GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC

KHARSAWAN
Railway Station, Ward No:-3, Talsai
Near Rajkharsawn, Kharsawan,
Jharkhand
833101

Department of Computer
Engineering
Internet of Things
By
Kunal Kumar & Piyush Mishra
Reg. No. 20401050018 Reg. No.20401050024

Under the guidance of

Sagen Hansda
(Lecturer)
SIGNATURE :-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my thanks of gratitude to

my teachers Mr. Sagen Hansda as well as our
principal sir
Dr. Ayodhya Kumar for giving me the
opportunity to do this report work on Internet of
Things.

I would also like to thanks my parents who

supported me and encouraged me to complete
this project on time.

I would also like to thanks my classmate whose

instructions and suggestions were helpful.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that. The project entitled is an

outcome of my own efforts under the guidance of
Mr. Sagen Hansda. The project is submitted to
the Government Polytechnic Kharsawan.

I also declare that this project report has not

been previously submitted to any other
university.
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
3. HISTORY
4. WORKING OF INTERNET
5. RFID TECHNOLOGY
6. CONCEPT OF WAVE
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERENCE
 1. INTRODUCTION

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of

physical objects, devices, vehicles, buildings, and
other items that are embedded with sensors,
software, and connectivity, allowing them to
collect and exchange data. These devices can
communicate with each other and with
centralized systems, enabling remote monitoring,
control, and automation.
IoT devices can range from simple sensors that
measure temperature or humidity to complex
systems that control entire manufacturing
processes or manage traffic in a city. The data
collected by these devices can be analyzed to
provide insights that can be used to optimize
processes, reduce costs, and improve outcomes
in a wide range of industries, including
healthcare, transportation, agriculture, and more.
The growth of IoT is driven by advances in
connectivity, cloud computing, and artificial
intelligence, which have made it possible to
collect and analyze large amounts of data in real-
time. However, the increasing number of
connected devices also raises concerns about
privacy, security, and the potential for misuse of
personal data. It is important for companies and
individuals to take steps to safeguard their data
and ensure that IoT systems are secure and
reliable.

IoT has the potential to transform many

industries, including healthcare, manufacturing,
transportation, and agriculture, by providing real-
time data and insights that can be used to
optimize processes and improve outcomes. With
IoT, devices can communicate with each other
and with centralized systems, enabling remote
monitoring, control, and automation.
However, the growth of IoT also raises concerns
about privacy, security, and the potential for
misuse of personal data. As the number of
connected devices continues to rise, it is
important for companies and individuals to take
steps to safeguard their data and ensure that IoT
systems are secure and reliable.
Some examples of IoT devices and
applications include:
 Smart home devices, such as thermostats,
lighting systems, and security cameras, that
can be controlled and monitored remotely via
a mobile app or web interface.
 Industrial sensors and automation systems,
such as temperature and pressure sensors,
that can collect data and optimize
manufacturing processes.
 Healthcare devices, such as wearable fitness
trackers and remote patient monitoring
systems, that can monitor vital signs and
provide personalized health insights.
 Smart cities, which use IoT devices and
systems to optimize traffic flow, reduce
energy consumption, and improve public
safety.
 2. ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:

 Improved efficiency and productivity: IoT

devices can automate processes, collect data
in real-time, and provide insights that can
help businesses and individuals make
informed decisions, improving overall
efficiency and productivity.
 Increased convenience: IoT devices can
simplify everyday tasks, such as turning on
lights or adjusting the thermostat, and can be
controlled remotely, making life more
convenient and comfortable.
 Enhanced safety and security: IoT devices
can provide real-time alerts and notifications
in case of emergencies, such as fire or
intrusions, and can be used to monitor and
control access to sensitive areas or data.
 Cost savings: IoT devices can reduce
energy consumption and optimize resource
usage, resulting in significant cost savings for
businesses and individuals.
 New business opportunities: IoT opens up
new business opportunities and revenue
streams, as companies can develop
innovative products and services that
leverage the power of connected devices and
data.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Security risks: IoT devices can be

vulnerable to cyber-attacks, as they collect
and transmit sensitive data over the internet.
This can result in breaches of privacy and
security, as well as damage to property and
assets.
 Complexity: IoT devices and systems can be
complex and difficult to manage, requiring
specialized skills and knowledge.
 Interoperability issues: Different IoT
devices and systems may use different
communication protocols and standards,
making it difficult to integrate them into a
cohesive system.
 Privacy concerns: IoT devices can collect
sensitive data, such as personal information
or location data, raising concerns about
privacy and data protection.
 Reliability issues: IoT devices may be
prone to failures or malfunctions, which can
cause disruptions in service and potentially
endanger lives and property.

