saw, blunt, 8-inch ___ 1
Saw, taper, 6-inch ___ 3
Grinder, tool, bench, 6 by 14 inch, wheel_. 1
Mattock, pick, large, handled , 36-inch___ 65
Maul, wood, 36-inch handled__ 1
Saw :
Crosscut, hand, 26-inch, 6 point ----- 6
Crosscut, hand, one-man, 36-inch, with supplemental
handles 7
2
 TR 1195-50
INTRENCHING TOOLS, NOMENCLATURE AND CARE 3-5

Set, saw- 1
Shovel, D-handle, round point_-_-. 130
Tape, metallic, 50-foot, graduated in feet and inches___ 1
Tool, crosscut saw 1
Supplies :
Bags, sand, with binders_____ 500
Handles-

26
Ax, single bit, 36-inch ____
Mattock, pick, large, 36-inch
Nails-
Wire, common, 10d, kegs_. 1
Wire, common, spikes, 40d, kegs_ 1
Tape. tracing, white, feet-- 3.000

FIG. 1.- Four-pound, single-bit ax

4. Ax.-a. The ax head, made of steel, has a cutting edge (bit ) and a driv-
ing head (poll ) ; weight 4 pounds.
b. The ax handle is made of thoroughly seasoned hickory and has a slit into
which a steel or wooden wedge is driven to tighten the handle in the eye.

FIG. 2.- Pinch bar

5. Bar, pinch. -The bar is forged from carbon steel, with hardened blunt
wedge point ; the handle is octagonal or round. The tool is about 4 feet 8
inches long and weighs about 12 pounds.

3
TR 1195-50
6-7 EQUIPMENT

FIG. 3.- Saw files

6. Files. -a. Blunt 8-inch (fig. 3A ) .-This file is triangular in cross section,
" double cut," with each face about 5 % inch wide. It is used for sharpening
crosscut and band saws.
b. Taper 6-inch (fig. 3B) .- This file is triangular in cross section, " single
cut," each face tapering away from the handle end. It is used for filing
handsaws.

FIG. 4.-Tool grinder

7. Grinder, tool. The grinding wheel is 6 inches in diameter and is made of

emery or other sharpening material ; the face may be 1 inch, 14 inches, or
1½ inches wide.
4
 TR 1195-50
INTRENCHING TOOLS , NOMENCLATURE AND CARE 8-9

FIG. 5.- Large pick mattock

8. Mattock, pick, large. The steel head is about 20 inches long, one end is
pointed and the other finished to a cutting edge 4 inches wide ; weight, 54
pounds. The straight handle is 36 inches long, of hickory or ash. The tool is
a combination pick and grubbing tool. It can be sharpened on the regular .
grinder, on a grindstone, or in emergency by a file.

FIG. 6.- Wood maul

9. Maul, wood.-The hardwood head, about 10 % inches long and 6 inches
diameter, is preferably cut out of a full section of a small tree. Iron rim bands
are riveted on to protect the striking faces. The hickory handle is 36 inches
long. The tool weighs about 15 pounds. It is used for driving wooden pins,
stakes, posts, etc.
5
TR 1195-50
10-11 EQUIPMENT

FIG. 7.- Hand crosscut saws

10. Saws, crosscut.-a. Hand ( fig. 7A ) .-The hand saw is 26 inches long,
has six points to the inch and weighs 14 pounds. Saw teeth are " set " to make
the cut wide enough to let the blade slide without binding, and are sharpened
with the 6-inch taper file. Setting and filing should be done by experienced men.
b. One man (fig. 7B ) .-This saw is 36 inches long and weighs 4 pounds.
It has two cutting teeth and one drag tooth in series. A supplementary hard-
wood handle is furnished so that two men may use the saw when so desired.
The tool is used for cutting timbers, joists, and on rough work where speed
and output are more important than close fitting.

FIG. 8.- Saw set

11. Set, saw. This tool, of the hinged lever type, is adjustable for correct
setting of saws which have from 4 to 16 points to the inch. It is used for
handsaws, either crosscut or rip, in which all the teeth in one saw are the
same.
6
 TR 1195-50
INTRENCHING TOOLS, NOMENCLATURE AND CARE 12-13

FIG. 9.-D-handled shovel

12. Shovel, D-handled, round point.--This tool is a commercial round-

pointed steel shovel, 39 inches long over all ; weighs about 4½ pounds. The
concave blade is 12 inches long and 9 inches wide . This is a useful tool
for intrenching, tunneling, and work in close quarters.
+

FIG. 10.- Saw tool

13. Tool, saw. -The complete tool weighs 14 pounds and consists of a
jointer, a drag-tooth gauge, a setting block ( or anvil ) , a set gauge, and a
side dresser. It is used to set and sharpen crosscut saws having both cutting
and drag teeth.

