Page |1

COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND PROFESSIONAL

STUDIES,CHIKHLI

Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA)

3rd Year – 6th Semester

Seminar Report on:

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

Guided By:
Submitted By:
Prof. Krupali Patel
Nidhi Patel
Page |2
 Page |3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude and

deep sense of respect to our beloved principal, Dr. Ashoksinh
Solanki, for making us available all the required assistance and for
his support and inspiration to carry out this proposed topic in the
institute.

I am thankful to my guide Prof Krupali Patel .for this

constant motivation and for standing by my side all through the
implementation of proposed topic. His technical guidance expertise
and immense help have largely contributed to the success of the
proposed topic.

By,
Nidhi Patel
 Page |4

INDEX

No Title Page
No
1 Abstract 4
2 Introduction 5
3 History of IOT 6
5 IOT – Overview 7
6 IOT – Hardware 8
7 IOT – Software 11
8 IoT − Technology and Protocols 13
9 IoT − Common Uses 15
10 IoT − Media, Marketing, & 18
Advertising
11 IoT − Environmental Monitoring 20
12 IoT − Manufacturing Applications 22

13 IoT − Energy Applications 25

14 IoT − Healthcare Applications 27
15 IOT-Building/Housing Application 30
16 IOT-Transportation Application 32
17 IOT-Education Application 35
18 IOT-Government Application 38
19 IOT-Security 41
20 IOT-Identity Protection 43
21 Conclusion 47
22 References 49
 Page |5

1. Abstract

The Internet is a living entity, always changing and evolving.

Newapplications and businesses are created continuously. In
addition to an evolving
Internet, technology is also changing the landscape. Broadband
connectivity is
becoming cheap and ubiquitous; devices are becoming more
powerful and smallerwith a variety of on-board sensors. The
proliferation of more devices becomingconnected is leading to a
new paradigm: the Internet of Things. The Internet ofThings is
driven by an expansion of the Internet through the inclusion of
physicalobjects combined with an ability to provide smarter services
to the environment asmore data becomes available. Various
application domains ranging from Green-ITand energy efficiency to
logistics are already starting to benefit from Internet ofThings
concepts. There are challenges associated with the Internet of
Things, mostexplicitly in areas of trust and security, standardization
and governance required toensure a fair and trustworthy open
Internet of Things which provides value to all ofsociety. Internet of
Things is high on the research agenda of several multinationals as
well as the European Commission and countries such as China. The
research
conducted is driving the creation of a useful and powerful Internet of
Things. Thebenefits of Internet of Things to the developing and
emerging economies aresignificant, and strategies to realise these
need to be found.
 Page |6

Introduction

Through numerous technology advances, society is moving towards

an “always connected”paradigm. Networks (both wired and
wireless) are everywhere, open standards are definedand rolled out
(e.g. IPv6) allowing for unique addressing schemes. Concepts
associatedwith the “FutureInternet” are being researched and
applied [1].

One new concept associated with the “Future Internet” is that of the
so-called “Internetof Things” (IoT). The “Internet of Things”
describes a vision where objects become part ofthe Internet: where
every object is uniquely identified, and accessible to the network,
itsposition and status known, where services and intelligence are
added to this expandedInternet, fusing the digital and physical
world, ultimately impacting on our professional,personal and social
environments.

This paper presents an overview of the Internet of Things, its

application and potentialbenefits to society and economy. It is
positioned as an introductory paper beneficial to awide audience
ranging from strategic researchmanagers, to researchers in the
domain, chiefinformation officers ofbusinesses and other
commercial ventures and strategistsanddecisionmakers in
governments.Section 2 presents the reasoning for and theevolution
ofInternet of Things. Section 3 presents important application areas
for the Internet of Things.Section 4 covers challenges associated
with the IoT vision and introduces the reader to localand
international research activities in Section 5. An analysis of IoT with
reference to theAfrican development context is presented in Section
6. Finally, the conclusion (Section 7)ties the threads presented in
the paper together.
 Page |7

History of IOT

The concept of a network of smart deviceswas discussed as early as

1982, with aHistorymodified Coke vending machine atCarnegie
Mellon University becoming thefirst Internet-connected appliance,
[5] able
to report its inventory and whether newlyloaded drinks were cold or
not.[6] MarkWeiser's 1991 paper on ubiquitouscomputing, "The
Computer of the 21stCentury", as well as academic venues suchas
UbiComp and PerCom produced thecontemporary vision of the IoT.
[7][8] In1994, Reza Raji described the concept inIEEE Spectrum as
"[moving] small packetsof data to a large set of nodes, so as
tointegrate and automate everything from
home appliances to entire factories".[9]Between 1993 and 1997,
several
companies proposed solutions likeMicrosoft's at Work or Novell's
NEST. The
field gained momentum when Bill Joyenvisioned device-to-device
communication as a part of his "Six Webs"framework, presented at
the World
Economic Forum at Davos in 1999.[10]The term "Internet of things"
was likelycoined by Kevin Ashton of Procter &Gamble, later MIT's
Auto-ID Center, in1999,[11] though he prefers the phrase"Internet
for things".[12] At that point, heviewed radio-frequency
identification(RFID) as essential to the Internet ofthings,[13] which
would allow computers tomanage all individual things.[14][15]
[16]Defining the Internet of things as "simply
the point in time when more 'things orobjects' were connected to
the Internetthan people", Cisco Systems estimatedthat the IoT was
"born" between 2008 and2009, with the things/people ratio growing
from 0.08 in 2003 to 1.84 in 2010.[17]The key driving force behind
the Internet ofthings is the MOSFET (metal-oxidesemiconductor
field-effect transistor, orMOS transistor),[18] which was originally
invented by Mohamed M. Atalla andDawon Kahng at Bell Labs in
1959.[19][20]The MOSFET is the basic building block ofmost modern
electronics, includingcomputers, smartphones, tablets andInternet
services. MOSFET scalingminiaturization at a pace predicted
byDennard scaling and Moore's law has beenthe driving force
behind technologicaladvances in the electronics industry sincethe
late 20th century. MOSFET scaling hasbeen extended into the early
21st centurywith advances such as reducing power
 Page |8

consumption, silicon-on-insulator (SOI)semiconductor device

fabrication, and
multi-core processor technology, leadingup to the Internet of things,
which is beingdriven by MOSFETs scaling down tonanoelectronic
levels with reducing energyconsumption.

