7-1 Regular and irregular plural nouns 7-8 General guidelines for article usage

7-2 Possessive nouns 7-9 Expressions of quantity

7-3 Using nouns as modifiers 7- 10 Using a few and few; a little and
7-4 Count and noncount nouns little
7-5 Noncount nouns 7-1 1 Using of in expressions of quantity
7-6 Some common noncount nouns 7-12 All (of) and both (of)
7-7 Basic article usage 7-1 3 Singular expressions of quantity: one,
each, every

EXERCISE 1. Preview: plural nouns.

Directions: Write the plural form of the following nouns.
1. child chi\A V P ~ 12. leaf

2. zero ~evoes/~evos 13. self

3. mouse 14. echo

4. monkey 15. photo

5. industry 16. analysis

6. woman 17. hypothesis

7. fox 18. curriculum

8. goose 19. phenomenon

9. sheep 20. stimulus

10. series 2 1. offspring

11. belief 22. bacterium

 ( a ) song-songs The plural of most nouns is
formed by adding final -s.*
( b ) box- boxes Final -es is added to nouns that
end in -shy -ch, -s, -2, and -x.*

( c ) baby-babies The plural of words that end in a

consonant + -y is spelled -ies.*
( d ) man-men ox-oxen moth-teeth
woman-women foot-feet mouse -mice plural forms that do not end in -s.
child-children goose -geese louse-lice

( e ) echo-echoes potato -potatoes Some nouns that end in -o add -es

hero-heroes wmaw-tomatoes to form the plural.
( f ) auto-autos photo-photos studio -studios Some nouns that end in -0 add
ghetto-ghettos piano-pianos tawo-tatoos only -s to form the plural.
kangarodzangaroos radw -radios video-videos
kilo-kilos solo-solos zoo-zoos
memo-memos soprano-sopranos

(g ) m e m e n ~ l r t e m e n t o e s l ~ t o s volcano-volcanoeslvolcanos Some nouns that end in -0 add

mosquitomospitoeslmospitos zero-zeroeslzeros either -es or -s to form the
tornado-tornadoesltornados plural (with -es being the more
usual plural form).

i
( h ) calf-calves life-lives thief-thieves Some nouns that end in -for -fe
half-halves loaf-loaves wolj--wolves are changed to -ves to form the
knife-knives self-selves scarf-scarveslscarfs plural.
leaf-leaves shelf-shelves
- - - - - - - ~- -

( i ) belief-beliefs clfl-clz~s Some nouns that end in -f simply

chief-chiefs roof-roofs add -s to form the plural.
- - - - - ~ -

( j ) one deer-two deer one series-two series Some nouns have the same
one fish-two&h** one sheep-two sheep singular and plural form: e.g.,
one means-two means one shrimp-two shrimp*** One deer b . . . . T m deer are . . . .
one offspring-two offsprrprrng one species-two species
( k ) criterion-criteria ( 0 ) analysis-analyses Some nouns that English has
phenomenon-phenomena basis- bases borrowed fiom other languages
rrisis-crises have foreign plurals.
( 1 ) cactus-cactilcacttcses
hypothesis-hypotheses
fun@-fungi oasis-oases
nucleus-nuclei
parenthesis-parentheses
stimulus-stimuli
thesis-theses
syUabus-svllabilsvUabtcses
( p ) bacterium-bacteria
(m) formula-formulaeiformulas
curriculum-curricula
vertebra-vertebrae
dam-data
(n ) appendix--app&eslappendk medium -media
index-indiceslindexes memorandum -memoranda

*For information about the pronunciation and spelling of words ending in -s/-es, see Chart 6-1, p. 84.
**Fishes is also possible, but rarely used.
***Especially in British English, but also occasionally in American English, the plural of shrimp can be shrimps.

100 CHAPTER 7
EXERCISE 2. Plural nouns. ( C h a r t 7-1)
Directions: Write the correct form of the nouns in parentheses.
1. I met some interesting weh at the meeting last night. (man)

2. I need some watches to light the fire. (match)

3. The baby got two new . (tooth)

4. The farmer loaded his cart with of fresh vegetables to take to
market. His cart was pulled by two . (box, 0.4
5. Alex saw some
running across the floor. (mouse)

6 . The north side of the island has no

. There are only
steep . No one
can climb these steep walls of rock. (beach, c1zm h-R'
7. If a houseplant is given too much water, its lower
turn yellow. (leaf)

8. Before Marie signed the contract, she talked to

two . (attorney)
w
9. New scientific are made every day in
throughout the world. (discovery, laboratory)

10. I caught several in the lake. fish)

11. On our trip in the mountainous countryside, we saw some 9

,and wild
(wolf, fox, deer, sheep)
12. When we spoke in the cave, we could hear of our voices. (echo)

13. The music building at the university has 27 . Students

need to sign up for practice times. (piano)
14. Thunder and lightning are of nature. (phenomenon)

15. People get most of their news about the world through the mass ¶

that is, through radio, television, the Internet, newspapers, and magazines. (medium)

Nouns 101
 EXERCISE 3. Plural nouns. (Chart 7-1)
Directions: Make the nouns plural where necessary. Do not change any other words.
Bed-evia
(1) lihae&m are the smallest living thing. They are simple organism that consist of one cell.

(2) Bacterium exist almost everywhere. They are in the air, water, and soil,* as well as in

the body of all living creature.

(3) There are thousand of kind of bacterium. Most of them are harmless to human beings,

but some cause diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia.

(4) Virus are also microscopic organism, but virus live in the cell of other living thing. By

themselves, they are lifeless particle that cannot reproduce, but inside a living cell they become

active and can multiply hundred of time.

( 5 ) Virus cause many disease. They infect human being with such illness as influenza, the

common cold, measles, and AIDS (Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome).

( 6 ) Virus are tiny. The virus that causes AIDS is so small that 230 million** of them could

fit on the period at the end of this sentence.

(7) Today health official are expressing great concern about our health* in the future.
They feel that today there is an epidemic of infectious condition that are difficult or impossible

to treat, such as AIDS.

(8) In addition to this concern about new life-threatening viral infections, health official have

discovered that bacterial infection that were once easily handled by antibiotics now pose a serious

threat to our health. Many common bacterium have developed resistance to antibiotics and are

evolving into form that are unaffected by all known medications.

(9) In a world where antibiotics don't work, the simplest infection are capable of escalating

into fatal illnesses. Every year more people are dying of infection that resist every drug doctor

try. The potential ineffectiveness of antibiotics is a frightening prospect.