7
TR 1195-50
14-15 EQUIPMENT

FIG. 11. - Sand bags

14. Bags, sand. -These are made of new bagging or burlap weighing not less
than 10 ounces to the square yard. Each bag is about 14 inches wide and
26½ inches long. Bags are shipped in bundles of 50, with 60 strings for binding.
15. Boxes.-a. The construction of boxes is described in standard specifica
tions (see Corps of Engineers general specification for the materials and stand
ard construction of engineer boxes, chests, and crates, No. 23-1 ) , which are
used except when they conflict with special requirements. The top face of
each box is marked to indicate its contents, as "Ax box, intrenching equip
ment," etc. When a box is used to carry articles other than those so indicated
a typewritten list of the contents will be posted on inside of cover.

8
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TR 1195-50
 15
TR 1195-50

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INTRENCHING TOOLS, NOMENCLATURE AND CARE

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TR 1195-50
 15

equipment.
TR 1195-50

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 TR 1195-50
INTRENCHING TOOLS, NOMENCLATURE AND CARE 16-18

16. Nails, wire, 10d. -This is a nail that is in more common use than any
other size or type. It is 3 inches in length, 0.148 inch in diameter (equal to
steel wire gauge No. 9) , and is called the tenpenny nail. Nails come in kegs
containing 100 pounds of nails net, averaging 69 nails to the pound.
17. Nails, wire spikes, 40d. This spike, known as the fortypenny, is 5
inches long. 0.225 inch in diameter (equal to No. 4 steel wire gauge ) , and is
used for heavy work. A keg contains 100 pounds (about 1,800 spikes ) .

34.51

FIG. 16.- Metallic tape

18. Tape, metallic. -Fifty-foot tape, graduated in feet, inches, and half
inches, contained in a leather case. It is made of linen and wire woven to-
gether and has a metal loop at the free end to furnish a grip. The tape
requires careful handling and should be kept dry.

13
TR 1195-50
19 EQUIPMENT

BR
AN
D
TAPE

1000 Yes

FIG. 17.- Tracing tape

19. Tape, tracing. -This is a white cotton tape, 4 inch wide, 500 feet in a
roll, weighing 4 pound. It is used to mark out trenches, foundations, and for
many other purposes. Detailed descriptions of its uses will be found in the
various Training Regulations and manuals.

SECTION III

ADDITIONAL TOOLS, PIONEER EQUIPMENT

Paragraph
Adz 20
Bar, wrecking claw and gooseneck_ 21
Ear, wrecking claw and pinch point- 22
Hammer, napping 23
Machete, with sheath 24
· Picks 25
Pliers, side cutting-. 26
Saw, crosscut, two-man_ 27
Shovel, long-handled 28
Sledge, 8-pound, handled- 29

14
 TR 1195-50
INTRENCHING TOOLS , NOMENCLATURE AND CARE 20-21

FIG. 18.- Adz

20. Adz. -The adz is made of steel, has a 4½-inch cutting edge, and is fitted
with a 32-inch wooden handle ; weight complete, 5½ pounds. It is used for
rough shaping and dressing of timbers, to cut out between saw cuts for pur-
poses of framing, etc. The workman is usually striking toward his own foot
and must exercise care to keep the tool from slipping.

FIG. 19.- Bar, wrecking claw and gooseneck

21. Bar, wrecking claw and gooseneck.- This is a small, handy tool com-
mercially known as a carpenter's bar. It is 30 inches long, 4 -inch diameter,
and weighs about 5 pounds. The bar has a gooseneck with claw on one
end and a pinch point on the other. It is used for pulling nails, prying, in
wrecking timber work, etc.

15
TR 1195-50
22-23 EQUIPMENT

FIG. 20.-Bar, wrecking claw and pinch point

22. Bar, wrecking claw and pinch point. This tool is similar in size and
purpose to that described in paragraph 21 but with the ends shaped differently.