5.IoT – Overview

 IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper

automation, analysis, and integration within a system.

 They improve the reach of these areas and their

accuracy. IoT utilizes existing and emerging
technology for sensing, networking, and robotics.

 IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling

hardware prices, and modern attitudes towards
technology.

 Its new and advanced elements bring major changes

in the delivery of products, goods, and services; and
the social, economic, and political impact of those
changes.

IoT − Key Features

 The most important features of IoT include artificial

intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and
small device use. A brief review of these features is given
below:

 AI – IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning

it enhances every aspect of life with the power of data
collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks. This
can mean something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator
and cabinets to detect when milk and your favorite cereal run
low, and to then place an order with your preferred grocer.

 Connectivity – New enabling technologies for networking,

andspecifically IoTnetworking, mean networks are no longer
exclusively tied to major providers. Networkscan exist on a
 Page |9

much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT
createsthese smallnetworks between its system devices.
 Sensors – IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act
as defining instrumentswhich transform IoT from a standard
passive network of devices into an active systemcapable of
real-worldintegration.

 Active Engagement – Much of today's interaction with

connected technology happensthrough passive engagement.
IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product,or
service engagement.

 Small Devices – Devices, as predicted, have become smaller,

cheaper, and morepowerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-
built small devices to deliver its precision,scalability, and
versatility.
6. IoT – Hardware

The hardware utilized in IoT systems includes devices for a

remotedashboard, devices forcontrol, servers, a routing or bridge
device, and sensors. These devices manage key tasks andfunctions
such as system activation, action specifications, security,
communication, anddetection to support-specific goals and actions.

IoT – Sensors

The most important hardware in IoT might be its sensors. These

devices consist of energymodules, power management modules, RF
modules, and sensing modules. RF modules
managecommunications through their signal processing, WiFi,
ZigBee, Bluetooth, radio transceiver,duplexer, and BAW.

The sensing module manages sensing through assorted active and

passive measurementdevices. Here is a list of some of the
measurement devices used in IoT
 P a g e | 10

Devices

accelerometers temperature sensors

magnetometers temperature sensors

Gyroscopes image sensors

acoustic sensors light sensors

pressure sensors gas RFID sensors

humidity sensors micro flow sensors

Wearable Electronics

Wearable electronic devices are small devices worn on the head,

neck, arms, torso, and feet.
 P a g e | 11

Smartwatches not only help us stay connected, but as a part of an

IoT
system, they allow access needed for improved productivity.

Current smart wearable devices include:

 Head – Helmets, glasses

 Neck – Jewelry, collars
 Arm – Watches, wristbands, rings
 Torso – Clothing, backpacks
 Feet – Socks, shoe

Smart glasses help us enjoy more of the media and services we

value, and
when part of an IoT system, they allow a new approach to
productivity.

Standard Devices

The desktop, tablet, and cellphone remain integral parts of IoT as

thecommand center andremotes.

 The desktop provides the user with the highest level of

control over the system and itssettings.

 The tablet provides access to the key features of the system

in a way resembling thedesktop, and also acts as a remote.
 P a g e | 12

 The cellphone allows some essential settings modification

and also provides remotefunctionality.

Other key connected devices include standard network

devices like routers and switches.

7.IoT – Software

 IoT software addresses its key areas of networking and

action throughplatforms, embeddedsystems, partner
systems, and middleware.

 Theseindividual and master applications areresponsible

for data collection, device integration, real-time
analytics, and application andprocess extension within
the IoT network.

 They exploit integration with critical business

systems(e.g., ordering systems, robotics, scheduling,
and more) in the execution of related tasks.

Data Collection

 This software manages sensing, measurements, light data

filtering, light data security, andaggregation of data.
 It uses certain protocols to aid sensors in connecting with real-
time,machine-to-machine networks. Then it collects data from
multiple devices and distributes it inaccordance with settings.
 It also works in reverse by distributing data over devices. The
systemeventually transmits all collected data to a central
server.

Device Integration
 P a g e | 13

 Software supporting integration binds (dependent

relationships) all system devices to create thebody of the IoT
system.
 It ensures the necessary cooperation and stable networking
betweendevices.
 These applications are the defining software technology of
the IoT network becausewithout them, it is not an IoT system.
 They manage the various applications, protocols,
andlimitations of each device to allow communication.

Real-Time Analytics

 These applications take data or input from various devices

and convert it into viable actions orclear patterns for human
analysis.
 They analyze information based on various settings
anddesigns in order to perform automation-related tasks or
provide the data required by industry.

Application and Process Extension

 These applications extend the reach of existing systems and

software to allow a wider, moreeffective system.
 They integrate predefined devices for specific purposes such
as allowing certainmobile devices or engineering instruments
access.
 It supports improved productivity and moreaccurate data
collection.
 P a g e | 14

8. IoT − Technology and Protocols

 IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and networking

technologies.
 However, the major enabling technologies and protocols of
IoT are RFID, NFC, low-energy Bluetooth, low-energy
wireless, low-energy radio protocols, LTE-A, and WiFi-Direct.
 These technologies support the specific networking
functionality needed in an IoT system in contrast to a
standard uniformnetwork of common systems.