*Air, water, soil, and health are used as noncount nouns and thus have no plural form. See Chart 7-4, p. 107, for
information about noncount nouns.
**When the words hundred, thousand, million, and billion are used with numerals, they remain in their singular form:
Six hundred employees will attend the company picnic this year. There are three thousand entrants in thephow contest.
When they are used without numerals to indicate an indefinite but large number of something, they are used in
their plural form: Hundreds of people came to the concert. There are thousands of earthquakes in the world every year.
Millions of people in the world are starving.

102 CHAPTER 7
SINGULAR NOUN POSSESSIVE FORM To show possession, add an apostrophe (') and -s to
(a) the girl the girl's a singular noun: The girl's book is on the table.
(b) E m Tom's If a singular noun ends in -s, there are two
(c> my wife my wife's possible forms:
(dl a lady a lady's 1 . Add an apostrophe and -s: Thomas's book.
( e ) Thomas Thornas'slThomas' 2 . Add only an apostrophe: Thomas' book.
PLURAL NOUN POSSESSIVE FORM Add only an apostrophe to a plural noun that ends in
( f ) she gtrk the girls' -s: The girls' books are on the sable.
( g ) their wives their wives'
(h) the ladies the ladies'
( i ) the men the men's Add an apostrophe and -s to plural nouns that do not
( j ) my children my children's end in -s: The men's books are on the table.

EXERCISE 4. Possessive nouns. (Chart 7-2)

Directions: Complete the sentences with the possessive form of the nouns in parentheses.
1. (Mrs. Smith) MvS. S M ~ + ~ ' Shusband often gives her flowers.

2. (boy) The hat is red.

3. (boys) The hats are red.
4. (children) The toys are all over the floor.
5. (child) I fixed the bicycle.
6 . (baby) The toys are in the crib.
7. (babies) The toys are in their cribs.
8. (wives) Tom and Bob are married. Their names
are Cindy and Judy, respectively.
9. (wife) That is my coat.
10. (Sally) last name is White.
11. (Phyllis) last name is Young.
12. (boss) That's my - office.
13. (bosses) Those are my offices.
14. (woman) This is a purse.
15. (women) That store sells clothes.
16. (sister) Do you know my husband?
17. (sisters) Do you know my husbands?
18. (yesterday) Did you read newspaper?
19. (today) There are many problems in world.
20. (month) It would cost me a salary to buy that
refrigerator.
Nouns 103
 EXERCISE 5. Possessive nouns. (Chart 7-2)
Directions: Correct the mistakes in the use of possessive nouns by adding apostrophes and
final -s/-es as necessary.
kiehds'
1. I enjoy visiting houses.
Ktehd's
2. When I was in Chicago, I stayed at a &k&
house.

3. My uncle is my father brother.

4. I have four aunts. All of my aunt homes are within walking distance of my mother

apartment.

5. Mike's aunt oldest son is a violinist.

6. Five astronauts were aboard the space shuttle. The astronaut safe return to earth was

a welcome sight to millions of television viewers.

7. The children favorite part of the circus was the trapeze act.

8. When the child toy broke, 1fixed it.

9. I borrowed the secretary pen to fill out the application form.

10. It is the people right to know what the city is going to do about the housing problem.

11. Bill wife is a factory worker.

12. Bess husband is a housepainter.

13. Quite a few diplomats are assigned to our city. Almost all of the diplomat children

attend a special school.

14. A diplomat work invariably involves numerous meetings.

EXERCISE 6. Using apostrophes. (Chart 7-2; Appendix Chart C)

Directions: Add apostrophes as necessary to mark a possessive noun or a contraction.
1. I borrowed my sister's car. It's old but reliable.
A A
2. A polar bears sense of smell is keen. Its ability to smell prey over a mile away is
important to its survival in the vast expanses of snow and ice where it lives.

3. Texas is a leading producer of petroleum and natural gas. Its one of the worlds largest
storage areas for petroleum.

4. Psychologists have developed many different kinds of tests. A "personality test" is

used to evaluate an individuals personal characteristics, such as friendliness or
trustworthiness.

104 CHAPTER 7
 5. Many mythological stories tell of heroes encounters with giants or dangerous animals.
In one story, the heros encounter with a dragon saves a village from destruction.

6. Childrens play is an important part of their lives. It teaches them about their
environment while theyre having fun. For instance, they can learn that boats float and
can practice ways to make boats move across water. Toys are not limited to children.
Adults have their own toys, such as pleasure boats, and children have theirs, such as
miniature boats. Adults toys are usually much more expensive than childrens toys.

The soup has vegetables in it. When a noun is used as a modifier, it is in its singular form.*
(a) It is vegetable soup. In (a): vegetable modifies soup.
The building has offices in it.
(b) It is an office building. In (b):ofice modifies building.
- -

The test lasted two hours. When a noun used as a modifier is combined with a number
(c) It was a two-hour test. expression, the noun is singular and a hyphen (-) is used.
INCORRECR She has a jive years old son.
Her son is five years old.
(d) She has a five-year-old son.

*Adjectives never take a final -s.(INCORRECT: beaunfirls pictures) See Appendix Chart A-3, p. ~ 4 Similarly,
. nouns used as
adjectives never take a final -s. (INCORRECT: vegetables soup)

EXERCISE 7. Using nouns as modifiers. (Chart 7-3)

Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the singular or
plural form as appropriate. Include hyphens (-) as necessary.
1 . (shoe) They sell shoes at that store. It is a shoe store.

2. mower) M y garden has in it. It is a garden.

3. (bean) This soup is made from black . It is black soup.

4. (baby) People can buy special food in small jars for . It is called
food.

5. (child) Dr. Adams is trained as a psychologist for . She is a

psychologist.

6. (salad) At a formal dinner, there are usually two forks on the table. The smaller fork
is for . It is a fork.

7 . Cfax) In our office we have a machine that sends and receives

It is called a machine.

8. (can) A kitchen tool that opens is called a opener.

(potato) A tool that peels is called a
peeler.

Nouns 105
 9 . (airplane) Seats on are uncomfortable.
seats should be made more comfortable and convenient for the passengers.

10. (mosquito) In tropical climates, sometimes it is necessary to hang a net over a bed to
protect the sleeper from . It is called a net.

1 1 . (two + hour) The plane was late. We had a wait. We had

to wait for

12. (ten +year + old) M y brother is . I have a

brother.

13. (ten + speed) Joe can shift his bicycle into different
He has a bike.

14. (six + game) The basketball team has won in a row (i-e.,
they haven't lost one of their last six games). They have a
winning streak.

