BIOLOGY REPORT
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BIOLOGY REPORT
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Investigatory Project: DRUG ABUSE
Name : Suhani Garg
CLASS – XII – A
ROLL NO. –
Admission Number : SISCR/23/1644
Year Of Study : 2024 – 2025
SCHOOL – Sapphire International School, Crossing Republic
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INDEX
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Introduction
4. Drugs
5. Classification of drugs
6. Some harmful drugs
7. How Drug Addiction Begins?
8. Social Disease
9. Harmful effects of drugs
10. Tobacco
11. Harmful Components of Tobacco
12. Alcohol
13. Impact of drinking Alcohol
14. Case study
15. Declaration
16. Bibliography
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that BIOLOGY project
titled “DRUG ABUSE” has been
successfully completed by Suhani Garg of
Class XII in partial fulfillment of
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDORY
EDUCATION (CBSE) leading to the
award of annual examination of the year
2024-2025 under the guidance of Mrs.
Ambbeshwari Ma’am.
SIGN OF EXTERNAL
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express my
gratitude towards our Biology Teacher Mrs.
Ambbeshwari for her guidance, support and
encouragement throughout the duration of
the project.
I would also like to thank our principal ma’am
Mrs. Ekta Soni to allow me to carry out this
project in the school.
I would also like to pay my warm gratitude
to my parents whose timely guidance, advice
and materialistic support has helped me to
give a decent look to my project.
Last but not least, I would like to thank
CBSE Board for giving me the opportunity to
present this project.
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Introduction
Drug abuse, also called substance abuse or
chemical abuse, is a disorder that is
characterized by a destructive pattern of using a
substance that leads to significant problems or
distress. Teens are increasingly engaging in
prescription drug abuse, particularly narcotics
(which are prescribed to relieve severe pain),
and stimulant medications, which treat
conditions like attention deficit disorder and
narcolepsy.
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Drugs
Drugs are substances, other than food, that are used to
diagnose, treat, prevent, or alleviate diseases and
medical conditions. They interact with the body's
biological systems to produce therapeutic effects,
either by enhancing or inhibiting specific
physiological processes. A drug, broadly speaking,
can be categorized in many ways; hard or soft, uppers
or downers, addictive or non-addictive, most harmful
or least harmful, legal or illegal.
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Objective
To Study the Classification of Drugs Based on Their Action and Origin:
Drugs can be classified into different categories based on their action (what they
do in the body) and their origin (how they are sourced). Understanding these
classifications helps in comprehending the role of drugs in disease management
and therapy.
Understanding the effects of various drugs on the human body is crucial for both
therapeutic applications and ensuring safety during drug use. Drugs exert their
effects by interacting with specific receptors, enzymes, or pathways in the body,
leading to either desired therapeutic effects or adverse reactions.
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Classification of Drugs
There are a large number of drugs on which
people become dependent. These are classifies
into four major groups: sedatives and
tranquillizers, opiate narcotics, stimulations and
hallucinogens.
Type of Drug Effect Examples
Depressing CNS Barbiturates,
1. Sedatives and activity give feeling Benzodiazepines.
Tranquillizers of Calmness,
relaxation,
drowsiness.
Opium, Morphine,
2. Opiate Narcotics Suppress brain activity Codeine, Heroin.
and relaxed pain
Make a person more Amphetamines, Caffeine,
3. Stimulants wakeful, alert and Cocaine.
active, cause
excitement.
Make a person more LSD, Cannabis,
4. Hallucinogens wakeful, perceptions. Mescaline,
psilocybin, Charas,
Hashish.
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How drug addiction Begin?
There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.
1. Curiosity: Frequent references to drugs by public
media create curiosity for having a personal experience
of the drugs.
2. Friend’s pressure: Frequent appreciation of drug
experience by friends allures others to start the use of
drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression: Some people start
taking drugs to get relief from frustration and depression.
4. Desire for More Work: Students sometimes take
drugs to keep awake the whole night to prepare for
examination. It is not desirable as it may cause mental
breakdown.
5. Looking for a Different World: A wrong notion that
the drugs open up a new world tempts some young pupils
to start taking- drugs.
6. Relief from Pain: A prolonged use of pain-relieving
drugs with physician’s advice at times leads to addiction.
7. Family History: Children may take to drugs by
seeing their elders in the family.
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Social Disease
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or
regularly are social diseases. Young people take to
these habits for fun, show off or curiosity, as an
adventure or feeling of freedom, or as a gesture of
defiance against the elders who themselves indulge in
these activities but check the youngsters. Temporary
escape from the life problems and mental relaxation
felt on taking the drugs in the beginning increase
people’s interest in them. Soon they become habitual
and find in difficult to leave. The daily dose to get the
desired effect increases with time.
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Harmful Effects of Drugs
SHORT & Long TERM EFFECTS - While drugs are
essential in treating various medical conditions, their
misuse, overuse, or improper management can lead to
harmful effects on the human body and society. These
harms can manifest in several ways, ranging from mild side
effects to severe health complications, addiction, and even
death. Below is a detailed overview of the different types of
harm caused by drugs.