FIG. 21.- Napping hammer

23. Hammer, napping.-This tool has a 3-pound head with two similar
striking faces and has a 14-inch hickory handle. It is used for breaking up
stone for macadam road work, concrete, etc. Output on work of this sort may
be increased by using also a 1-pound napping hammer.

16
 TR 1195-50
INTRENCHING TOOLS, NOMENCLATURE AND CARE 24-25

FIG. 22 .--Machete, with sheath

24. Machete, with sheath. -This consists of a heavy curved blade with
wooden handle, carried in a leather sheath with a belt loop. The steel is tem
pered to hold a thin, sharp edge, and the tool is most useful for cutting brush,
vines, small trees, etc.

FIG. 23.- Drifting pick and handle

25. Picks.-a. Drifting.-The pick head is about 24 inches long and weighs
about 6 pounds. Each end is drawn out to a pyramidal sharp point. The
hickory handle is 36 inches long. Sharpening is a blacksmith job and is usu
ally a matter of heating and hammering the points into the desired shape,
then retempering. This tool is principally intended for use in narrow tun
nels or drifts . It is also useful in tough material such as soft rock, shale,
cemented gravel , etc.

17
TR 1195-50
25-26 EQUIPMENT

FIG. 24.- Railroad pick and handle

b. Railroad. As will be seen in the figure, this pick is practically of the

same shape as the drifting pick, except that the points are longer. It is
principally used for digging in clay and earth, but is useful for all-around work
where picks are required . Its weight complete with handle is 9 pounds.

FIG. 25.- Side cutting pliers

26. Pliers, side cutting. This tool is of the box-joint type, with wire-cutting
jaws on one side of the head ; length 8 inches, weight 1 pound. The pliers are
used for wire cutting, wire splicing, gripping small bolts or nuts, etc.

18
 TR 1195-50
INTRENCHING TOOLS , NOMENCLATURE AND CARE 27-28

FIG. 26.- Two-man crosscut saw

27. Saw, crosscut, two-man.-This tool is 5 feet long, weighs 8 pounds, and
has two hardwood handles. Its cutting edge has two cutting teeth to each drag
tooth, in series. Drag teeth take out the sawdust. This saw is used for cut-
ting up timber, for felling or cutting down standing trees or timbers, for
heavy framing, etc. Operators are cautioned against " riding the saw "-that
is, bearing down and pushing on the handle ; the useful work is done by the
straight pull.

FIG. 27.- Long-handled shovel

28. Shovel, long-handled. This tool is about 61 inches long and weighs
about 5 pounds. The blade is 12 inches long and 10 inches wide. The handle
is of ash or hickory. Due to its advantages in leverage and length of throw,
this shovel is especially useful in digging trenches, ditches, etc.

19
TR 1195-50
29-30 EQUIPMENT

FIG. 28. Sledge and handle

29. Sledge, 8- pound, handled. —The head has two similar striking faces.
The handle, of ash or hickory, is about 36 inches long. The sledge is used for
heavy driving, for striking the rock drill, for shop and general construction
work.
SECTION IV

INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT
Paragraph
General . 30
Hatchet, camp 31
Mattock, pick 32
Shovel 33
30. General. The individual equipment consists of a small shovel, pick
mattock, and camp hatchet, carried by the soldier when completely equipped

FIG. 29.- Individual equipment

20
 TR 1195-50
INTRENCHING TOOLS , NOMENCLATURE AND CARE 30-36

for field duty. The shovel and small pick mattock are carried on the pack,
while the camp hatchet is carried on the belt. This equipment is issued to
certain specified men in the Infantry.
31. Hatchet, camp. This tool is like a small ax and weighs about 14
pounds. The handle of hickory or ash is about 15 ½ % inches long.
32. Mattock, pick.---The head has a point at one end and a cutting edge 2.35
inches wide at the other. The hickory or ash handle is about 17 inches long.
The tool weighs 2 pounds.
33. Shovel. This tool is 22 inches long over all and weighs 1.8 pounds.