15. (three + letter) "Arm" and "dog" are words. Each

word has

106 CHAPTER 7
 EXERCISE 8. Using nouns as modifiers. (Chart 7 - 3 )
Directions: Think of common expressions in which the given nouns are used to modify
other nouns. Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class.
Example: flower 3 a flower vase, a flower garden, a jlower shop, etc.
1. cotton 6. telephone 11. silk 16. kitchen
2. grammar 7. mountain 12. morning 17. baby
3. birthday 8. government 13. street 18. vegetable
4. chicken 9. football 14. newspaper 19. office
5. airplane 10. bedroom 15. hotel 20. bicycle

(a) I bought a chair. Sam bought three chairs. Chair is a count noun; chairs are items that can be counted.
(b) We bought somefurniture. Furniture is a noncount noun. In grammar, furniture
INCORRECT: we bought some furnitures. cannot be counted.
INCORRECT: We bought a furniture.

SINGULAR PLURAL

COUNT a chair 0 chairs* A count noun:

NOUN one chair two chairs (1) may be preceded by alan in the singular.
some chairs (2) takes a final -st-es in the plural.
a lot of chairs
many chairs

some furniture (1) is not immediately preceded by alan.

a lot of furniture (2) has no plural form, so does not take a final -sl-es.
much furniture

*0= nothing.

EXERCISE 9. Count and noncount nouns. (Chart 7-4)

Directions: Look at the italicized nouns in the sentences. Write "c" above the count nouns
and "NC" above the noncount nouns.
C C C NC
1. I bought some chairs, tables, and desks. In other words, I bought some furniture.

2. Ann likes to wear jewelry. Today she is wearing four rings, six bracelets, and a necklace.

3. We saw beautiful rnountains,fieMs, and lakes on our trip. In other words, we saw

beautiful scenery.

4. Gold and iron are metals.

5. I used an iron to press my wrinkled shirt.

6. In the United States, baseball is called the national pastime. To play it, you need a

baseball and a bat.

Nouns 107
 (a) I bought some chairs, tables, and desks. In other Many noncount nouns refer to a "whole" that is made
words, I bought some Jirrniture. up of different parts.
In (a):furniturerepresents a whole group of things that
is made up of similar but.separate items.
(b) I put some s u g a r in my coffee. In (b): s u g a r and coJSee represent whole masses made
up of individual particles or elements.*

r 1
-

c) I wsh YOU luck. Many noncount nouns are abstractions. In (c): l u c k is

an abstract concept, an abstract "whole." It has no
physical form; you can't touch it. You can't count it.

( d ) S u n s h i n e is warm and cheerful. A phenomenon of nature, such as s u n s h i n e , is

frequently used as a noncount noun, as in (d).

(e) NONCOUNT: Ann has brown hair. Many nouns can be used as either noncount or count
COUNT: Tom has a h a i r on his jacket. nouns, but the meaning is different; e.g., h a i r in (e) and
I (f) NONCOUNT: I opened the curtains to let in some light in (f).
light. (Dictionaries written especially for learners of English as
COUNT: Don't forget to turn off the light a second language are a good source of information on
before you go to bed. count/noncount usages of nouns.)

*To express a particular quantity, some noncount nouns may be preceded by unit expressions: a spoon@ of sugar, a glass of water,
a cup of coffee, a quart of mdk, a loaf of bread, a grain of rice, a bowl of soup, a bag ofjlour, a pound of mear, a p"ce of furnirure,
a piece of paper, a piece of jewelry.

This list is a sample of nouns that are commonly used as noncount nouns. Many other nouns can also be used as
noncount nouns.
(a) WHOLE GROUPS MADE UP OF SIMILAR ITEMS: baggage, clothing, equipment, food,fruit, furniture, garbage,
hardware, jewelry, junk, luggage, machinery, mail, makeup, moneylcashlchange,posurge, scenery, rraffic, etc.
(b) ~ U D S :water, coffee,tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, blood, etc.
(c) SOUDS: ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold, iron, silver, glass, paper, wood, cotton, wool, etc.
(d) GASES: steam, air, oxygen, nitrogen, smoke, smog, pollution, etc.
(e) PARTICLES: rice, chalk, corn, dirt, dust, flour, grass, hair, pepper, salt, sand, sugar, wheat, etc.

(f) ABSTRACTIONS:
-beauty, confkience, courage, education, enjgyment,fun, happiness, health, help, honesty, hospz'tality, importance,
intelligence,justice, knowledge, laughter, luck, music, p&e, peace, p d e , progress, recreation, signijicance, sleep,
truth, violence, wealth, etc.
--advice, information, news, evidence, proof, etc.
--time, space, energy, etc.
-homework, work, etc.
-grammar, slang, vocabulary, etc.
(g) LANGUAGES: Arabic, Chinese, English, Spanish, etc.
(h)FIELDS OF STUDY: chemistry, engz'neerthg, history, literature, mathematics, psychology, etc.
( i ) RECREATION: baseball, soccer, tennis, chess, bridge, poker, etc.
( j ) ACTNITIES: driving, studying, swimming, traveling,* walking, etc. (and other gerunds)

(k) NATURAL PHENOMENA: weather, dew,fog, hail, heat, humidity, lightning, rain, sleet, snow, thunder, wind, darkness,
light, sunshine, elecnicity,fire, gravity, etc.

*British spelling: mawelling.

108 CHAPTER 7
EXERCISE 10. Count and noncount nouns. (Charts 7-5 and 7-6)
Directions: Complete the sentences with the given nouns, adding final -st-es if necessary.
Us,e each noun only once.

advice homework music stuf

/change information progress thunder
garbage junk driver ma&
hardware luggagelbaggage screwdriver

1. I have some coins in my pocket. In other words, I have some cko\ye in

my pocket.

2. The Mississippi, the Amazon, and the Nile are well-known vivevs

3. I like to listen to operas, symphonies, and folk songs. I enjoy

4. The street is full of cars, trucks, and buses. It is full of

5. I put some banana peels, empty juice cartons, and broken bottles in the waste can.
The can is full of

6. They have a rusty car without an engine, broken chairs, and an old refrigerator in their
front yard. Their yard is full of

7. Paul has books, pens, papers, notebooks, a clock, scissors, a tape recorder, and some
other things on his desk. He has a lot of on his desk.*

*As a noncount noun, stu.usually means "a group of various things." It is an inexact term used primarily in
very informal spoken English. (Junk sometimes has the same meaning.)
Examples: I keep a lot of snrlyin my desk drawers.
Look at all the stuff in this room!
Nouns 109
 8. The children got scared when they heard during the storm.

9. Tools that are used for turning screws are called

10. I went to the store to get some nails, hammers, and screws. In other words, I bought
some

11. Tonight I have to read 20 pages in my history book, do 30 algebra problems, and write
a composition. In other words, I have a lot of to do tonight.

12. Ann took three suitcases, a shoulder bag, and a cosmetics case. In other words, she
took a lot of on her trip.

13. Toronto is 365 ft.1109 m. above sea level. The average annual precipitation in Toronto
is 32 in.181 cm. The population of the metropolitan area is over 3,000,000. I found
(this, these) in the encyclopedia.

