CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

Entrepreneurship is the creation or extraction of value. With this definition,

entrepreneurship is viewed as change, generally entailing risk beyond what is
normally encountered in starting a business, which may include other values than
simply economic ones. More narrow definitions have described entrepreneurship as
the process of designing, launching and running a new business, which is often
initially a small business, or as the "capacity andwillingness to develop, organize and
manage a business venture along with any of its risks to make a profit." The people
who create these businesses are often referred to as entrepreneurs. While definitions
of entrepreneurship typically focus on the launching and running of businesses, due
to the high risks involved in launching a start-up, a significant proportion of start-up
businesses have to close due to "lack of funding, bad business decisions, government
policies, an economic crisis, lack of market demand, or a combination of all of these
"Women entrepreneurship has been recognized as an important source of economic
growth. For many developing countries women entrepreneurs play a vital role
particularly in terms of their contribution to the economic development women
entrepreneur is a person who accept challenging role to meet her personal needs and
become economically independent. Over the past few decades women are coming
out of the boundaries of houses and improving their ability and competencies in the
business world. Today the role of modern women is much wider than, what it was
previously. In this context, the study examines the theoretical background of women
entrepreneurs with focus on factors affecting.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Economists and business people differ in their definitions of entrepreneurship. Most,

however agree that entrepreneurship is vital for stimulating economic growth,
women empowerment and employment opportunities in all societies. The current
emerging market scenario the Government of India and the concern State
Government are providing lot of assistance and support to the educated youths for
empower them through self-employment. Thus, this study addressed the attitude of

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female students towards entrepreneurship and motivating and demotivating factors in
starting their own business after graduation than looking a job opportunity which
later on helps in minimizing the unemployment rate and if there is a positive
perception about entrepreneurship.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 To explore the perception about entrepreneurship among female college student

with special reference to Government Victoria College, Palakkad .
 To evaluate the factors demotivating the female students from entering into the
field of entrepreneurship
 To explain the impact of government policies and regulations on fresh
entrepreneurs.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is limited to examining the level of female student’s attitude
towards entrepreneurship. This study also attempts to identify the barriers of
entrepreneurship and examine the attitude and awareness of students towards
entrepreneurship. This study points out the impact of government policies on
students .This is conducted among students. It also suggests the way to increase
student’s attitude towards entrepreneurship.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Entrepreneurship plays a very important role in terms of generation of employment

opportunities, ensuring balanced economic development. This study will help to
know the attitude of female students who are willing to take entrepreneurship as a
career. Awareness of entrepreneurship will also lead to freedom, flexibility, growth
and development among students.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology means it is the specific procedure or technique used to

identify, select, process and analyze information about a topic. The research
methodology of the study is as follows:

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study is descriptive in nature. It includes surveys and fact finding

enquiries of different kind. The major purpose is to study on female
student’s attitude towards entrepreneurship.

DATA COLLECTION

Primary data were collected from the respondents through systematically prepared
questionnaire The questionnaire was prepared after analyzing the various aspects of the
topic and utmost care was given to ensure that the questions included to suit to the
purpose of study. Secondary data were collected from books, websites and journals.

SAMPLE DESIGN

It was very difficult to conduct a study from the entire population from Government
Victoria College. So representative samples are drawn from the population for the
purpose of study.

POPULATION

The population for this study consisted of female students of Government Victoria
College.

METHOD OF SAMPLING

Convenience sampling method will be adopted for the purpose of carrying out the
project. Convenience sampling is a type of non probability sampling that involves
the sample being drawn from that part of the population that is close to hand . This
sampling is used because it allows the researcher to obtain basic data and trend
regarding his study without the complications of using a randomized sample.

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SAMPLE SIZE

Sample size of this study is 50 respondents. The female students of Government

Victoria College are selected for the study. The sample was selected on a convenient
basis.

SCALING TECHNIQUES
Most of the information required for the study is qualitative in nature. A 5 point Likert
Continuous Scale technique was used for quantifying, various qualitative information
necessary for the study such as degree of experience and degree of perception,
awareness and opportunities.

TOOLS USED FOR THE STUDY

The processing, classification, tabulation, analysis and interpretation of data are

Done with the help of Percentage analysis and diagrams were used for presentation

of data.

PERIOD OF STUDY

The duration of the project study is 21 days.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study was conducted among female students in Government Victoria College.

Sample size is limited to 50 respondents.

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 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

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A study by Al-Hassan et al. (2020) explored the effect of entrepreneurship education on
female students’ attitudes towards entrepreneurship. The study found that
entrepreneurship education positively influenced female students’ attitudes towards
entrepreneurship, and that female students who had received entrepreneurship education
were more likely to consider starting their own businesses.

In a more recent study, Li and Li (2020) found that female students' attitudes towards
entrepreneurship were positively influenced by the perceived social support, self-
efficacy, and perceived feasibility of starting a business. The study also showed that
female students had higher level of entrepreneurial intention than male students.

A study by Tang et al. (2019) investigated the factors that affect female students’
entrepreneurial intention and attitude towards entrepreneurship. The study found that the
perception of family Support perceived social norms, and perceived entrepreneurial
education significantly influenced female students’ attitudes towards entrepreneurship.

In another study by Sani and Abdullahi (2020), female students’ attitudes towards
entrepreneurship were found to be influenced by their perceived self-efficacy and their
entrepreneurial intentions. The study showed that female students who had a high level
of self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions had a more positive attitude towards
entrepreneurship.

A study by Hossain and Rahman (2016) found that female students’ attitudes towards
entrepreneurship were influenced by the perceived benefits and barriers to starting a
business. The study revealed that the main benefits of entrepreneurship for female
students were financial independence, flexibility, and self-employment. On the other
hand, the main barriers were lack of financial resources, limited knowledge and skills,
and societal norms and values.

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In a study conducted by Mutalib et al. (2015), female students’ attitude towards
entrepreneurship was found to be influenced by various factors such as family
background, education, personal traits, and social network. The study also found that
female students tend to have a more positive attitude towards entrepreneurship if they
have a role model in their family or community.