NFC and RFID

RFID (radio-frequency identification) and NFC (near-field

communication) provide simple, lowenergy,and versatile options for
identity and access tokens, connection bootstrapping,
andpayments.

 RFID technology employs 2-way radio transmitter-receivers to

identify and track tagsassociated with objects.

 NFC consists of communication protocols for electronic

devices, typically a mobile deviceand a standard device.

Low-Energy Bluetooth
 P a g e | 15

 This technology supports the low-power, long-use need of IoT

function while exploiting a standard technology with native
support across systems.

Low-Energy Wireless

 This technology replaces the most power hungry aspect of an

IoT system.

 Though sensors and other elements can power down over

long periods, communication links (i.e., wireless) must remain
in listening mode.

 Low-energy wireless not only reduces consumption, but also

extends the life of the device through less use.

Radio Protocols

 ZigBee, Z-Wave, and Thread are radio protocols for creating

low-rate private area networks.

 These technologies are low-power, but offer high throughput

unlike many similar options.

 This increases the power of small local device networks

without the typical costs.

LTE-A

 LTE-A, or LTE Advanced, delivers an important upgrade to LTE

technology by increasing not only its coverage, but also
reducing its latency and raising its throughput
.
 It gives IoT a tremendous power through expanding its range,
with its most significant applications being vehicle, UAV, and
similar communication.

WiFi-Direct

 WiFi-Direct eliminates the need for an access point.

 It allows P2P (peer-to-peer) connections with the speed of

WiFi, but with lower latency.

 WiFi-Direct eliminates an element of a network that often bogs

it down, and it does not compromise on speed or throughput.
 P a g e | 16

9. IoT − Common Uses

 IoT has applications across all industries and markets.

 It spans user groups from those who want to reduce energy

use in their home to large organizations who want to
streamline theiroperations.

 It proves not just useful, but nearly critical in many

industries as technologyadvances and we move towards the
advanced automation imagined in the distant future.

Engineering, Industry, and Infrastructure

 Applications of IoT in these areas include improving

production, marketing, service delivery, andsafety.

 IoT provides a strong means of monitoring various processes;

and real transparencycreates greater visibility for
improvement opportunities.

 The deep level of control afforded by IoT allows rapid and

more action on those opportunities,which include events like
obvious customer needs, nonconforming product,
malfunctions inequipment, problems in the distribution
network, and more.

Example
 P a g e | 17

 Joan runs a manufacturing facility that makes shields for

manufacturing equipment. Whenregulations change for the
composition and function of the shields, the new
appropriaterequirements are automatically programmed in
production robotics, and engineers are alertedabout their
approval of the changes.

Government and Safety

 IoT applied to government and safety allows improved law

enforcement, defense, city planning,and economic
management.

 The technology fills in the current gaps, corrects many

currentflaws, and expands the reach of these efforts. For
example, IoT can help city planners have aclearer view of the
impact of their design, and governments have a better idea of
the localeconomy.

Example

 Joan lives in a small city. She’s heard about a recent spike in

crime in her area, and worriesabout coming home late at
night.

 Local law enforcement has been alerted about the new “hot”
zone through system flags, andthey’ve increases their
presence. Area monitoring devices have detected suspicious
behavior,and law enforcement has investigated these leads to
prevent crimes.

Home and Office

 In our daily lives, IoT provides a personalized experience from

the home to the office to theorganizations we frequently do
business with. This improves our overall satisfaction,
enhancesproductivity, and improves our health and safety. For
example, IoT can help uscustomize ouroffice space to optimize
our work.

Example

 Joan works in advertising. She enters her office, and it

recognizes her face. It adjusts the lightingand temperature to
her preference. It turns on her devices and opens applications
to her lastworking points.Her office door detected and
recognized a colleague visiting her office multiple times
 P a g e | 18

before shearrived. Joan’s system opens this visitor’s messages

automatically.

Health and Medicine

 IoT pushes us towards our imagined future of medicine which

exploits a highly integratednetwork of sophisticated medical
devices.

 Today, IoT can dramatically enhance medical

research,devices, care, and emergency care. The integration
of all elements provides more accuracy,more attention to
detail, faster reactions to events, and constant improvement
while reducingthe typical overhead of medical research and
organizations.

Example

 Joan is a nurse in an emergency room. A call has come in for a

man wounded in an altercation.

 The system recognized the patient and pulls his records. On

the scene, paramedic equipmentcaptures critical information
automatically sent
 to the receiving parties at the hospital.

 Thesystem analyzes the new data and current records to

deliver a guiding solution.

 The status ofthe patient is updated every second in the

system during his transport.

 The system promptsJoan to approve system actions for

medicine distribution and medical equipment preparation.
 P a g e | 19

10. IoT − Media, Marketing, & Advertising

 The applications of IoT in media and advertising involve a

customized experience in which thesystem analyzes and
responds to the needs and interests of each customer.

 This includes theirgeneral behavior patterns, buying habits,

preferences, culture, and other characteristics.

Marketing and Content Delivery

 IoT functions in a similar and deeper way to current

technology, analytics, and big data.

 Existingtechnology collects specific data to produce related

metrics and patterns over time, however,that data often lacks
depth and accuracy.
 P a g e | 20

 IoT improves this by observing more behaviors andanalyzing

them differently.

1. This leads to more information and detail, which delivers more

reliable metrics andpatterns.

2. It allows organizations to better analyze and respond to

customer needs or preferences.

3. It improves business productivity and strategy, and improves

the consumer experienceby only delivering relevant content
and solutions.

Improved Advertising

 Current advertising suffers from excess and poor targeting.

Even with today's analytics, modernadvertising fails.