14. I didn't feel good. Ann said, "You should see a doctor." Nick said, "You should go
home and go to bed." Martha said, "You should drink fruit juice and rest." I got
from three people.

15. My English is slowly getting better. My vocabulary is increasing. It's getting easier for
me to write, and I make fewer mistakes. I can often understand people even when
they talk fast. I'm satisfied with the I've made in learning English.

EXERCISE 1 1. Count and noncount nouns; nouns as modifiers.

(Charts 7-3,7-5, and 7-6)
Direcnons: Add final -sf-es to the nouns in italics if necessary. Do not add or change any
other words.
S S
1. Isabel always has fresh egg available because she raises chicken in her yard.
A A

2. I had chicken and rice for dinner last night. (no change)

3. Outside my window, I can see a lot of tree, bush, grass, dirt, and flower.

4. Abdullah gave me some good advice. Nadia also gave me some good suggestion.

5. Yoko learned several new word today. She increased her vocabulary today.

6. I drank two glass of water.

7. Window are made of glass.

8. Mr. Chu wears glass because he has poor eyesight.

110 CHAPTER 7
 9. It took me a lot of time to finish my homework. I had a lot of assignment.

10. I have been in Mexico three time. I've spent a lot of time there.

11. There are typewriter, copier, telephone, and stapler in a typical business office. A business

office needs a lot of equipment.

12. The air is full of smoke, dust, carbon monoxide, and many other harmful substance. We

must seek to reduce air pollution.

13. I like to read good literature. I especially like to read novel, poetry, and essay. My

favorite poet are Longfellow and Wordsworth. I have always liked their poem.

14. I like to experience different season. I like both hot and cold weather.

15. Being a parent has brought me a lot of happiness. Parenting requires a lot of patience,

but it provides many reward.

-
16. You can find a lot of time-saving machine in a modern factory. Modern factory need

modern machinery.

17. Experienced traveler learn to travel with minimal luggage. My globe-trotting aunt can

pack everything she needs into two small suitcase, whether her trip will last for three

day or three month. I'm not an experienced traveler. When I travel, I invariably take

along too much stufl Last month I took a three-day trip to Chicago with twice as

many clothes as I needed.

18. Recycling is important. Regular garbage will typically contain many things that can be

recycled: magazine, envelope, cardboard box, old phone book, glass bottle, jar, copper, brass,

tin can, etc. 0

19. There are more star in the universe than

there are grain of sand on all the beaches

on earth.

Nouns 111
 I. USING A or 0:GENERIC NOUNS

1 r~
SINGULAR (a) A banana is yellow.* A speaker uses generic nouns to make generalizations.
COUNT A generic noun represents a whole class of things; it is
NOUN not a specific, real, concrete thing, but rather a symbol
of a whole group.
(b) 0 Bananas are yellow. In (a) and (b): The speaker is talking about any
banana, all bananas, bananas in general. In (c): The
speaker is talking about any and all fruit, fruit in
general.
NONCOUNT (c) 0 Fruit is good for you. Notice that no article (0)is used to make
generalizations with plural count nouns, as in (b), and
with noncount nouns, as in (c).

I 11. USING A or SOME: INDEFINITE NOUNS

SINGULAR (d) I ate a banana. Indefinite nouns are actual things (not symbols), but
COUNT they are not specifically identified.
NOUN In (d): The speaker is not referring to "this banana" or
"that banana" or "the banana you gave me." The
PLURAL (e) I ate some bananas. speaker is simply saying that slhe ate one banana. T h e
COUNT listener does not know nor need to know which specific
NOUN
I
banana was eaten; it was simply one banana out of that
NONCOUNT (f) I ate some fluit. whole group of things in this world called bananas.
NOUN In (e) and (f): Some is often used with indefinite plural
count nouns and indefinite noncount nouns. In addition
to some, a speaker might use two,a few,several, a lot
of, etc., with plural count nouns, or a little, a lot of,etc.,
with noncount nouns. (See Chart 7-4, p. 107.)
111. USING THE: DEFINITE NOUNS
I I
SINGULAR (g) Thank you for the banana. A noun is definite when both the speaker and the
COUNT listener are thinking about the same specific thing.
NOUN In (g): The speaker uses the because the listener knows
(h) Thank you for the bananas. which specific banana the speaker is talking about, i.e.,
that particular banana which the listener gave to the
speaker.
NOUN
Notice that the is used with both singular and plural
NONCOUNT ( i ) Thank you for thefiuit. count nouns and with noncount nouns.
NOUN

*Usually atan is used with a singular generic count noun. Examples:

A window is made of glass. A doctor heals sick people. Parents must give a child love. A box has six sides. An appk can be
red, green, or yellow.
However, the is sometimes used with a singular generic count noun (not a plural generic count noun, not a generic
noncount noun). "Generic the" is commonly used with, in particular:
(1) species of animals: The blue whak i the largest mammal on earth.
The elephant is the largest h n d mammal.
(2) inventions: Who invenled the telephone? the wheel? the refrigerator? the airplane?
The computer will play an increasingly large role in all of our lives.
(3) musical instruments: I'd like w barn w play the piano.
Do you play the guitar?

112 CHAPTER 7
EXERCISE 12. Article usage with generic nouns. (Chart 7-7)
Directions: Add alan if necessary. Write 0 in the blank if the noun is noncount. Capitalize
as appropriate.
1. 1 bird has wings. tennis player has to practice
2. Ah animal needs a regular supply long hours.
of food. tree needs water to survive.
3. $od is a necessity of life. water is composed of oxygen
4. - concert is a musical and hydrogen.
performance. homework is a necessary part of
5. - opera is a musical play. a course of study.
6. - music consists of a series of grammar is interesting and fun.
pleasant sounds. sentence usually contains a
7. - cup is a small container used subject and a verb.
for liquids. Englkh is used in airports
8. - milk is nutritious. throughout much of the world.
9. - island is a piece of land air is free.
surrounded by water. orange is green until it ripens. .
10. - gold is a metal. fiuit is good for you.
1 1. - bridge is a structure that iron is a metal.
spans a river. iron is an instrument used
12. - valley is an area of low land to take wrinkles
between two mountains. out of cloth
13. - health is one of the most fabric.
important things in life.
14. - adjective is a word that
modifies a noun.
1 5. - knowledge is a source of power. basketball is round.
P

16. - tennis is a sport. basketball is a sport.

EXERCISE 13. Article usage with indefinite nouns. (Chart 7-7)

Directions: Add alan or some to these sentences.
1 . The teacher made ah announcement.