Birley, S (2009) study on women and men micro entrepreneurs in Ecuador confirms
that male entrepreneurs manage larger firms than women and men’s businesses yield
higher net incomes. There was a significant increase in monthly net incomes of the
entrepreneurs one year after the baseline measures. The result also confirms the
dynamism of the microenterprise sector, where some firms are able to increase net
income in the course of a year, despite a lack of access to credit and other inputs
available in then formal sector. All micro producers and micro vendors’ borrowers,
irrespective of borrower’s sex show a significant increase in hourly income. The results
also show the preference among women entrepreneurs for using the credit to increase
efficiency is explained by women’s two fold responsibility of producing at the work
place and producing at home. The results are also indicative of the fact that women
micro producers in manufacturing and services as well as women micro vendors access
to credit was a key factor in the increased productivity. This signifies that credit was
available to large number of low income women micro producers and micro vendors
and was able to keep a considerable number of women micro producers active.

The study by Gupta M (2008) highlight the constraints faced by women entrepreneurs
Such as lack of knowledge about various important aspects related to their enterprise,
lack of finance, support from family, male dominance, lack of information about various
organizations and institutions supporting women entrepreneurs and they were not aware
of the institutions or programmers for women entrepreneurs.

The analysis of women entrepreneurs by Goffe and Scase (2008) shows how business
startup enables many women, but not all, to achieve forms of economic and social
independence that they would not otherwise enjoy. Further they illustrate ways in which

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business proprietorship has a wide variety of effects upon individuals, and upon their
personal relationships and lifestyles. They refute the notion of a single entrepreneurial
experience and argue that the causes and consequences of business startup are highly
conditioned by the excellent to which women are committed to traditionally prescribed
roles and to profitability.

Marrison, A.M. White R.P. and Velsor, E. Van (2007) observe that female
entrepreneurs are the fastest growing segment of the small business population, with
numbers increasing dramatically since 1980.In a study of women entrepreneurs in
Cameroon by Catherine (2008) revealed that a poor choice of business venture often
meant that they run at aloss However many women value their business for non-
financial reasons, such as the fact that they get them out of the house. Though women
running micro enterprise face long hours with low returns and often accumulate debts
they are critical for the survival of their households.

Iyer (2007) did a qualitative study on women entrepreneurs from AWAKE (Association
of Women entrepreneurs in Karnataka) and highlighted two major issues relating to
starting and sustaining a business. The first is perception of society, in particular those
of men, towards women as entrepreneurs and the built in gender bias. She found that
traditional upbringing hampers the ability of men to relate to women as business
women. In India, women take up entrepreneurship due to various reasons and not
essentially economic independence or to gain freedom from subordination in the family.
With regards to role conflicts and role demands, while women do not draw any
boundaries with their own families, strict boundaries are drawn around their mobility
and activities outside the family. Another conflict which entrepreneurial women go
through is the guilt feeling as career women. The credit worthiness of women were
essentially linked to their ability to provide collateral. The reluctance to provide
assistance, delay in the release of working capital by the commercial banks also cause
considerable problems to the entrepreneur.

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Banerjee and Talukdars (2007) study of 30 women entrepreneurs reveal that majority
of them were above 50 years of age, had good educational backgrounds, belonged to

Higher income group families and were concentrated in urban areas. It was further
found that women entrepreneurs had greater motivations, greater job involvement and
higher annual family incomes. AT the same time, those with high entrepreneurship
faced less conflict in their roles as entrepreneurs and housewives whereas those with
low entrepreneurship faced more conflict comparatively more number of women
belonged to joint families, approached institutions for financing their enterprises and
hired labor from outside than those having low extent of entrepreneurship.

Khan M.A. (2006) examined the emergence of women entrepreneurs in Andhra

Pradesh. The study concluded that entrepreneurship among women requires a congenial
entrepreneurial climate which motivates and facilitates them to take up entrepreneurial
career.

Lalitha Rani (2006) studied women entrepreneurs in the city of Visakhapatnam. The
findings of the study shows that different women have different attitudes towards
entrepreneurship and the growth profitability and survival of the enterprise depends on
this attitude or view towards entrepreneurship. Some women consider “business as a
challenge” were ambitious “career oriented” and “innovative”. Entrepreneurship was
their first priority and they were prepared to take risks. For some, entrepreneurship was
an avenue for additional income but despite their need for money the first priority was
the home. This attitude towards entrepreneurship was categorized on the basis of
education

Vander, WeiscRamijn H (2005) discuss the impact of micro finance industry

becoming a global phenomenon. The study examines the financial products aimed at
women entrepreneur sand calls for more products such as savings accounts, money
transfers, or loans for domestic equipment. Financial services should be delivered as
effectively as possible, but subsidies may continue to be a necessary component in

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achieving this. The SHG continue to play a strategic role in the development of micro
enterprises among women entrepreneurs.

Surthi and Sarupriya (2003) investigated the psychological factors affecting women
entrepreneurs. They examined the role stress experienced by women entrepreneurs the
effect of demographic variables, such as marital status and type of family, and how
women entrepreneurs cope with stress. The results indicated that unmarried women
experienced less stress than married women. Those from joint families tended to
experienced less role stress than those from nuclear families, probably because they
share their problems with other family members. External focus of control was
significantly related to role stress, and fear of success was related to result inadequacy
and role inadequacy dimension of stress.

Dignard and Havert (1995) study the women owned micro and small scale
entrepreneurs in both formal and informal economic sectors. The study is a compilation
of articles and case studies by various authors and focuses on understanding women
micro entrepreneurs economic values and behavior, gap in policies and programme with
regards to microenterprises, problems of women’s access to credit technology and
training which are essential for designing women owned micro and small scale
enterprise, and general policy interventions. Case studies of five countries are also
discussed in the book.