 IoT promises different and personalized advertising rather

than one-size-fitsallstrategies.
 P a g e | 21

 It transforms advertising from noise to a practical part of life

because consumersinteract with advertising through IoT
rather than simply receiving it.

 This makes advertisingmore functional and useful to people

searching the marketplace for solutions or wondering ifthose
solutions exist.

11. IoT − Environmental Monitoring

 The applications of IoT in environmental monitoring are broad:

environmental protection,extreme weather monitoring, water
safety, endangered species protection, commercial
farming,and more.

 In these applications, sensors detect and measure every type

of environmentalchange.

Air and Water Pollution

 Current monitoring technology for air and water safety

primarily uses manual labor along withadvanced instruments,
and lab processing.

 IoT improves on this technology by reducing theneed for

human labor, allowing frequent sampling, increasing the
range of sampling andmonitoring, allowing sophisticated
testing on-site, and bindingresponse efforts to
detectionsystems.

 This allows us to prevent substantial contamination and

related disasters.

Extreme Weather

 Though powerful, advanced systems currently in use allow

deep monitoring, they suffer fromusing broad instruments,
such as radar and satellites, rather than more granular
solutions.

 Theirinstruments for smaller details lack the same accurate

targeting of stronger technology.
 P a g e | 22

 New IoT advances promise more fine-grained data, better

accuracy, and flexibility.

 Effectiveforecasting requires high detail and flexibility in

range, instrument type, and deployment.

 Thisallows early detection and early responses to prevent loss

of life and property.

Commercial Farming

 Today's sophisticated commercial farms have exploited

advanced technology and biotechnologyfor quite some time,
however, IoT introduces more access to deeper automation
and analysis.

 Much of commercial farming, like weather monitoring, suffers

from a lack of precision andrequires human labor in the area
of monitoring.

 Its automation also remains limited.

 IoT allows operations to remove much of the human

intervention in system function, farminganalysis, and
monitoring.
 P a g e | 23

 Systems detect changes to crops, soil, environment, and

more.

 Theyoptimize standard processes through analysis of large,

rich data collections.

 They also preventhealth hazards (e.g., e. coli) from happening

and allow better control.

12. IoT − Manufacturing Applications

 Manufacturing technology currently in use exploits

standard technology along with moderndistribution and
analytics.

 IoT introduces deeper integration and more powerful

analytics.

 Thisopens the world of manufacturing in a way never

seen before, as organizations become fullydevelopedfor
product delivery rather than a global network of
suppliers, makers, anddistributors loosely tied together.

Intelligent Product Enhancements

 Much like IoT in content delivery, IoT in manufacturing allows

richer insight in real-time.

 Thisdramatically reduces the time and resources devoted to

this one area, which traditionallyrequires heavy market
research before, during, and well after the products hit the
market.

 IoT also reduces the risks associated with launching new or

modified products because it providesmore reliable and
detailed information.

 The information comes directly from market use andbuyers

rather than assorted sources of varied credibility.
 P a g e | 24

Dynamic Response to Market Demands

 Supplying the market requires maintaining a certain balance

impacted by a number of factorssuch as economy state, sales
performance, season, supplier status, manufacturing
facilitystatus, distribution status, and more.

 The expenses associated with supply present

uniquechallenges given today's global partners.

 The associated potential or real losses can

dramaticallyimpact business and future decisions.

 IoT manages these areas through ensuring fine details are

managed more at the system levelrather than through human
evaluations and decisions.

 An IoT system can better assess andcontrol the supply chain

(with most products), whether demands are high or low.

Lower Costs, Optimized Resource Use, and Waste Reduction

 IoT offers a replacement for traditional labor and tools in a

production facility and in the overallchain which cuts many
previously unavoidable costs; for example, maintenance
checks or teststraditionally requiring human labor can be
performed remotely with instruments and sensors ofan IoT
system.

 IoT also enhances operation analytics to optimize resource

use and labor, and eliminate varioustypes of waste, e.g.,
energy and materials.

 It analyzes the entire process from the source pointto its end,
not just the process at one point in a particular facility, which
allows improvement tohave a more substantial impact.

 It essentially reduces waste throughout the network,

andreturns those savings throughout.
 P a g e | 25

his XRS relay box connects all truck devices (e.g., diagnostics and
driver cell) to the XRS fleet management supporting software, which
allows data collection.

Improved Facility Safety

 A typical facility suffers from a number of health and safety

hazards due to risks posed byprocesses, equipment, and
product handling.

 IoT aids in better control and visibility.

 Itsmonitoring extends throughout the network of devices for

not only performance, but fordangerous malfunctions and
usage.

 It aids (or performs) analysis and repair, or correction,

ofcritical flaws.

Product Safety

 Even the most sophisticated system cannot avoid

malfunctions, nonconforming product, andother hazards
finding their way to market.
 P a g e | 26

 Sometimes these incidents have nothing to do withthe

manufacturing process, and result from unknown conflicts.

 In manufacturing, IoT helps in avoiding recalls and controlling

nonconforming or dangerousproduct distribution.

 Its high level of visibility, control, and integration can better

contain anyissues that appear.

13. IoT − Energy Applications

 The optimization qualities of IoT in manufacturing also apply

to energy consumption.

 IoT allowsa wide variety of energy control and monitoring

functions, with applications in devices,commercial and
residential energy use, and the energy source.

 Optimization results from thedetailed analysis previously

unavailable to most organizations and individuals.

Residential Energy

 The rise of technology has driven energy costs up.

 Consumers search for ways to reduce orcontrol consumption.

 P a g e | 27

 IoT offers a sophisticated way to analyze and optimize use not

only atdevice level, but throughout the entire system of the
home.

 This can mean simple switching offor dimming of lights, or

changing device settings and modifying multiple home
settings tooptimize energy use.