2. Isaw a bird.

3. I saw sowe birds.

4. Rosa borrowed sowe money from her uncle.

5. I had accident.

6. I have homework to do tonight.

7. There is table in the room.

Nouns 113
 8. There is furniture in the room.

9. There are chairs in the room.

10. My father gave me advice.

11. Sonya is carrying suitcase.

12. Sonya is carrying luggage.

13. There was earthquake in California.

14. I got letters in the mail.

15. Helen got letter from her mother.

16. Jerry got mail yesterday.

17. A computer is machine that can solve problems.

18. The factory bought new machinery.

19. machines are powered by electricity. Some use other sources of energy.

20. I threw away junk.

2 1. I threw away old basket that was falling apart.

22. I threw away old boots that had holes in them.

EXERCISE 14. Count and noncount nouns. (Charts 7-4 + 7-7)

Directions: A favorite game for adults and children alike is called "My Grandfather's Store."
It is played with a group of people. Each person begins hisher turn by saying "I went to
my grandfather's store and bought . . . . " The first person names something that begins
with the letter "A? The second person repeats what the first person said, and then names
something that begins with the letter "B." The game continues to the letter "Z," the end of
the alphabet. The people in the group have to listen carefully and remember all the items
previously named.
Example:
1st person: I went to my grandfather's store and bought an apph.
2nd person: I went w my grandfather's store and bought an apple and some bread.
3rd person: I went to my grandfather's sme and bought an apple, some bread, and a camel.
4th person: I went to my grandfather's store and bought an apple, sorne bread, a camel,
and some dark socks.
5th person: Etc.

Assume that "grandfather's store" sells just about anything anyone would ever think of.
Pay special attention to the use of a, an, and some.
Alternative beginnings:
Tomorrow I'm going to (name of a place). In my suitcase, I will pack . . ..
If I lived on a deserted island, I would need . . . .

114 CHAPTER 7
(a) The sun is bright today. GUIDELINE: Use the when you know or assume
Please hand this book to the teacher. that your listener is familiar with and thinking about
Please open the door. the same specific thing or person you are talking about.
Omar is in the kitchen.

(b) Yesterday I saw sonze dogs. The dogs were chasing GUIDELINE: Use the for the second mention of an
a cat. The cat was chasing a mouse. The mouse indefinite noun.* In (b): first mention = some dogs, a
ran into a hole. The hole was very small. cat, a mouse, a hole; second mention = the dogs, the
cat, the mouse, the hole.

(c) CORRECT: Apples are my favorite fruit. GUIDELINE: Do NOT use the with a plural count
INCORRECT: T h e apples are my favorite fruit. noun (e.g., apples) or a noncount noun (e.g., gold)
(d) CORRECT: Gold is a metal. when you are making a generalization.
INCORRECT: 7'he gold is a metal.

(e) CORRECT: (1) I drove a car. GUIDELINE: A singular count noun (e.g., car) is
(2) I drove the car. preceded by a marker:
( 3 ) I drove that car. ( 1 ) a or an (or another singular marker such as
(4) I drove Jim's car. one, each, or every);(2) the; (3) this or that;
INCORRECT: I drove car. ( 4 ) a possessive (e.g., m y ,Jim's)

*The is not used for the second mention of a generic noun. COMPARE:
( 1 ) Whar color is a banana (generic noun)? A banana (generic noun) is yellow.
(2) Joe offmeed me a banana (indefinite noun) or an apple. I chose the banana (definite noun).

EXERCISE 15. Article usage. (Charts 7-7 and 7-8)

Directiuns:In these dialogues, decide whether the speakers would probably use alan or the.

1. A: I have ah idea. Let's go on A picnic Saturday.

B: Okay.
2. A: Did you have fun at picnic yesterday?
B: Sure did. And you?
3. A: You'd better have good reason for being late!
B: I do.
4. A: Did you think reason Mike gave for being late was believable?
B: Not really.
5. A: Where's my blue shirt?
B: It's in washing machine.
A: That's okay. I can wear different shirt.
6. A: I wish we had washing machine.
B: So do I. It would make it a lot easier to do our laundry.
7. A: Can you repair my car for me?
B: What's wrong with it?
A: radiator has leak, and one of windshield wipers
doesn't work.
B: Can you show me where leak is?
Nouns 115
 8. A: What happened to your bicycle? front wheel is bent.
B: I ran into parked car when I swerved to avoid big pothole
in the street.
A: Did you damage car?
B: A little.
A: What did you do?
B: I left -note for owner of -car.
A: What did you write on note?
B: My name and address. I also wrote apology.

9. A: Have you seen my boots?

B: They're in closet in front hallway.

EXERCISE 16. Article usage. (Charts 7-7 and 7-8)

Directions: Complete the sentences with alan,the, or 0. Capitalize as appropriate.
B
1. ,% Meef is a kind of ,% meat.
2. The beef we had for dinner last night was excellent.

3. Jim is wearing A straw hat today.

4. Jim likes to wear hats.

5. hat is -article of clothing.

6. hats are articles of clothing.

7. brown hat on that hook over there belongs to Mark.

8. Everyone has problems in life.

9. My grandfather had long life.

10. That book is about life of Helen Keller.

11. Tommy wants to be engineer when he grows up.

12. The Brooklyn Bridge was designed by -engineer.

13. John Roebling is name of -engineer who designed the Brooklyn

Bridge. He died in 1869 from infection before bridge was
completed.

14. people wear jewelry to make themselves more attractive.

15. jewelry Diana is wearing today is beautiful.

1 16 CHAPTER 7
EXERCISE 17. Article usage. (Charts 7-7 and 7-8)
Directions: Complete the sentences with alan, the, or 0 .
1. We need to get new phone.

2. Alex, would you please answer phone?

3. -people use plants in many different ways. Plants supply us

with oxygen. They are a source of lifesaving medicines. We use plant
products to build houses and to make paper and textiles.

4. When you look at sandy shore, it might seem practically empty of

animals. This appearance is deceptive, however. Beneath surface, the sand
is full of life. It is teeming with crabs, shrimp,
worms, snails, and -other kinds of marine animals.

5. Our children enjoyed going to the beach yesterday. When they dug in sand,
they found various kinds of -animals. Susie found crab, and so did
Johnny. crab Johnny found pinched him, which made him cry. But he had
-good time at beach anyway.

6. The biggest bird in the world is the ostrich. It eats just about anything it can reach,
including stones, -glass, and keys. It can kill
person with one kick.

7. Do you ever gaze into space and wonder if other life forms exist in
universe?

8. most mirrors are made from glass to which thin layer of

silver or aluminum has been applied.

Nouns 117
 9. In recent newspaper article, I read about Australian swimmer who
was saved from shark by -group of dolphins. When shark
attacked swimmer, dolphins chased it away. They saved
swimmer's life.