Singh (1992) attempts to highlight the existing status of women entrepreneurs. The
author has also made an attempt to diagnose the women entrepreneurial profile and has
identified the dominating entrepreneurial traits, their motivational forces and
performance both qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Their communication and
linkage capabilities among themselves and at the government level along with the nature
and magnitude of different constraints in entrepreneurial career have been also dealt
with by the author. The sample consisted of 64women entrepreneur from Haryana. The
study showed that majority of the entrepreneur’s preferred trading type of enterprises
probably because of less risk involvement, low gestation period, no necessity of

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technical staff and fewer problems in procurement and marketing. The data also proved
that most of the respondents had high motivational and value orientation characters,
medium level of job satisfaction usually took independent intra family and
entrepreneurial decisions, and belonged to nuclear and small families with high level of
education and services as their main occupation. Majority of the entrepreneurs
possessed high level of confidence, decision making ability, managerial skills, far
sightedness, communicability, skill competence, innovativeness, competitive spirit,
change, proneness, amicable nature, independent and high aspiration low degree of
credit orientation and risk preference.

Kanitkarand Contractor (1992) studied women entrepreneurs in the manufacturing

sector. The study discloses that for the women their sector it has been “the search for
identity during the period of mid-life crisis” which has lead them to entrepreneurship.
Though for some of the entrepreneurs, economic necessity was the push factor, all of
them were imbibed with a goal to achieve something significant in their lives. The first
major hurdle which they faced was monetary followed by dealing with bureaucracy
location, managing production and employee’s growth.

Overall, the literature suggests that female students’ attitudes towards entrepreneurship
are influenced by a variety of factors, including family background, education, personal
traits, social network, perceived benefits and barriers, self-efficacy, entrepreneurial
intentions, family support, social norms, and entrepreneurial education. Understanding
these factors can help policymakers and educators to design interventions that can
encourage and support female students’ participation in entrepreneurship.

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 CHAPTER 3

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

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WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Women Entrepreneurship implies a process in which a female initiate, lead, own and
organize an enterprise or industry and give employment to others and also contribute in
improving the standard of living of their families. When a woman legally owns and
operates an enterprise, holding a minimum of 51% share capital and employs more than
51 percent of women, is a women-led enterprise and the initiative is women
entrepreneurship. In the words of Robert Ronstadt, "Women entrepreneurship is a
dynamic process of creating incremental wealth. This wealth is created by women who
assume the major risk in terms of equity, time and carrier commitment of providing
value for some product and services.

WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR

Women entrepreneurs may be defined as a woman or a group of women who initiate,

organize and run a business concern. According to Schumpeter – “Women
entrepreneurs are those women who innovate, initiate or adopt a business activity”.
According to Government of India – “A woman entrepreneur is defined as an enterprise
owned and controlled by a woman having a minimum financial interest of 51 percent of
the capital and giving at least 51 percent of the employment generated in the enterprise
to women.” According to Frederick Harbison – “Any women or group of women which
innovates, initiates or adopts an economic activity may be called women
entrepreneurship”.

In short, women entrepreneurs are those women who think of a business enterprise,
initiate it, organize and combine factors of production, operate the enterprise and
undertake risks and handle economic uncertainty involved in running it.

"WOMEN" AS ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA

A report published by ESCAP IN 2005 titled "Developing women entrepreneurs in
South

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Asia" pointed out that in India, a majority of women entrepreneurs is SMEs fall within
the age group 25-40 years. The states of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka count a
greater proportion of entrepreneurs, mostly women from families which are already in
business or have service- related backgrounds. The Indian society has evolved as a
traditionally male - dominated one. Women tend to be considered as the weaker sex and
socioeconomically dependent on men throughout their life. Women mostly occupy
subordinate positions and execute decisions generally made by other male members of
the family. Despite an equal population, very few women were self employed and the
majority of them were engaged in the informal sector like agriculture agro-based industries,
handicrafts, handloom and cottage based industries. 65% of the population in India live in
villages; Self Help Groups (SHGs) have paved the way for economic independence of rural
women involved in micro entrepreneurship.

"WOMEN" AS ENTREPRENEURS IN KERALA

Women in Kerala are more privileged than the rest of India. The state has a high female
literacy rate. More than 87% of Kerala’s women are literate. Also, Kerala one of
handful states that have more women than men. Feminine talent has been active in high-
designation jobs. However according to data gathered in 1987, the state constituted of
only 6.2 % women out of 1.6 million small scale entrepreneurs. The efforts to encourage
women sped up in 90s and by the end of that decade, the number of women in small
scale business increased more than 5 times. Kerala has also been subject to a number of
studies due to this rise in number. Most studies suggest that women in Kerala take
initiatives because they are motivated to generate income, because they are encouraged
by their husbands, or because of governmental/ non-governmental support. Same
researches also reveal that women face troubles mostly include fund mobility and
management, marketing and the delay in getting payments. Surprisingly, family apathy
was the least occurring fact.

KSIDC, with the objective of encouraging entrepreneurship among the women in the
state, is offering the infrastructure facilities and financial assistance to women
entrepreneurs, under the umbrella scheme Women Entrepreneurship-Mission (WE-
Mission) and thereby handholding them through their entrepreneurial journeyKSIDC
has set up a Women Apparel Park under the name WE Space at INKEL Tower II,
Angamaly. The facility is offered at subsidized rent rate to export-oriented units in the

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garment manufacture and allied industries, promoted by women entrepreneurs. Ventures
promoted by women entrepreneurs are also offered financial assistance of uptoRs 25
lakhs (or 80% of the initial project cost, whichever is lower) under the WE Mission
scheme for scaling up the business activities.

IMPORTANCE:

In modern days, women entrepreneurs are playing a very important role in business,
trade or industry. Their entry into business is of recent origin. Women have already
shown their vital role in other spheres like politics, administration, medical and
engineering, technical and technological, social and educational services. This is true in
advanced countries and now in recent years, they have been entering into these fields in
our country. Their entry into business is a recent phenomenon in India. It is an extension
of kitchen activities. In certain businesses, women entrepreneurs are doing exceedingly
well and even they have exceeded their male counterparts. Women are successful not
only in law, science, medical, aeronautics and space exploration and even in police and
military services, but now they are showing their might even in business and industry.
They have proved that they are no less them men in the efficiency, hard work, or
intelligence, provided they are given proper scope.