 IoT can also discover problematic consumption from issues

like older appliances, damagedappliances, or faulty system
components.

 Traditionally, finding such problems required the useof often

multiple professionals.

Commercial Energy

 Energy waste can easily and quietly impact business in a

major way, given the tremendousenergy needs of even small
organizations.

 Smaller organizations wrestle with balancing costs ofbusiness

while delivering a product with typically smaller margins, and
working with limitedfunding and technology.

 Larger organizations must monitor a massive, complex

ecosystem ofenergy use that offers few simple, effective
solutions for energy use management.

A smart-meter still requires a reader to visitthe site. This automated

meter readermakes visits unnecessary, and also allowsenergy
companies to bill based on real-timedata instead of estimates over
time.
 P a g e | 28

 IoT simplifies the process of energy monitoring and

management while maintaining a low costand high level of
precision.

 It addresses all points of an organization's consumption

acrossdevices.

 Its depth of analysis and control provides organizations with a

strong means ofmanaging their consumption for cost shaving
and output optimization.

 IoT systems discoverenergy issues in the same way as

functional issues in a complex business network, and
providesolutions.

Reliability

 The analytics and action delivered by IoT also help to ensure

system reliability.

 Beyondconsumption, IoT prevents system overloads or

throttling.

 It also detects threats to systemperformance and stability,

which protects against losses such as downtime, damaged
equipment,and injuries.

14. IoT − Healthcare Applications

 IoT systems applied to healthcare enhance existing

technology, and the general practice ofmedicine.

 They expand the reach of professionals within a facility and far

beyond it.

 Theyincrease both the accuracy and size of medical data

through diverse data collection from largesets of real-world
cases.

 They also improve the precision of medical care delivery

through moresophisticated integration of the healthcare
system.
 P a g e | 29

Research

 Much of current medical research relies on resources lacking

critical real-world information.

 Ituses controlled environments, volunteers, and essentially

leftovers for medical examination.

 IoTopens the door to a wealth of valuable information through

real-time field data, analysis, andtesting.

 IoT can deliver relevant data superior to standard analytics

through integrated instrumentscapable of performing viable
research.

 It also integrates into actual practice to provide more

keyinformation.

 This aids in healthcare by providing more reliable and

practical data, and betterleads; which yields better solutions
and discovery of previously unknown issues.

 It also allows researchers to avoid risks by gathering data

without manufactured scenarios andhuman testing.
Devices

 Current devices are rapidly improving in precision, power, and

availability; however, they stilloffer less of these qualities than
an IoT system integrating the right system effectively.

 IoTunlocks the potential of existing technology, and leads us

toward new and better medical devicesolutions.

 IoT closes gaps between equipment and the way we deliver

healthcare by creating a logicalsystem rather than a collection
of tools.

 It then reveals patterns and missing elements inhealthcare

such as obvious necessary improvements or huge flaws.
 P a g e | 30

The ClearProbe portable connected ultrasound device can use

anycomputer anywhere as a supporting machine. The device
sends allimaging records

Care

 Perhaps the greatest improvement IoT brings to healthcare is

in the actual practice of medicinebecause it empowers
healthcare professionals to better use their training and
knowledge to solveproblems.

 They utilize far better data and equipment, which gives them
a window into blindspots and supports more swift, precise
actions.
 Their decision-making is no longer limited by thedisconnects
of current systems, and bad data.

 IoT also improves their professional development because

they actually exercise their talentrather than spending too
much time on administrative or manual tasks.

 Their organizationaldecisions also improve because

technology provides a better vantage point.

Medical Information Distribution

 One of the challenges of medical care is the distribution of

accurate and current information topatients.

 Healthcare also struggles with guidance given the complexity

of following guidance.
 IoT devices not only improve facilities and professional
practice, but also health in the daily livesof individuals.

 IoT devices give direct, 24/7 access to the patient in a less

intrusive way than other options.

 They take healthcare out of facilities and into the home, office,
or social space.
 P a g e | 31

 They empowerindividuals in attending to their own health,

and allow providers to deliver better and moregranular care to
patients.

 This results in fewer accidents from miscommunication,

improvedpatient satisfaction, and better preventive care.

Emergency Care

 The advanced automation and analytics of IoT allows more

powerful emergency supportservices, which typically suffer
from their limited resources and disconnect with the base
facility.

 It provides a way to analyze an emergency in a more complete

way from miles away.

 It alsogives more providers access to the patient prior to their

arrival.

 IoT gives providers criticalinformation for delivering essential

care on arrival.

 It also raises the level of care available to apatient received by

emergency professionals.

 This reduces the associated losses, and improvesemergency

healthcare.

15.IoT − Building/Housing Applications

 IoT applied to buildings and various structures allows us to

automate routine residential andcommercial tasks and needs
in a way that dramatically improves living and
workingenvironments.
 P a g e | 32

 This, as seen with manufacturing and energy applications,

reduces costs,enhances safety, improves individual
productivity, and enhances quality of life.

Environment and Conditioning

 One of the greatest challenges in the engineering of buildings

remains management ofenvironment and conditions due to
many factors at work.

 These factors include buildingmaterials, climate, building use,

and more.

 Managing energy costs receives the most attention,but

conditioning also impacts the durability and state of the
structure.

 IoT aids in improving structure design and managing existing

structures through more accurateand complete data on
buildings.

 It provides important engineering information such as how

wella material performs as insulation in a particular design
and environment.

Health and Safety

 Buildings, even when constructed with care, can suffer from

certain health and safety issues.

 These issues include poor performing materials, flaws that

leave the building vulnerable toextreme weather, poor
foundations, and more.
 P a g e | 33

The Boss 220 smart plug allows the user to monitor, control,
optimize, and
automate all plug-in devices. Users employ their mobile device or
desktop to
view performance information and control devices from
anywhere.