10. I heard on the radio that there is evidence that dolphins suffer in
captivity. Dolphins that are free in nature live around 40 years. Captive
dolphins live average of 12 years. It is believed that some captive dolphins
commit suicide.

11. phonograph records have become old-fashioned. They have been supplanted
by compact discs, which are commonly referred to as CDs.

12. Look. There's fly walking on ceiling. It's upside down. Do you
suppose fly was flying rightside up and flipped over at the last second, or was
it flying upside down when it landed on ceiling?

EXERCISE 18. Preview: expressions of quantity. (Chart 7-9)

Directions: Before you look at the next chart, try this exercise. Draw a line through the
expressions that CANNOT be used to complete the sentence correctly.
Example: I bought furniture.
a. some
b. ==@--.f
C. d
d. too much
e. v
1. I received letters. 2. I received mail.
a. two a. two
b. a couple of b. a couple of
c. both c. both
d. several d. several
e. some e. some
f. a lot of f. a lot of
g. plenty of g. plenty of
h. too many h. too many
i. too much i. too much
j. a few j. a few
k. a little k. a little
1. a number of 1. a number of
m. a great deal of m. a great deal of
n. hardly any n. hardly any
O. no O. no

118 CHAPTER 7
EXPRESSIONS OF USED WITH COUNT NOUNS USED WITH NONCOUNT An expression of quantity
Q u m NOUNS may precede a noun. Some
expressions of quantity are
(a) one one apple 0* used only with count nouns,
each each apple 0 as in (a) and (b).
every every apple 0
(b) two, etc. two apples 0
both both apples 0
a couple of a couple of apples 0
afew a few apples 0
several several apples 0
many many apples 0
a number of a number of apples

(c) a little 0 a little rice Some are used only with

much 0 much rice noncount nouns, as in (c).
a great deal of 0 a great deal of rice

(d) no no apples no rice Some are used with both

somelany sonzelany apples somelany rice count and noncount nouns,
a lot ofllou of a lot of/lots of apples a lot oJ1ots of rice as in (d).
plenty of plenty of apples plenty of rice
most most apples most rice
all all apples all rice

*8 = not used. For example, you can say ''1 ale one applknbut NOT ''I ate one rice."

EXERCISE 19. Expressions of quantity. (Chart 7-9)

Directions: Draw a line through the expressions that CANNOT be used to complete
the sentence correctly. Item 1 has been started for you.
1. Jake has -homework. 2. Isabel has -assignments.
a. &wee a. three
b. several b. several
C. some C. some
d. a lot of d. a lot of
e. too much e. too much
f. too many f. too many
g. a few g. a few
h. a little h. a little
i. a number of i. a number of
j. a great deal of j. a great deal of
k. hardly any k. hardly any
1. no 1. no

Nouns 119
 EXERCISE 20. MUCH vs. MANY. (Chart 7-9)
Directions: Write much or many. Also write the plural form of the italicized nouns as
necessary. In some sentences, you will need to choose the correct verb in parentheses.

cities
1 . I haven't visited MdhY e i q in the United States.

2. There (isn't/aren9t) ish'i- wk~h money in my bank account.

3. I haven't gotten mail lately.

4. I don't get letter.

5. There (isn't/arenyt) hotel in my hometown.

6. There (islare) too firniture in Anna's living room.

7. There (isnyt/arenyt) traffic today.

8. There (isn'daren't) car on the road today.

9. I can't go with you because I have too work to do.

10. A: How side does a pentagon have?

B: Five.

120 CHAPTER 7
 11. I couldn't find information in that book.

12. How homework did the teacher assign?

13. I haven't met people since I came here.

14. How postage does this letter need?

15. I think there (islare) too violence on television.

16. I don't have patience with incompetence.

17. The doctor has so patient that she has to work at least twelve
hours a day.

18. A: How tooth does the average person have?

B: Thirty-two.
19. There (isn'ttaren 't) international news in
the local paper.

20. How fish (islare) there in the ocean?

21. How continent (islare) there in the world?

22. How progress has your country made in improving the quality of
medical care available to the average citizen?

EXERCISE 21. Expressions of quantity. (Chart 7-9)

Directions: If the given noun can be used to complete the sentence, write it in its correct
form (singular or plural). If the given noun cannot be used to complete the sentence,
write 0.
1. Helen bought several . . . . 3. Sam bought a lot o f . . . .
lamp Iawps stamp stawps
furniture & rice vice
jewelry A stuf~ A
necklace ~eckldces thing ththss

2. Jack bought too much .... 4. Alice bought a couple o f . . . .

shoe & bread
salt sak loaf of bread
equipment eskipweht honey
tool a f jar of honey

Nouns 121
 5. I read a few. . . . 9. Nick has a number of ....
novel shirt
literature
Poem
Poetry

6. I bought some . . .. 10. I don't have a great deal o f . . ..

orange juice patience
light bulb wealth
hardware fiend
computer
pencil
software

7. We need plenty o f . . . . 11. I need a little ....

sleep luck
information money
fact advice
help new hat

8. I saw both. . . . 12. The author has many . . . .

woman idea
movie theory
scene hypothesis
scenery knowledge

EXERCISE 22. Expressions of quantity. (Chart 7-9)

Directions: Use many or much* with the following words, changing the words to plural if
necessary. Pronounce final -sl-es loudly and clearly. The cuer's book is open. The
responder's book is closed. If you use this exercise in pairwork, switch roles after Item 14.
Examples: sentence + many sentences
water + much water
thief + many thieves
1. furniture 8. piece 15. music 22. hypothesis
2. desk 9. mouse 16. progress 23. mail
3. branch 10. advice 17. race 24. office
4. equipment 11. sheep 18. knowledge 25. slang
5. machinery 12. homework 19. marriage 26. roof
6. machine 13. prize 20. information 27. shelf
7. woman 14. goose 21. luck 28. tooth

*You may want to practice some of these words in sentences. Much is usually not used in affirmative sentences;
instead, a lot of or a great &al of is kequently used. Much is used primarily in negative sentences and questions.

122 CHAPTER 7
a few (a) She has been here only two weeks, but she has A few and a little* give a positive idea; they
already made a few friends. indicate that something exists, is present, as in
(Positive idea: She has made somejhmak.) (a) and (b).
a little (b) I'm very pleased. I've been able to save a littb
money this month.
(Positive idea: I have saved some money instead of
spending all of it.)

(c) I feel sorry for her. She has (very) few friends. Few and little (without a ) give a negative idea;
(Negative idea: She does not have many fnends; she they indicate that something is largely absent.
has almost no fi.iends.)
(d) I have (very) little money. I don't even have Very (+ fewllittle) makes the negative
enough money to buy food for dinner. stronger, the numberlamount smaller.
(Negative idea: I do not have much money; I have
almost no money.)