FUNCTION OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR

Frederick Harris Harbison – an American Labor Economist introduced five functions of

women entrepreneur which are stated hereunder:

1. Exploring new opportunities for starting the business venture

2. Undertaking risks and managing economic uncertainties related to the business.
3. Introduction of innovation
4. Coordination, administration, and control
5. Supervision and leadership
Social cognitive theory suggests that individuals' beliefs about their ability to succeed
in a given task, their expectations for success, and the outcomes of their actions all
play a role in their behavior. In the context of entrepreneurship, female students'

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attitudes towards entrepreneurship may be influenced by their beliefs about their
ability to start and run a successful business, their expectations for success, and the
outcomes they anticipate from pursuing an entrepreneurial path.

Gender schema theory proposes that individuals' understanding of gender roles and
stereotypes influences their behavior. In the context of entrepreneurship, female
students' attitudes may be influenced by their perceptions of entrepreneurship as a
masculine domain, as well as their beliefs about the skills and traits that are necessary
for success in entrepreneurship.

The theory of planned behavior suggests that individuals' attitudes, subjective norms (i.e., the
perceived social pressure to engage in a particular behavior), and perceived behavioral
control (i.e., the belief that one has the necessary resources and opportunities to engage in a
particular behavior) all influence their intentions to engage in a given behavior. In the
context of entrepreneurship, female students' attitudes towards entrepreneurship may be
influenced by their perceptions of social norms surrounding entrepreneurship and their sense
of control over their ability to pursue an entrepreneurial path. This suggest that the attitude of
female students towards entrepreneurship is likely to be influenced by a complex set of
beliefs, expectations, and social norms, which may in turn affect their willingness to pursue
entrepreneurship as a career path.

TYPOLOGIES OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR

One could divide the self-employed or those who are in employee category in two
three broad Typologies
1. Micro entrepreneur
Women, earning a low income in rural or urban areas by engaging themselves as
home based workers, small vendors, petty traders and hawkers could be defined as
micro-entrepreneurs. They are mostly illiterate, from the lowest status of society,
have a very low level of skills, which they have acquired as a part of their household
work, and have little or no work experience.
2. Small scale entrepreneurs
This segment comprises urban middle and upper middle class women entrepreneurs
who have a relatively easy access Government support infrastructure. They are better

17
qualified, have better exposure to market and better business networks through their
family members or friends engage in business.
3. Women owners of large business
These women entrepreneurs, by and large, come from wealthy segment of social
strata and mostly from business houses or from families of senior bureaucrats. This is
a minuscule minority in the women's business world

MAIN ENTREPRENEURIAL TRAITS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Following are main entrepreneurial traits of women entrepreneurs:

(i) Imagination: It refers to the imaginative approach or original ideas with

competitive market. Well planned approach is needed to examine the existing
situation and to identify the entrepreneurial opportunities. It further implies that
women entrepreneurs have association with knowledgeable people and contracting
the right organizations offering support and services.

(ii) Attribute to Work Hard: Enterprising women have further ability to work hard.
The imaginative ideas have to come to a fair play. Hard work is needed to build up
an enterprise.

(iii) Persistence: Women entrepreneurs must have an intention to fulfil their dreams.
They have to make a dream translated into an enterprise. Studies show that
successful women have worked hard. They persisted in getting loan from financial
institutions and other inputs. They have persisted in adverse circumstances and in
adversity.

(iv) Ability and Desire to Take Risk: The desire refers to the willingness to take
risk and ability to the proficiency in planning, making forecast, estimates and
calculations. Profits are the reward of risk. Enterprising women take risk but the risk
is well calculated. It offers challenges where chances of survival and failure are on
equal footing.

FACTORS INFLUENCING WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP:

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1. Family culture and traditions – Family culture and traditions influence
entrepreneurship. Women entrepreneur will remain entrepreneur if its family
tradition is so or if she belongs to a pioneer entrepreneur.

2. Geographical factors and social factors – The society the state and the area to
which she belongs also influence the entrepreneurship. If she is a Punjabi or Gujrati
belonging to their respective state, will become entrepreneurs.

3. Caste system – The caste system also influences as a women who is Sindhi may start a

Business at an early stage as in their caste or communities it is a trend. Government

aids and policies – Government can never increase entrepreneurship, it always helps
an entrepreneur. A capable person only can become entrepreneur even if she gets
aids or adopts policies to start a venture.

4. Government can help poor class people with reservations. Government help can
be of significance if entrepreneur takes its help for logical conclusions. But for this,
caliber of an entrepreneur is also seen.

5. Inherent capabilities and efficiency – Capabilities to withstand the competition

with males requires guts and dare to become an entrepreneur. Females require same
capabilities as that of males. They get benefit of being females only when the service
has to be rendered to women only like in hospitals etc. Capabilities influence the
entrepreneurship but efficiency is also required as if the person has capability to
become an entrepreneur but if she is not efficient to run the venture she cannot
become a better entrepreneurship.

i. Push Factors:
a. Death of bread winner
b. Permanent inadequacy in income of the family
c. Sudden fall in family income
ii. Pull Factors:

Need and perception of Women’s Liberation, Equity etc.