 Current solutions lack the sophistication needed to detect

minor issues before they becomemajor issues, or
emergencies.

 IoT offers a more reliable and complete solution by

observingissues in a fine-grained way to control dangers and
aid in preventing them; for example, it canmeasure changes
in a system's state impacting fire safety rather than simply
detecting smoke.

Productivity and Quality of Life

 Beyond safety or energy concerns, most people desire certain

comforts from housing orcommercial spaces like specific
lighting and temperature.

 IoT enhances these comforts byallowing faster and easier

customizing.

 Adjustments also apply to the area of productivity.

 They personalize spaces to create anoptimized environment

such as a smart office or kitchen prepared for a specific
individual.

16.IoT − Transportation Applications

 At every layer of transportation, IoT provides improved

communication, control, and datadistribution.

 These applications include personal vehicles, commercial

vehicles, trains, UAVs, andother equipment.
 P a g e | 34

 It extends throughout the entire system of all transportation

elements such astraffic control, parking, fuel consumption,
and more.

Rails and Mass Transit

 Current systems deliver sophisticated integration and

performance, however, they employ oldertechnology and
approaches to MRT.

 The improvements brought by IoT deliver more

completecontrol and monitoring.

 This results in better management of overall performance,

maintenanceissues, maintenance, and improvements.

 Mass transit options beyond standard MRT suffer from a lack

of the integration necessary totransform them from an option
to a dedicated service.

 IoT provides an inexpensive and advancedway to optimize

performance and bring qualities of MRT to other
transportation options likebuses.

 This improves services and service delivery in the areas of

scheduling, optimizingtransport times, reliability, managing
equipment issues, and responding to customer needs.

Road

 The primary concerns of traffic are managing congestion,

reducing accidents, and parking.

 IoTallows us to better observe and analyze the flow of traffic

through devices at all trafficobservation points.

 It aids in parking by making storage flow transparent when

current methodsoffer little if any data.
 P a g e | 35

This smart road sign receives data and modifications to better

inform drivers andprevent congestion or accidents.

 Accidents typically result from a number of factors, however,

traffic management impacts theirfrequency.

 Construction sites, poor rerouting, and a lack of information

about traffic status areall issues that lead to incidents.

 IoT provides solutions in the form of better information

sharingwith the public, and between various parties directly
affecting road traffic.

Automobile

 Many in the automotive industry envision a future for cars in

which IoT technology makes cars“smart,” attractive options
equal to MRT.

 IoT offers few significant improvements to personalvehicles.

Most benefits come from better control over related
infrastructure and the inherentflaws in automobile transport;
however, IoT does improve personal vehicles as personal
spaces.
 P a g e | 36

 IoT brings the same improvements and customization to a

vehicle as those in the home.

Commercial Transportation

 Transportation benefits extend to business and manufacturing

by optimizing the transport armof organizations.

 It reduces and eliminates problems related to poor fleet

management throughbetter analytics and control such as
monitoring idling, fuel consumption, travel conditions,
andtravel time between points.

 This results in product transportation operating more like an

aligned
service and less like a collection of contracted services.
 P a g e | 37

17. IoT − Education Applications

 IoT in the classroom combines the benefits of IoT in content

delivery, business, and healthcare.

 It customizes and enhances education by allowing

optimization of all content and forms ofdelivery.

 It enables educators to give focus to individuals and their

method.

 It also reduces costsand labor of education through

automation of common tasks outside of the actual
educationprocess.

Education Organizations

 Education organizations typically suffer from limited funding,

labor issues, and poor attention toactual education.

 They, unlike other organizations, commonly lack or avoid

analytics due to theirfunding issues and the belief that
analytics do not apply to their industry.

 IoT not only provides valuable insight, but it also democratizes

that information through lowcost,low-power small devices,
which still offer high performance.

 This technology aids inmanaging costs, improving the quality

of education, professional development, and
facilitymanagement improvement through rich examinations
of key areas:

1. Student response, performance, and behavior

2. Instructor response, performance, and behavior
3. Facility monitoring and maintenance
4. Data from other facilities

 Data informs them about ineffective strategies and actions,

whether educational efforts or facilityqualities. Removing
these roadblocks makes them more effective.

Educators
 P a g e | 38

 Information provided by IoT empowers educators to deliver

improved education.

 They have awindow into the success of their strategies, their

students' perspective, and other aspects oftheir performance.
 IoT relieves them of administrative and management duties,
so they canfocus on their mission.

 It automates manual and clerical labor, and facilitates

supervisingthrough features like system flags or controls to
ensure students remain engaged.

A school in Richmond, California, embeds RFID chips in ID cards to

track the presence ofstudents. Even if students are not present for
check-in, the system will track and logtheir presence on campus.

 IoT provides instructors with easy access to powerful

educational tools.

 Educators can use IoTto perform as a one-on-one instructor

providing specific instructional designs for each pupil;
forexample, using data to determine the most effective
supplements for each student, and autogeneratingcontent
from lesson materials on-demand for any student.

 The application of technology improves the professional

development of educators because theytruly see what works,
 P a g e | 39

and learn to devise better strategies, rather than simply

repeating old orineffective methods.

 IoT also enhances the knowledge base used to devise

education standards and practices.

 Education research suffers from accuracy issues and a general

lack of data.

 IoT introduces largehigh quality, real-world datasets into the

foundation of educational design.

 This comes from IoT'sunique ability to collect enormous

amounts of varied data anywhere.

Personalized Education

 IoT facilitates the customization of education to give every

student access to what they need.

 Each student can control their experience and participate in

instructional design, and much ofthis happens passively.

 The student simply utilizes the system, and performance data

primarilyshapes their design.