3. HISTORY
The concept of the "Internet of Things" (IoT) can
be traced back to the early days of the internet,
when researchers and technologists began to
explore the potential for connecting everyday
objects to the internet. However, it wasn't until
the early 2000s that the term "Internet of Things"
began to gain widespread use.
One of the early pioneers of the IoT was Kevin
Ashton, who coined the term in 1999 while
working at Procter & Gamble. In a presentation to
the management team, Ashton discussed the
potential for everyday objects to be equipped
with sensors and connected to the internet,
allowing them to be monitored and controlled
remotely.
Over the next decade, the IoT began to take
shape as advancements in wireless technology,
sensors, and cloud computing made it easier and
more affordable to connect everyday objects to
the internet. By the mid-2000s, companies such
as Google, Amazon, and IBM were investing
heavily in IoT technology, and a range of new IoT
devices and applications began to emerge.
In 2008, the first International Conference on the
Internet of Things was held in Zurich,
Switzerland, marking the beginning of a
concerted effort to develop IoT standards and
protocols. The following year, the European
Commission launched the Internet of Things
European Research Cluster (IERC) to promote
research and development in the field.
In the years since, the IoT has continued to
evolve and expand, with billions of devices now
connected to the internet and new applications
and use cases emerging in industries such as
healthcare, agriculture, and transportation.
However, the rapid growth of the IoT has also
raised concerns about security, privacy, and data
management, and efforts to address these issues
are ongoing.
 4. WORKING OF INTERNET

The internet is a global network of

interconnected computers and servers that
communicate with each other using standardized
communication protocols. This network enables
users to access and share information,
communicate with others, and perform various
online activities such as shopping, banking, and
entertainment.
The internet operates using a client-server
model, where the client is the user's device that
requests data from a server. The server is a
computer or device that hosts and provides data
or services to the client. The client and server
communicate with each other using a
standardized set of protocols such as the
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP).
When a user enters a website address or URL in
their web browser, the browser sends a request
to a Domain Name System (DNS) server to
translate the website address into an IP address.
The IP address is a unique numerical identifier
assigned to each device connected to the
internet. The browser then sends a request to the
server hosting the website, which responds by
sending the requested data to the user's device.
The data sent over the internet is divided into
small packets, which are transmitted over
various network devices such as routers and
switches. These devices help to route the packets
to the destination server using the most efficient
path possible.
The internet also uses various security protocols
such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and
Transport Layer Security (TLS) to ensure secure
transmission of data over the network. SSL and
TLS encrypt data sent between the client and
server, preventing unauthorized access and data
theft.
Overall, the internet operates using a complex
system of interconnected devices, protocols, and
servers that work together to provide users with
access to a vast amount of information and
services.
 5. RFID TECHNOLOGY

RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification. It

is a technology which is used to track RFID tags
and to capture the data encoded in these tags. It
uses radio waves to identify and track tags
attached to objects. The tags contain information
which is stored electronically. So, it is a type of
wireless communication that uses
electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the
radio frequency to identify an object, animal, or
person to which a tag is attached. Today, RFID is
used in various industries such as automobile,
pharmaceuticals, and can also be implanted in
livestock and pets to identify them.
RFID technology has various applications in
different industries, including retail, healthcare,
logistics, and manufacturing. In retail, RFID
technology is used to track inventory and reduce
losses due to theft or misplacement. In
healthcare, RFID tags can be used to track
medical equipment and supplies, improve patient
safety, and monitor medication usage. In logistics
and manufacturing, RFID technology is used to
track products, optimize inventory management,
and improve supply chain efficiency.
One of the main advantages of RFID technology
is its ability to read multiple tags simultaneously
and from a distance, which can significantly
increase efficiency and accuracy in inventory
management and tracking.
RFID tags can be passive or active. Passive tags
do not have a battery and rely on the energy
from the reader to power the tag and transmit
data. Active tags, on the other hand, have their
own power source and can transmit data over
longer distances.
 6.CONCEPT OF WAVE
In the context of IoT (Internet of Things), a
"wave" typically refers to a wireless signal that is
used to communicate data between IoT devices
and the internet. These wireless signals can take
various forms such as radio waves, microwaves,
and infrared waves.
IoT devices often use wireless communication
protocols such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and
LoRaWAN to establish a connection with other
devices or a network. These protocols define how
data is transmitted and received between
devices and provide a standard for
communication.
The use of wireless waves in IoT enables devices
to be connected without the need for physical
wires, allowing for greater flexibility and mobility.
This is particularly useful in situations where
wired connections may be difficult or impossible,
such as in remote locations or for devices that
need to be moved frequently.
Radio waves play an important role in enabling
wireless communication in IoT, allowing for the
seamless integration of various devices and
technologies to create a network of connected
devices that can work together to provide useful
and innovative services.

7. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a

rapidly growing network of interconnected
devices that are able to exchange data and
communicate with each other. The potential
benefits of IoT are vast, ranging from improved
efficiency and productivity to enhanced safety
and convenience.
However, the implementation of IoT also poses
several challenges, including security concerns,
interoperability issues, and the need for a robust
and reliable infrastructure. As the number of
connected devices continues to grow, it will be
important to address these challenges in order to
fully realize the potential benefits of IoT.
Overall, the Internet of Things is poised to
revolutionize the way we live and work,
transforming everything from our homes and
cities to our factories and healthcare systems.
With careful planning and execution, IoT has the
potential to make our lives safer, more
convenient, and more sustainable.

8. REFERENCE

1.GeeksforGeeks
2.Javatpoint
3.ChatGPT
4.eduCBA
5.Rajnish Sir Notes