1 To gain recognition, importance and social status.

2 To get economic independence
3 To utilize their free time or education

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4 Women’s desire to evaluate their talent

The role of women entrepreneurs is explained in the following points:

i. Employment Generation:
It implies that women entrepreneurs not only establish their enterprise, but provide
job to others. Women entrepreneurship is about women’s position in the society and
their role as
Entrepreneurs in the same society. It can be understood in two ways, namely, at the
individual level (number of self-employed) and at the firm level (number of firms
owned by women and their economic impact). In this way, woman entrepreneurs
have an important impact on the economy in terms of their ability to create jobs for
themselves as well as for others.

ii. Economic Development:

It signifies that women entrepreneurs contribute to the gross domestic product of the
country by establishing enterprises and producing goods and services. Due to their
entrepreneurial activity, women entrepreneurs bring dynamism in market. In this
way, they also help in increasing the national income of the country.

iii. Better Utilization of Resources:

It implies that the involvement of women in industrial development ensure the
effective utilization of all available resources (labor, raw materials, capital). The
issue of women in the industrialization process has been emphasized only in the last
decade when the ‘Declaration of Mexico in July 1975’, the equality of womanhood
and their contribution to individual development became the center of attention.

iv. Improved Quality of Life:

It implies that women entrepreneurs are now economically independent and take
decisions independently. They are now capable of upbringing their children
according to their wish. They are providing quality education to their children and a
better living standard to their family members. They not only improve their living
standards, but also the living standards of others by providing them the means of
earning. Factors Responsible for Increasing Female Entrepreneurship in India In

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spite of the growing number of female entrepreneurs, the share of female
entrepreneurs is still significantly low when compared to their participation rate.

Barriers in the Path of Women Entrepreneurs:

There are many barriers or constraints that restrict the expansion of women
entrepreneurship.
The major barriers in the path of women entrepreneurs are as follows:

1. Financial Problem:

It refers to the major problem of women entrepreneurs that arise due to the lack of
access to funds. It is really difficult for them to arrange the requisite fund as they
may not possess any tangible security and credit in the market. Generally, the family
members of women entrepreneurs do not have confidence in their capability of
running the business successfully. Women entrepreneurs even face problems in
financing day-to-day operations of enterprises, including purchasing of raw materials
and paying wages to labors. The lack of access to funds makes the condition of
women entrepreneurs extremely vulnerable. The complexities and the complications
in the process of obtaining bank loans usually deter women from establishing
enterprises.

2. Production Problem:

Production problem act as a main problem that discourages women to be

entrepreneurs. The data shows that the participation of women entrepreneurs in the
production is minimal due to complications involved in the production process. In a
manufacturing enterprise, production involves the coordination of a number of
activities. Improper coordination and delay in execution of any activity cause
problems in production. This may become difficult for women entrepreneurs to
coordinate and control all the production activities.

3. Marketing Problem:

Marketing problem refers to the problems of women entrepreneurs in marketing their

products or services. Lack of mobility and heavy competition in the market makes
the women entrepreneurs dependent on middlemen. Middlemen take a huge amount

21
of money to market the products. Women entrepreneurs lack information on
changing market and find it difficult to capture the market and make their products
popular.

4. Socio-Cultural Barriers:

Socio-cultural barriers refer to the constraints and barriers imposed on women

entrepreneurs by the society. In conventional countries, such as India, the major role
of a woman is acknowledged towards her family. She has to perform primarily her
family duties irrespective of her career as a working woman or an entrepreneur. A
woman entrepreneur has to bear double responsibilities, she has to manage her
family as well as her business.

In our society, more importance is given to educating a male child than a female
child. This results in lack of education and vocational training of women. Lack of
education and technical skills becomes the root cause of lack of awareness of
opportunities available by women entrepreneurs. Our society even gives more
preference to male labor than to female labor. A male labor is paid more wages than
a female labor. It is ascertained that male labor force are generally reluctant to work
under a female boss.

5. Lack of Confidence:

It refers to the personal problem of women entrepreneurs. Women have been

dependent on their family members for a long time. They have been always protected
and guided by the male members of their family. Right from taking any decision to
going anywhere they are accompanied by male. This makes women feel less
confident even about their own capabilities. Despite these all barriers women
entrepreneurs have proved themselves in all the walks of industrial activities. They
are successfully performing and managing their roles at work and home. They have
made a great level of adjustment and tuning between two roles of a woman. They are
confident, creative, and are very much capable of running an enterprise, regardless of
all the barriers in their path. They are equally talented as men and need a congenial
environment to grow themselves. Entrepreneurship does not depend upon man or
woman. It is an attitude of mind and requires suitable motivation duly supported by

22
cordial external conditions. Therefore, women entrepreneurs need to be supported by
congenial environment to develop the risk-taking and decision-making qualities.

CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

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Analysis of data focuses on studying the tabulated material in order to find out
inherent facts and meaning. Interpretation points out the inferences from the
collected facts after analytical study. The tables used for analysis, charts and
interpretations are given below:

TABLE 4.1
AGE-WISE CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS
Age No. Of Respondent Percentage
Below 18 4 8%
18-20 20 40%
20-22 22 44%
Above 22 4 8%
Total 50 100

CHART 4.1
CHART SHOWING AGE OF RESPONDENTS:

24
 Below 18 18-20 20-22 Above 22
8% 8%

40%
44%

INTERPRETATION
Age wise distribution of the data shows that 44% of respondents come under the age
category of 20-22 years, 40% belongs to 18-20 years. Respondents from other age
groups are 8%.
TABLE 4.2
STREAM-WISE CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS
Stream of study No. of Respondent Percentage
Commerce 32 64%
Science 17 34%
Others 1 2%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.2

CHART SHOWING STREAM-WISE CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS:

25
 2%

34%
commerce
science
others

64%

INTERPRETATIONS
64% of respondents are commerce students, 34% of respondents are from science
stream and remaining 2% are from other. Most of the respondents are from commerce
stream. Respondents from science stream are comparatively less.

Entrepreneurial No. of Respondent Percentage

family background

Yes 33 66%

No 17 34%

Total 50 100

TABLE 4.3
ENTREPRENEURIAL FAMILY BACKGROUND

CHART 4.3
CHART SHOWING ENTREPRENEURIAL FAMILY BACKGROUND

26
INTERPRETATION
The table 4.3 shows that 66% of respondents have entrepreneurial family background
and remaining 34% of respondents have entrepreneurial family background.

TABLE 4.4
INCOME-WISE CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS
Income No. of Respondent Percentage
Below 10000 9 18%
10000 – 25000 17 34%
25000 - 50000 14 28%
50000 & above 10 20%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.4
CHART SHOWING ENTREPRENEURIAL FAMILY BACKGROUND

27
INTERPRETATION
Major part of the respondents are from the income category of “10000-25000” and
least respondents are from the income category of below 10000.