 This combined with organizational and educator optimization

delivers highlyeffective education while reducing costs.
 P a g e | 40

18. IoT − Government Applications

 IoT supports the development of smart nations and

smart cities.

 This includes enhancement ofinfrastructure previously

discussed (e.g., healthcare, energy, transportation,
etc.), defense, andalso the engineering and
maintenance of communities.

City Planning and Management

 Governing bodies and engineers can use IoT to analyze the

often complex aspects of cityplanning and management.

 IoT simplifies examining various factors such as population

growth,zoning, mapping, water supply, transportation
patterns, food supply, social services, and landuse.

 It gathers detailed data in these areas and produces more

valuable and accurate informationthan current analytics given
its ability to actually “live” with people in a city.
 P a g e | 41

Smart trashcans in New York tell garbage collectors when they need
to be emptied.They optimize trash service by ensuring drivers only
make necessary stops, anddrivers modify their route to reduce fuel
consumption.

 In the area of management, IoT supports cities through its

implementation in major servicesand infrastructure such as
transportation and healthcare.

 It also aids in other key areas likewater control, waste

management, and emergency management.

 Its real-time and detailedinformation facilitate more prompt

decisions in contrast to the traditional process plagued
byinformation lag, which can be critical in emergency
management.

 Standard state services are also improved by IoT, which can

automate otherwise slow processesand trim unnecessary
 P a g e | 42

state expenses; forexample, it can automate motor vehicle

services fortesting, permits, and licensing.

 IoT also aids in urban improvement by skipping tests or poor

research, and providing functionaldata for how the city can be
optimized. This leads to faster and more meaningful changes.

Creating Jobs

 IoT offers thorough economic analysis.

 It makes previous blind spots visible and supports

bettereconomic monitoring and modeling.

 It analyzes industry and the marketplace to spotopportunities

for growth and barriers.

National Defense

 National threats prove diverse and complicated.

 IoT augments armed forces systems andservices, and offers

the sophistication necessary to manage the landscape of
national defense.

 It supports better protection of borders through inexpensive,

high performance devices for richcontrol and observation.

 IoT automates the protection tasks typically spread across

several departments and countlessindividuals.

 It achieves this while improving accuracy and speed.

 P a g e | 43

19. IoT – Security

 Every connected device creates opportunities for

attackers.

 These vulnerabilities are broad, evenfor a single small

device.

 The risks posed include data transfer, device

access,malfunctioningdevices, and always-on/always-
connected devices.

 The main challenges in security remain the security

limitations associated with producing lowcostdevices,
and the growing number of devices which creates more
opportunities for attacks.

Security Spectrum

 The definition of a secured device spans from the most simple

measures to sophisticated designs.

 Security should be thought of as a spectrum of vulnerability

which changes over time as threatsevolve.

 Security must be assessed based on user needs and

implementation.

 Users must recognize theimpact of security measures because

poorly designed security creates more problems than itsolves.

Example: A German report revealed hackers compromised the

security system of a steel mill.They disrupted the control systems,
which prevented a blast furnace from being shut downproperly,
 P a g e | 44

resulting in massive damage. Therefore, users must understand the

impact of an attackbefore deciding on appropriate protection.

Challenges

 Beyond costs and the ubiquity of devices, other security

issues plague IoT:

 Unpredictable Behavior – The sheer volume of deployed

devices and their long list ofenabling technologies means their
behavior in the field can be unpredictable. A specificsystem may be
well designed and withinadministration control, but there are
noguarantees about how it will interact with others.

 Device Similarity – IoT devices are fairly uniform. They utilize

the same connectiontechnology and components. If one system or
device suffers from a vulnerability, manymore have the same issue.

 Problematic Deployment – One of the main goals of IoT

remains to place advancednetworks and analytics where they
previously could not go. Unfortunately, this createsthe problem of
physically securing the devices in these strange or easily accessed
places.

 Long Device Life and Expired Support – One of the benefits of

IoT devices islongevity, however, that long life also means they may
outlive their device support.Compare this to traditional systems
which typically have support and upgrades long aftermany have
stopped using them. Orphaned devices and abandonware lack the
samesecurity hardening of other systems due to the evolution of
technology over time.

 No Upgrade Support – Many IoT devices, like many mobile and

small devices, are notdesigned to allow upgrades or any
modifications. Others offer inconvenient upgrades,which many
owners ignore, or fail to notice.

 Poor or No Transparency – Many IoT devices fail to

providetransparency with regardto their functionality. Users cannot
observe or access their processes, and are left toassume how
devices behave. They have no control over unwanted functions or
datacollection; furthermore, when a manufacturer updates the
device, it may bring moreunwanted functions.

 No Alerts – Another goal of IoT remains to provide its

incrediblefunctionality withoutbeing obtrusive. This introduces the
problem of user awareness. Users do not monitorthe devices or
 P a g e | 45

know when something goes wrong. Security breaches can persist

over longperiods without detection.

20. IoT − Identity Protection

 IoT devices collect data about their environment, which

includes people.

 These benefits introduceheavy risk.

 The data itself does not present the danger, however, its
depth does.

 The highlydetailed data collection paints a very clear picture

of an individual, giving criminals all theinformation they need
to take advantage of someone.

 People may also not be aware of the level of privacy; for

example, entertainment devices maygather A/V data, or
“watch” a consumer, and share intimate information.

 The demand and pricefor this data exacerbates the issue

considering the number and diversity of parties interested
insensitive data.

 Problems specific to IoT technology lead to many of its privacy

issues, which primarily stem fromthe user's inability to
establish and control privacy:

Consent

 The traditional model for “notice and consent” within

connected systems generally enforcesexisting privacy
protections.

 It allows users to interact with privacy mechanisms, and

setpreferences typically through accepting an agreement or
limiting actions.