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Tobacco: An Overview
Tobacco is a plant whose leaves are processed and used in various
products, primarily cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco. It contains
nicotine, a highly addictive substance, along with many harmful
chemicals that can cause serious health problems. Tobacco consumption,
especially smoking, has been linked to a wide range of diseases and has
significant social, economic, and environmental impacts.
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Tobacco
Source:
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red Indian first started
smoking. Now the tobacco plant has spread the world over. It has
large, quote to Lancelot leaves and terminal clusters of tubulars,
white or pink flowers.
Modes of Use:
Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and snuffing. Its main
stimulating component is poisonous volatile alkaid nicotine,
which causes addiction. Nicotine synthesis occurs in the
roots of the plant but it is stored in the leaves. The leaves
contain 2 to 8% nicotine. Inhaling tobacco smoke from
cigars, cigarettes, biddies, pipes and hubble-bubble is called
smoking. Cigar is a roll of tobacco leaf. Cigarette is cut
tobacco wrapped in paper. Bidi is tobacco wrapped. In a
piece of leaf. Tobacco smoke is drawn directly from pipe
and through water is hubble-bubble. Smoking may give
some temporary relief to the strained nerves but in the long
run it proves a dangerous health hazard. The quantity of
nicotine contained in one cigar may prove fatal if injected
intravenously into a person. When smoked only 10% of the
smoke is inhaled. Hence, no immediate ill effect is observed.
Smokers may develop a physiological craving for nicotine
and then they cannot give up smoking.
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Harmful components of Tobacco Smoke:
Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of over 7,000 chemicals, many of which are
toxic and harmful to health. When tobacco is burned, it releases a variety of
substances that can cause serious diseases, including cancer, respiratory problems,
heart disease, and other health issues. Diagram shows the key harmful
components found in tobacco smoke:
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Tobacco use in INDIA:
(All values sre in lakhs)
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Alcohol: An Overview
Alcohol, chemically known as ethanol, is a psychoactive
substance found in beverages such as beer, wine, and spirits. It is
consumed worldwide for recreational and cultural purposes but
has significant effects on the human body and mind. While
moderate consumption may have certain health benefits in some
individuals, excessive and long-term use can lead to severe
physical, mental, and social consequences.
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Alcohol
An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol,
commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry
the definition of alcohol includes many other compounds.
Ethanol is a centrally-acting drug with
a depressant effect.
Beer is an alcoholic beverage and thus has
the same harmful effects as other kinds of
alcohol, depending on the quantity
consumed.
Reasons for drinking:
• Psychological factors are curiosity, poor stress
control, escape from reality, poor impulse control, low self –
esteem, positive attitudes towards alcohol, to get rid of
problems, to overcome loneliness, relief from tension and to
gain courage.
• Social factors are peer pressure, modeling, easy
availability of alcohol in the market, party culture, family
environment (Parent/s drinking alcohol), lack of family
support, to keep up social norms and to show their
masculinity.
• Biological factors are genetic vulnerability like family
history of alcoholism in parents or near relatives and to get
sleep.
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Impact of drinking alcohol:
Unlike other foods, alcohol does not require digestion. When
one drinks, alcohol is absorbed directly into the bloodstream
through the walls of the stomach and the intestine.
Once alcohol enters the bloodstream it circulates throughout
the body. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver and is changed
to carbon dioxide, water and some calories of energy which
gets converted into fat. A small amount of alcohol goes out
of the body through breath, urine and sweat. Regular,
excessive use of alcohol causes acute and chronic problems
related to health, occupation, family and social relationships.
Health Problems:
Alcohol can damage every system of our body.
Gastro intestinal system (stomach and intestines):
Increased acid secretion leading to acidity, ulcers, gastritis,
and cancer
Liver: Hepatitis, jaundice and vomiting of blood due to
cirrhosis of liver, liver cancer, acute liver failure.
Pancreas: Pancreatic damage due to inflammation of
pancreas and acute pancreatitis leading to sudden death.
Central nervous system: (brain and spinal cord):
Permanent damage of brain resulting in memory
disturbances, other nervous problems, fits and mental
illnesses.
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Cardio vascular system: High blood pressure, increased
tendency to heart attacks, enlargement of the heart.
Hangovers: Excessive drinking can lead to hangovers,
thus causing problems like headache, nausea, vomit and
body aches.
Weight gain: alcohol consumption in larger quantities can
lead to weight gain, because alcoholic beverages are usually
high in calories.
Weak immune system: alcohol consumption makes your
immune system weak, thus making your body more
susceptible to infections.
Cancer: alcohol when consumed in excessive quantities
puts you at a higher risk of developing cancer
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News Clippings about Drug
Abuse:
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Addiction to the youth:
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DECLARATION
I, Suhani Garg of std XII (Science) hereby declare
that I have successfully completed the Biology
Investigatory Project on the topic “Drug Abuse”
under the supervision of Mrs. Ambbeshwari during
the academic session 2024-25.
Suhani Garg
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
NCERT Biology Textbook
www.indianexpress.com