TABLE 4.5

INTEREST ON SETTING UP OWN BUSINESS

Particulars No. Of respondents Percentage

Very much interested 14 28%
Interested 17 34%
Neutral 10 20%
Uninterested 8 16%
Very much uninterested 1 2%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.5

CHART SHOWING ABOUT INTEREST IN SETTING UP OWN BUSINESS

28
INTERPRETATION
34% of respondents are interested to start business immediately after their studies.
2% belongs to very much uninterested.

TABLE 4.6
SATISFACTION LEVEL OF BEING AN ENTREPRENEUR
Particular No. Of Percentage
respondent
s
Strongly agree 8 16%
Agree 26 52%
Neutral 13 26%
Disagree 2 4%
Strongly disagree 1 2%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.6
CHART SHOWING SATISFACTION LEVEL OF BEING AN
ENTREPRENEUR

29
 Satisfaction level

strongly agree agree nutral

disagree strongly disagree

INTERPRETATION
It is evident that 52% of respondents agree and 16% of respondents strongly agree
with this opinion. 26% are neutral and only 1% of respondents strongly disagree with
this statement.

TABLE 4.7
PERCEPTION REGARDING ENTREPRENEURIAL
FAMILY BACKGROUND TO BECOME SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR.
Particular No. Of respondents Percentage
Strongly agree 3 6%
Agree 12 24%
Neutral 11 22%
Disagree 17 34%
Strongly disagree 7 14%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.7
CHART SHOWING PERCEPTION REGARDING ENTREPRENEURIAL
FAMILY BACKGROUND TO BECOME SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR

30
 Family background

storngly agree agree neutral

disagree strongly disagree

INTERPRETATION
Most of the respondents disagree to the statement (34%). While 22% of the
respondents opt Neutral and only 6% of the respondents strongly agree to the
statement
TABLE 4.8
DO YOU FEEL THAT IT IS DIFFICULT FOR A FEMALE TO BECOME AN
ENTREPRENEUR

CHART 4.8
CHART SHOWING FEELING REGARDING DIFFICULTY TO BECAME
AN ENTREPRENEUR

Particular No. Of respondents Percentage

Strongly agree 2 4%
Agree 7 14%
Neutral 11 22%
Disagree 20 40%
Strongly disagree 10 20%
Total 50 100%

31
INTERPRETATIONS
Most of the respondents (40%) have disagreed to the statement and 22% respondents
chose to be neutral and only 4% of the respondents have strongly agreed to it.

TABLE 4.9
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER ENTREPRENEURSHIP CAN REDUCE
UNEMPLOYMENT
Particular No. Of respondents Percentage
Strongly agree 16 32%
Agree 20 40%
Neutral 10 20%
Disagree 3 6%
Strongly disagree 1 2%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.9

CHART SHOWING WHETHER ENTREPRENEURSHIP CAN REDUCE

UNEMPLOYMENT

32
INTERPRETATION

20% of the respondents have opted neutral for the question while 40% agrees to the
statement and believes it to be true.

TABLE 4.10
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER GENDER IS A FACTOR FOR CHOOSING
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS CAREER

CHART 4.10
CHART SHOWING WHETHER GENDER IS A FACTOR FOR CHOOSING
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS CAREER

33
 Particular No. Of respondents Percentage
Strongly agree 1 2%
Agree 10 20%
Neutral 9 18%
Disagree 20 40%
Strongly disagree 10 20%
Total 50 100%

INTERPRETATION

It is to be noted that majority of the students disagree with this statement and says
that gender is not a factor for choosing entrepreneurship as career.

TABLE 4.11
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS
LACK SUPPORT FROM FAMILY AND SOCIETY

Particular No. Of respondents Percentage

Strongly agree 5 10%
Agree 17 34%
Neutral 17 34%
Disagree 10 20%
Strongly disagree 1 2%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.11
CHART SHOWING WHETHER FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS
LACK SUPPORT FROM FAMILY AND SOCIETY

34
INTERPRETATION
It is to be noted that 34% agree with the statement, 34% have opted neutral opinion
and 20% disagree with this statement .

35
 TABLE 4.12
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER FEMALE STUDENTS ARE LESS AWARE
OF THE SPECIAL SCHEMES PROVIDED TO THEM BY THE
GOVERNMENT
Particular No. Of respondents Percentage
Strongly agree 2 4%
Agree 20 40%
Neutral 17 34%
Disagree 7 14%
Strongly disagree 4 8%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.12
CHART SHOWING WHETHER FEMALE STUDENTS ARE LESS AWARE
OF THE SPECIAL SCHEMES PROVIDED TO THEM BY THE
GOVERNMENT

INTERPRETATION
It can be noted that, majority of the students agree that female students are less aware
about the special schemes provided by the government.

36
 TABLE 4.13
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER IT IS DIFFICULT FOR A
FEMALE STUDENT TO ARRANGE CAPITAL

Particular No. Of respondents Percentage

Strongl agree 5 10%
Agree 14 28%
Neutral 16 32%
Disagree 13 26%
Strongly disagree 2 4%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.13
CHART SHOWING WHETHER IT IS DIFFICULT FOR A
FEMALE STUDENT TO ARRANGE CAPITAL

INTERPRETATION
From the above chart it can be noted that on an average, most of the Female students
has a neutral opinion on the difficulty to arrange capital.

37
 TABLE 4.14
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER RISK TAKERS CAN BECOME
A SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR

Particular No. Of respondents Percentage

Strongly agree 16 32%
Agree 18 36%
Neutral 13 26%
Disagree 2 4%
Strongly disagree 1 2%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.14
CHART SHOWING WHETHER RISK TAKERS CAN BECOME
A SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR

INTERPRETATION
36% of the respondents have agreed to the statement and have opted agree and believe
Risk takers becomes a successful entrepreneur. While only 2% have opted disagree.