SECTION V

CARE OF TOOLS
Paragraph
Rust 34
Condition of handles .. 35
Sharpening and condition of metal . 36
Setting and care of saw blades_ 37
Pick points 38
Shovels 39
Storage of sand bags, tape, etc. 40
Packing and storing of tools …. 41
34. Rust. - Rust is the common enemy of all steel or iron tools. It must be
held in check by taking precautions to see that all tools are dry and clean when
put away after use. If practicable, metal parts should be given a light coat of
grease or any good oil ( except kerosene ) . The oil or grease so used must be
free from salt, acids, or other chemicals which form rust. Storage places must
be dry and well ventilated .
35. Condition of handles. -Wood handles are subject to both wet and dry
rot, but if tools are stored in well-ventilated dry places little trouble from rot
will result. All handles must be watched to see that no splintered or rough
places occur. Splinters may cause painful wounds on the hands and rough places
may form blisters. Splinters and rough spots, if not too deep, may be smoothed
by filing, sandpapering, or scraping with a sharp piece of glass.
36. Sharpening and condition of metal. - The cutting tools, such as axes,
mattocks, adzes, etc. , are kept sharp and in working condition by grinding on
the tool grinder, grindstone, or emery stone. If no other means are available, a
file may be used as a last resort. Filing is hard on the tools, and while a sharp
edge can be put on it will be a wire edge that will not last as long as one put on
by grinding. As a rule, tool sharpening should be done by men who are quali-
fied by experience to do such work. The bit or cutting part of an ax must be
kept sharp by grinding. Care must be taken to keep the bit free from niches
and rough edges, as these greatly reduce the cutting power of the ax. Striking
a single nail or small piece of gravel will probably make grinding necessary and
may ruin a good ax. The poll is intended for driving stakes or for striking on
wood. If iron spikes, stones, or other hard substances are struck with the poll,
the edges will soon crack and break off, which spoils the ax for driving. Heavy
blows on hard substances will also widen the eye of the ax and crush the
handle so it will become useless in a short time.

21
TR 1195-50
37-41 EQUIPMENT

37. Setting and care of saw blades. -a. Saws require setting when the
teeth become bent or sprung back so that the cutting edge is little or no wider
than the solid part of the blade. When this condition is present, there is not
enough clearance in the cut to allow the saw to slip through freely. Setting
consists in slightly bending or offsetting the saw teeth ; this work should be
done by a skilled mechanic. A saw for use in softwood is given more set
than one used in cutting hardwood. When a saw has the proper set it is
sharpened by filing with the three-cornered, tapered saw file which is furnished
for this special purpose .
b. The practice of using a bacon rind or soap to grease the saw blade while
in use is helpful, but unless the soap or bacon grease is carefully removed
before the saw is put away rust will start immediately. A much better prac-
tice is to use a light oil for this purpose. The saw should never be put away
without seeing that it is perfectly dry. It should also be wiped with an oily
cloth or given a light coat of any good oil except kerosene. A good, careful
carpenter can use a saw for years without a sign of rust. A careless man will
probably have a rusty saw in a few days. A rusty saw makes work hard.
38. Pick points.-Pick points must be kept sharp to do good work. Sharpen-
ing can be done by having a blacksmith heat, draw out, and temper the points.
When the ends become too short and blunt a small piece of tool steel is welded
onto the points, then sharpened and tempered . The pick, when properly re-
pointed, becomes as good as new. For soft material a point from three-fourths
to 1 inch in length is required ; for soft rock the point is from one-fourth to
one-half inch in length. The chisel-like end of drifting and railroad picks can
be sharpened by hammering out and tempering.
39. Shovels. Shovels occasionally require sharpening by filing or grinding
an edge on the inside of the blade. A good sharp shovel is needed for work
in sod, peat, or clay, but satisfactory work can be done shoveling gravel or
stone with a dull blade. When shovels are used on cement and concrete work,
they must be carefully cleaned or the cement will stick to the metal, resulting
in a heavier tool and one that will prevent material from slipping off easily.
40. Storage of sand bags, tape, etc. - Sand bags, tracing tape, etc., should be
kept dry and stored in a well-ventilated , dry place. Sacks left in the wet or
mud will rot in a few days' time. If the bottom sacks only are left in the wet
the dampness will penetrate in a short time to the sacks above and the entire
pile will become useless. When sacks become wet, they should be hung up or
laid out to dry.
41. Packing and storing of tools. When tools are supplied in standard
boxes or packages, care should be taken to see that they are returned to the
proper box. Care should be exercised to see that each box contains the number
and kind of tool specified on the list.
[A. G. 062.12 ( 1-15-23 ) . ]
BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR :
C. P. SUMMERALL,
Major General,
Chief of Staff.
OFFICIAL :
ROBERT C. DAVIS ,
Major General,
The Adjutant General.

22