*Afew and few are used with plural count nouns. A little and IittIe are used with noncount nouns.

EXERCISE 23. U s i n g A FEW and FEW; A LllTLE and LITTLE. ( C h a r t 7-10)

Directions: Without substantially changing the meaning of the sentence, replace the
italicized words with a few, (very) few, a little, or (very) little.
o\ little
1. I think that ferrpe lemon juice on fish makes it taste better.
(vevy) Few
2. Many people are multilingual, but m&-mmypeople speak more than ten languages.

3 . Some sunshine is better than none.

4. January is a cold and dreary month in the northern states. There is not much sunshine

during that month.

5. My parents like to watch TV. Every evening they watch two or three programs on T V

before they go to bed.

6. I don't watchTV very much because there are hardly any television programs that I enjoy.

7. If a door squeaks, several drops of oil in the right

places can prevent future trouble.

8. If your door squeaks, put some oil on the hinges.

9. Mr. Adams doesn't like to wear rings on his fingers.

He wears almost no jewelry.

Nouns 123
 EXERCISE 24. Using A FEW and FEW; A LITTLE and LITTLE. (Chart 7-10)
Directions: Complete the sentences with a few, (uery)few, a little, or (very) little.
1. Do you have or F e w minutes? I'd like to ask you or Few
questions. I need or little more information.

2. Diana's previous employer gave her a good recommendation because she makes
Vevy few mistakes in her work.

3. After Steve tasted the soup, he added salt to it.

4. I don't like a lot of salt on my food. I add salt to my food.

5. I like music. I like to listen to music after dinner before I begin

studying.

6 . Driving downtown to the stadium for the baseball game was easy. We got there
quickly because there was traffic.

7. Jim is having a lot of trouble adjusting to eighth grade. He seems to be unpopular.

Unfortunately, he has friends.

8. We're looking forward to our vacation. We're planning to spend

days with my folks and then days with my husband's folks. After
that, we're going to go to a fishing resort in Canada.

9. A: Are you finished?

B: Not yet. I need more minutes.

10. A: Are you finished?

B: Not yet. I need more time.

11 I was hungry, so I ate nuts.

12. Because the family is very poor, the children have toys.

13. Into each life, rain must fall. (a sayingl

14. Natasha likes sweet tea. She usually adds honey to her tea.
Sometimes she adds milk, too.

15. Has anyone ever called you on the phone and tried to sell you something you didn't
want? I have patience with people who interrupt my dinner to
try to sell me a magazine.

16. He's a lucky little boy. Because his parents have taken good care of him, he has had
problems in his young life.

124 CHAPTER 7
 (a) CORRECT: A lot of books are paperbacks. Some expressions of quantity (such as a lot of) always
(b) CORRECT: A lot of m y books are paperbacks. contain of, as in (a) and (b). See GROUP ONE below.
(c) INCORRECT: A lot books are paperbacks.

(d) CORRECT: Many of m y books are paperbacks. Sometimes of is used with an expression of quantity, as in
(e) INCORRECT: Many my books are paperbacks. (d), and sometimes of is NOT used with the same
expression of quantity, as in ( f ) . See GROUP TWO below.
(f) CORRECT: Many books are paperbacks.
(g) INCORRECT: Many of books are paperbacks.
GROUP ONE: EXPRESSIONS O F QUANTITY THAT ALWAYS CONTAIN OF
a lot of a number of a majority of
lots of a great deal of plenty of

GROUP TWO: EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY THAT SOMETIMES CONTAIN OF AND SOMETIMES NOT
all (of) many (of) one (of) both (of) some (of)
most (of) much (of) Z-WO (of) several (of) any (of)
almost aU (of) a few (of) three (of)
a little (of) etc.

(h) Many of m y books are in English. I Of is used with the expressions of quantity in GROUP TWO
( i ) Many of those books are in English. I when the noun is specific. A noun is specific when it is
( j ) Many of the books on that shelf are in English. preceded by:
1 . my, John's (or any possessive), as in (h) .
2. this, that, these, or those, as in (i).
1 3. the, as in (j)

(k) Many books are in English. Of is NOT used with the expressions of quantity in GROW
TWO if the noun it modifies is nonspenjic. In (k): The noun
books is nonspecific; ie., the speaker is not referring to
"your books" or "these books" or "the books on that desk."
The speaker is not referring to specific books, but to books
in general.

0 EXERCISE 25. Using OF in expressions of quantity. (Chart 7-1 1)

Directions: Add of if necessary. Write 0 if of is not necessary.
1. I know several & Jack's friends.
2. I've made several friends lately.

3. Some students are lazy. Most -students are hard-working.

4. Some the students in Mrs. Gray's class are a little lazy.

5. Most -books have an index.

6. Most -Ali's books are written in Arabic.

7. I bought a few -books yesterday.

8. I've read a few those books.

9. I'm new here. I don't know many -people yet.

Nouns 125
 10. I've just moved into a new apartment. I don't know many -my neighbors yet.

1 1. Have you taken any trips lately?

12. Sam hasn't met any -the students in the other class.

13. I usually get a lot -mail.

14. A lot -the mail I get is junk mail.

15. Our class has 30 students. Mr. Freeman's class has 25 students. Ms. North's class has
20 students. Of the three classes, our class has the most students.*

16. Most the students in our class are very smart.*

17. Out of all the students, Ali usually asks the most -questions during class. Most
-his questions are about grammar.

18. Most people need six to eight hours of sleep every night.

19. Most -the people in this class always hand in their assignments on time.

20. China has the most -people of any country in the world.

(a) CORRECT: All of the students in my class are here. When a noun is specific (e.g., the students), using of
(b) CORRECT: AU the students in my class are here. after all is optional as in (a) and (b).

(c) CORRECT: All students must have an 1.D. card. When a noun is nonspecific, of does NOT follow all, as
(d) INCORRECT: AU of students must have an I.D. card. in (c).
(e) I know both (oJ) those men. Similarly, using of after both is optional when the noun
is specific, as in (e).
( f ) CORRECT: 1 know both men. When a noun is nonspecific, of does NOT follow both,
(g) INCORRECT: 1 know both of men. as in (f).

EXERCISE 26. ALL (OF) and BOTH (OF). (Chart 7-12)

Directions: Of is not necessary in any of these sentences. In the sentences in which the use
of of is optional, write (of) in the blanks. If of is not possible because the noun is
nonspecific, write 0.
1. All (0C) the children listened to the story.