38
 TABLE 4.15
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER BEING AN ENTREPRENEUR IS MORE
RISKIER THAN BEING AN EMPLOYEE
Particular No. Of respondents Percentage
Strongly agree 6 12%
Agree 22 44%
Neutral 15 30%
Disagree 4 8%
Strongly disagree 3 6%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.15
CHART SHOWING WHETHER BEING AN ENTREPRENEUR IS MORE
RISKIER THAN BEING AN EMPLOYEE

39
INTERPRETATION
This table reveal that on an average, majority of the students agrees that being an
Entrepreneur is more risky than being an employee.

TABLE 4.16
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER LACK OF AWARENESS IN BUSINESS
OPPORTUNITIES RESTRICT FEMALE STUDENTS TO ENTER INTO
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Particular No. Of respondents Percentage
Strongly agree 5 10%
Agree 24 48%
Neutral 12 24%
Disagree 6 12%
Strongly disagree 3 6%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.16
CHART SHOWING WHETHER LACK OF AWARENESS IN BUSINESS
OPPORTUNITIES’ RESTRICT FEMALE STUDENTS TO ENTER INTO
ENTREPRENEURSHIP

40
INTERPRETATION
It can be noted that on an average, majority of the students agree that lack of
Knowledge in business opportunities restrict female students into
entrepreneurship.

TABLE 4.17
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER WOMEN LACK
OPPORTUNITIES COMPARED TO MEN
Particular No. Of respondents Percentage
Strongly agree 7 14%
Agree 20 40%
Neutral 13 26%
Disagree 8 16%
Strongly disagree 2 2%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.17
CHART SHOWING WHETHER WOMEN LACK
OPPORTUNITIES COMPARED TO MEN

41
INTERPRETATION
It can be realized that, women lack opportunities as compared to men 40 %
respondents agreed with the statement, while only16% respondents disagreed with the
statement.

TABLE 4.18
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER
DISCOURAGEMENT OF THE SOCIETY RESTRICTS NEW ENTRANTS
IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Particular No. Of respondents Percentage
Strongly agree 10 20%
Agree 24 48%
Neutral 14 28%
Disagree 2 4%
Strongly disagree 0 0
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.18
CHART SHOWING WHETHER DISCOURAGEMENT OF THE SOCIETY
RESTRICTS NEW ENTRANTS IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

42
INTERPRETATION
From the above chart it can be realized that, 48% respondents agreed
With the statement while 28% respondents have a neutral opinion.

TABLE 4.19
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER GOVERNMENT HAS TAKEN ENOUGH
STEPS TO PROMOTE YOUNG ENTREPRENEUR

CHART 4.19
CHART SHOWING EFFECT OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON FRESH
ENTREPRENEURS

Particular No. Of respondents Percentage

Strongly agree 18 6%
Agree 18 36%
Neutral 8 36%
Disagree 3 16%
Strongly disagree 3 6%
Total 50 100%

43
INTERPRETATION
36% of the respondents have agreed with the statement also 36% have opted neutral
opinion and 16% disagree with the opinion.

TABLE 4.20
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER YOUNG STUDENTS ARE AWARE OF THE
VARIOUS SCHEMES TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT TO PROMOTE YOUNG
ASPIRANTS

Particular No. Of respondents Percentage

Strongly agree 0 0
Agree 19 38%
Neutral 15 30%
Disagree 15 30%
Strongly disagree 1 2%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.20
CHART SHOWING WHETHER YOUNG STUDENTS ARE AWARE OF THE
VARIOUS SCHEMES TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT TO PROMOTE YOUNG
ASPIRANTS

44
INTERPRETATION
Most of the respondents (38%) agreed with the statement, while
30% respondents have a neutral opinion and 30% have disagreed on the statement.

TABLE 4.21
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER THE SCARCITY OF CAPITAL IS A
CHALLENGE
Particular No. Of respondents Percentage
Strongly agree 12 24%
Agree 24 48%
Neutral 13 26%
Disagree 1 2%
Strongly disagree 0 0
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.21
CHART SHOWING LACK OF CAPITAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE

INTERPRETATION

45
From the above chart it can be realized that, majority of students agree with the
Statement that scarcity of capital is a challenge.

46
 TABLE 4.22
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER IT IS DIFFICULT FOR FEMALE
STUDENTS TO ARRANGE CAPITAL FOR BUSINESS

particular no. of respondents percentage

strongly agree 3 6%
agree 17 34%
neutral 17 34%
disagree 11 22%
strongly disagree 2 4%
total 50 100%

CHART 4.22
CHART SHOWING WHETHER IT IS DIFFICULT FOR FEMALE
STUDENTS TO ARRANGE CAPITAL FOR BUSINESS

INTERPRETATION
It is to be noted that 34% respondents have a neutral opinion while 34% respondents
Agree with this statement.

47
 TABLE 4.23
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER THE LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE IS THE
REASON FOR UNDERUTILIZATION OF OPPORTUNITIES

Particular No. Of respondents Percentage

Strongly agree 2 4%
Agree 27 54%
Neutral 18 36%
Disagree 2 4%
Strongly disagree 1 2%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.23
CHART SHOWING WHETHER THE LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE IS
THE REASON FOR UNDERUTILIZATION OF OPPORTUNITIES

INTERPRETATION
Majority of the respondents agree with the statement that lack of infrastructure is the

48
Reason for underutilization of opportunities.

49
 TABLE 4.24
TABLE SHOWING WHETHER FINDING A CONVENIENT LOCATION IS
DIFFICULT FOR A STUDENT

Particulars No. of respondents Percentage

Strongly agree 2 4%
Agree 21 42%
Neutral 21 42%
Disagree 4 8%
Strongly disagree 2 4%
Total 50 100%

CHART 4.24
CHART SHOWING WHETHER FINDING A CONVENIENT LOCATION IS
DIFFICULT FOR A STUDENT

INTERPRETATION
It is to be noted that 42% agree with the statement, 42% have a neutral opinion and
8% disagree with the statement.