2. Almost all J& children like fairy tales.

( 1 ) The most = superlative. The superlative is used to compare three or more persons or things. The most is
never immediately followed by of. Example: Out of all the buys, Tom ate the mostfood.
( 2 ) Most (not preceded by the) = an expression of quantity whose meaning ranges from "over fifty percent" to
"almost all." Example: Most of the food at that restaurant is good, but not all of it.

126 CHAPTER 7
 3. Both -those books are mine.

4. I bought two books. Both books were expensive.

5. Almost all -students study hard for exams.

P
6. All birds have wings, but not all -
birds can fly. Both -the birds in the
picture are incapable of flight.

7. I have two brothers. Both -my brothers

are in school.
emu kiwi
8. Do you know all -the people in your biology class?

9. All the students in my class are studying English.

10. Not all -people are biendly, but most people have kind hearts.

EXERCISE 27. Using OF in expressions of quantity. (Charts 7-1 1 and 7-12)

Directions: Add of andlor write 0.
1. Some ,d fish are surface feeders. Others are bottom feeders.

2. Some OF the fish we caught were too small to keep.

3. Almost all Of OR ,dthe fish in Jennifer's aquarium died. She finally had to admit
that she didn't know much about taking care of tropical fish.

4. I bought several books at the used book sale.

5. Several my friends and I have volunteered to clean up the litter left on the
school grounds by thoughtless students.

6. The airline was crippled by a strike last month, but now it's over. All the
pilots were happy to get back to work after the strike.

7. Most people have a little trouble using the currency in a foreign

country for a few days after they first arrive.

8. There's nothing I like better than a good book, but I haven't done much reading for
pleasure lately. Most the reading I do is related to my work.

9. It's important for young people to have goals in their lives. My mother always told me
that any dream is worth pursuing if I know in my heart it is what I want to
do. Few people have made great accomplishments in life without first
having a dream-a personal, inner vision of what is possible.

Nouns 127
 Square dancing is a traditional folk dance in the
United States. We all had a lot fun
learning to square dance at the party. Many
the people at the party had never
done any square dancing before.

When my parents were young, they had

little opportunity to travel.

A few children are given their first

watch by the time they are six years old.
However, most these children cannot
tell time correctly.

(a) One student was late to class. One, each, and every are followed immediately by
(b) Each student has a schedule. singular count nouns (never plural nouns, never
(c) Every student has a schedule. noncount nouns).

(d) One of the students was late to class. One of, each of, and every one of* are followed b y
(e) Each (one) of the students has a schedule. specifc plural count nouns (never singular nouns;
( f ) Every one of the students has a schedule. never noncount nouns).

*COMPARE:
Every one (two words) is an expression of quantity; e.g., I have read every one of those books.
Everyone (one word) is an indefinite pronoun; it has the same meaning as everybody; e.g., EveryonelEverybody has a
schedule.
NOTE: Each and etmy have essentially the same meaning.
Each is used when the speaker is thinking of one personlthing at a time: Ench student has a schedule. = Mary has a schedule.
Himshi has a schedule. Carlos has a schedule. Sabrina has a schedule. (etc.)
Evevy is used when the speaker means "all": Ezmy student has a schedule. = All oj the students have schedules.

EXERCISE 28. Using ONE, E A C H , and EVERY. (Chart 7-13)

Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct form, singular or plural, of the noun in
parentheses.
1. There is only one qiv\ on the sixth-grade soccer team. (girl)
2. Only one of the in the sixth grade is on the soccer team. (@TO
3. Each of the got a present. (child)

4. Mr. Hoover gave a present to each . (child)

5. We invited every of the club. (member)

6 . Every one of the came. (member)

128 CHAPTER 7
EXERCISE 29. Using ONE, EACH, and EVERY. (Chart 7-13)
Directions: Some (but not all) of the following sentences contain errors. Find and correct
the errors.
stkAeht
1. It's important for every wxl-ats to have a book.

2. Each of the students in my class has a book. (no change)

3. Spain is one of the country I want to visit.

4. The teacher gave each of students a test paper.

5. Every student in the class did well on the test.

6. Every furniture in that room is made of wood.

7. One of the equipment in our office is broken.

8. I gave a present to each of the woman in the room.

9. One of my favorite place in the world is an island in the Caribbean Sea.

10. Each one of your suitcases will be checked when you go through customs.

11. It's impossible for one human being to know every languages in the world.

12. I found each of the error in this exercise.

EXERCISE 30. Activity: expressions of quantity. (Charts 7-9 -, 7-13)

Directions: Conduct an opinion poll among your classmates. Report your findings using
expressions of quantity. Prepare five yeslno questions that ask for opinions or information
about the respondents' likes, dislikes, habits, or experiences.
Possible questions:
1. Do you read an English language newspaper every day?
2. Do you like living in this city?
3. Do you have a car?
4. Have you ever ridden a horse?
5. Are you going to be in bed before midnight tonight?

Record your classmates' responses. Then in your report, make generalizations about this
information by using expressions of quantity. For example:
1. Only a few of the people in this class read an English newspaper every day.
2. Most of them like living in this city.
3. Three of the people in this class have cars.
4. About half of them have ridden a horse at some time in their lifetime.
5. Almost all of them are going to be in bed before midnight tonight.

Nouns 129
 EXERCISE 31. Review: expressions of quantity. (Charts 7-9 + 7-13)
Directions: Most of the statements below are inaccurate overgeneralizations. Make each
statement clearer or more accurate by adding an expression of quantity. Add other words
to the sentence or make any changes you wish. The following list suggests expressions of
quantity you might use. Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class.

all (03 many (of) one (ofl some (ofl

each (ofi much (of) nu0 (of) several (08
every a number of half of (a) few (ofi
almost all (of) a great deal of 50 percent of (a) linle (ofi
most (ofl a lot of three fourths of hardly any (of)
a majority of none of
hundreds of no
thousands of
millions of

Example: My classmates are from Japan.

Possible sentences: + Most of my classmates are ji-om Japan.
-+ All (of) my classmates are JLom Japan.
-+ One of my classmates is JLom Japan.
-+ Hardly any of my classmates areji-om Japan.
+ None of my classmates is @om Japan.

1. My classmates speak Arabic.

2. People are friendly.
3. The pages in this book contain illustrations.
4. Babies are born bald.
5. The students in my class are from South America.
6. People like to live alone.
7. The people I know like to live alone.
8. The countries in the world are in the Northern Hemisphere.
9. The citizens of the United States speak English.
10. Children like to read scary stories.
11. The children in my country go to school.
12. Airplanes depart and arrive precisely on time.
13. The rivers in the world are polluted.
14. The pollution in the world today is caused by human beings.
15. City dwellers do not have cars.
16. The food at (name of the place you usually eat) is very good.

130 CHAP'IER 7