50
 CHAPTER 5
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS
AND CONCLUSION

51
FINDINGS

 44% of respondents are from the age category of 20 -22 years.

 Most of the students showed interest in entrepreneurship.
 Most of the students have good perception towards entrepreneurship.
 Commerce students are more interested in entrepreneurship as 64% of
respondents are from commerce stream.
 66% of students have entrepreneurial background. .

 34% of respondents are interested to start business immediately after their

studies.
 52% of the respondents agree that being an entrepreneur would have greater
satisfaction.
 34 % of respondents disagree that entrepreneurial family background is an
essential factor for an individual to become successful entrepreneur.
 40% of the respondents feel that it is not difficult for a female to become
entrepreneur.
 40% students agree that entrepreneurship can reduce unemployment. • 40%
of the students says that gender is not a factor for choosing entrepreneurship
as a career.
 34% of the respondents agree that female entrepreneurs lack support from
family and society.
 40% of the students says that female students are less aware of the special
schemes provided to them by the government.
 32% of students have neutral opinion regarding difficulty for female students
to arrange capital.
 36% of the students says that risk takers can become successful entrepreneurs.
 44% of students agree that being an entrepreneur is more riskier than being a
employee.
 48% students says that lack of awareness in business opportunities restrict
female students to enter into entrepreneurship.
 40% students says that women lack opportunities compared to men.

52
 48 % students says that discouragement of the society restricts new
entrants in entrepreneurship.
 36% agree that government has taken enough steps to promote young
Entrepreneurs.
 38% of students are aware of the various scheme taken by government to
promote young aspirants.
 48 % students agree that scarcity of capital is a challenge.
 34% of students says that it is difficult for female students to arrange capital for
business.
 54 % of the students says that lack of infrastructure is the reason for
underutilization of opportunities.
 42 % students agree that finding a convenient location is difficult for a student.

53
 SUGGESTIONS

 Entrepreneurship education should be practical oriented, so as to create a

platform for the students to become the torch bearer of the enterprise.
 Entrepreneurship development programs should be organized periodically for
the students at the graduation level.
 Government should provide tax free benefits and loans at low interest rate to
encourage the youth to startup a new venture and also provide special credit
features for female entrepreneurs.
 There are various Government supporting agencies and institutions providing
financial support and advices on starting up a new venture. Awareness about
government supporting agencies and institutions should be imparted among
students.
 Support from parents, governments, educational institution etc. is essential for
creating confidence among female students to inculcate the culture for
entrepreneurship.

54
CONCLUSION

Society must change their negative attitude towards entrepreneurship and also the
traditional mindset towards entrepreneurship for promoting it. Entrepreneurship has
become widely acceptable profession in all over the world. Entrepreneurs create job
for others, they introduce new inventions, products and services. It is now becoming
an effective way of women empowerment. Many women are coming to the front
row of society and becoming successful entrepreneurs. They significantly contribute
to the growth of the economy. The study indicates that female students have good
perception towards entrepreneurship. They realize the importance of
entrepreneurship and they are interested to start own venture. But there are some
demotivating factors which greatly influence them. From this study we can conclude
that Risk is the most demotivating factor and only risk takers can become successful
entrepreneurs is the most demotivating variable. Due to these factors students are not
entering into entrepreneurship. In order to promote entrepreneurship, proper
entrepreneurship development programs are to be imparted at grass root level. By
the development of the entrepreneurship, unemployment problems can be reduced.
This study also points out that there is a positive impact of government policies on
fresh entrepreneurs.

55
BIBLIOGRAPHY

56
BOOKS

1. Neeti Gupta and Anuj Gupta (2015) “Entrepreneurial

Development and Project Management” (Kalyani

Publishers)

2. S. Anil Kumar (2008) “Entrepreneurial

Development”, (New AgeInternational Publication)

WEBSITE

1. https://www.entrepreneur.com

2. www.academia.edu

3. www.shodhaganga.inflibnet.ac.in

4. www.scribed.com

5. www.researchgate.net

6. www.wikipedia.org

57
APPENDIX

58
Name:
Age:
o Below 18
o 18 - 20
o 20 -22
o above 22
Stream:

o Commerce
o Science
o Other

Entrepreneurial family background :

o Yes
o No

Income:

o Below 10000
o 10000 – 25000
o 25000-50000
o 50000 &above

How interested are you in setting your own business immediately after your studies?

o Very much interested

o Interested
o Neutral
o Uninterested
o Very much uninterested

PERCEPTION

Do you feel being an entrepreneur would have great satisfaction?

o Strongly agree
o Agree

59
 o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

Do you feel that entrepreneurial family background is an essential factor for

an individual to become successful entrepreneur?

o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

Do you feel that it is difficult for a female to become an entrepreneur?

o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

Do you think that entrepreneurship can reduce unemployment?

o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

GENDER
Do you think gender is a factor for choosing entrepreneurship as career?
o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

60
Do you think female entrepreneurs lack support from family and society?

o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

Do you think female students are less aware of the special schemes provided to them by
the government?

o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

Do you think it is difficult for a female student to arrange capital?

o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

𝗥ISK
Do you think the risk takers can become a successful entrepreneur?

o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

Do you agree that being an entrepreneur is more risky than being an employee?

o Strongly agree

61
 o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

LACK OF OPPORTUNITY
Do you think lack of awareness in business opportunities’ restrict female students to
enter into entrepreneurship?
o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

Do you think women lack opportunities compared to men?

o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

Do you think discouragement of the society restricts new entrants in entrepreneurship?

o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

EFFECT OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON FRESH ENTREPRENEURS

Do you think government has taken enough steps to promote young?
Entrepreneurs?
o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral

62
 o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

Do you think young students are aware of the various schemes taken by government to
promote young aspirants?

o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

LACK OF CAPITAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE

Do you think scarcity of capital is a challenge?
o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

Do you think it is difficult for female students to arrange capital for business?
o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

Do you think lack of infrastructure is the reason for underutilization of

opportunities?
Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

63
Do you think that finding a convenient location is difficult for a student?

o Strongly agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly disagree

64