 Many IoT devices haveno such accommodations. Users not

only have no control, but they are also not afforded
anytransparency regarding device activities.

The Right to be Left Alone

 P a g e | 46

 Users have normal expectations for privacy in certain

situations.

 This comes from the commonlyaccepted idea of public and

private spaces; for example, individuals are not surprised
bysurveillance cameras in commercial spaces, however, they
do not expect them in their personalvehicle.

 IoT devices challenge these norms people recognize as the

“right to be left alone.” Evenin public spaces, IoT creeps
beyond the limits of expected privacy due to its power.

Indistinguishable Data

 IoT deploys in a wide variety of ways.

 Much of IoT implementation remains group targeted

ratherthan personal.

 Even if users give IoT devices consent for each action, not
every system canreasonably process every set of preferences;
for example, small devices in a complex assemblycannot
honor the requests of tens of thousands of users they
encounter for mere seconds.

Granularity

 Modern big data poses a substantial threat to privacy, but IoT

compounds the issue with its scaleand intimacy.

 It goes not only where passive systems cannot, but it collects

data everywhere.

 This supports creation of highly detailed profiles which

facilitate discrimination and exposeindividuals to physical,
financial, and reputation harm.

Comfort

 The growth of IoT normalizes it. Users become comfortable

with what they perceive as safetechnology.

 IoT also lacks the transparency that warns users in traditional

connected systems;consequently, many act without any
consideration for the potential consequences.
 P a g e | 47

IoT – Advantages

The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and

business. Here is a list of some ofthe advantages that IoT has to
offer:

 Improved Customer Engagement – Current analytics suffer

from blind-spots andsignificant flaws in accuracy; and as
noted,engagement remains passive. IoT completelytransforms
this toachieve richer and more effective engagement with
audiences.

 Technology Optimization – The same technologies and

data which improve thecustomer experience also improve
device use, and aid in more potent improvements
totechnology. IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and
field data.

 Reduced Waste – IoT makes areas of improvement clear.

Current analytics give ussuperficial insight, but IoT provides
real-worldinformation leading to more effectivemanagement
of resources.

 Enhanced Data Collection – Modern data collection suffers

from its limitations and itsdesign for passive use. IoT breaks it
out of thosespaces, and places it exactly wherehumans really
want to go to analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture
of everything.
 P a g e | 48

IoT – Disadvantages

Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a

significant set of challenges.Here is a list of some its major issues:

 Security – IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected

devices communicatingover networks. The system offers little
control despite any security measures. This leavesusers
exposed to various kinds of attackers.

 Privacy – The sophistication of IoT provides substantial

personal data in extreme detailwithout the user's active
participation.

 Complexity – Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of

design, deployment, andmaintenance given their use of
multiple technologies and a large set of new
enablingtechnologies.

 Flexibility – Many are concerned about the flexibility of an

IoT system to integrate easilywith another. They worry about
finding themselves with several conflicting or lockedsystems.

 Compliance – IoT, like any other technology in the realm of

business, must comply withregulations. Its complexity makes
the issue ofcompliance seem incredibly challengingwhen
many consider standard software compliance a battle.
 P a g e | 49

Conclusion

 This paper introduces the reader to the emerging Internet of

Things phenomenon.

 Itdescribes the progression of Internet utilisation, from

computers, to people and now tothings, allowing for many
new applications and services.

 Various application areas are identified and presented,

providing guidance for futureutilisation of IoT concepts.
Successful update of IoT is not without challenges.

 Thesechallenges span business, policy and technical.

 The paper provides an overview of thechallenges and

highlights the fact that trust and privacy are likely to be the
major hurdles inIoT uptake.

 Internationally, different activities drive the uptake of IoT.

 The European Commission,through its CERP-IoT leads

research and application of IoT. Multinationals are very
activein driving their research to ensure the uptake of IoT.

 In Africa, we need to leverage thepotential presented by IoT.

To this effect, the Internet of Things Engineering Group
hasbeen created to position South Africa in IoT and to ensure
that South Africa will become acontributor to IoT and not a net
importer of technology.

 In addition we need to form smartpartnerships both within and

beyond the continent to achieve this positive
potentialpresented by IoT.
 P a g e | 50

 Precise predictions of the future of IoT and, indeed, the future

that IoT enables are verydifficult at best. Compare this with
the impact the specification of the TCP/IP stack had ondiverse
and unpredicted services such as social networking.

 What would really happenwhen your fridge “talks” to your car

(or yourneighbour’s car?) We stand at the cusp of anexciting
future. Foresighting is difficult and subject to many different
factors.

 However,looking into the crystal ball the technology and their

advances (as described in Section 2)will continue to drive IoT’s
uptake with commensurate impacts in our environment In
theshort term, more things will become connected, with more
sophisticated services comingonline to analyze data and to
act accordingly.

 In the medium to long term connected thingsand the

subsequent services will be ubiquitous. More of an unknown is
society’s acceptanceof IoT and, indeed, the impact of IoT on
society.

 In the short term, society might remainwary of IoT as

fundamentals such as privacy, trust and governance are being
dealt with,calling for urgent action in not only technology, but
also governance standardization processes. This should
contribute to ensuring that in the medium to long term
thesefundamentals will be in place, leading to enhanced
societal acceptance of IoT.

 IoT has potential to drive integrated solutions that can make a

difference.

 It is still earlyin the research cycle, but the potential

difference it can make is clear for all to see.

 Challenges in the technology, context and application areas

provide ample opportunities forresearch and development and
partnerships across domains and geographies to capitalise
onthe promise of IoT while sidestepping the potential pitfalls
that the IoT might present in thefuture.

 It is important that IoT becomes part of the current and future

strategic conversation,whether on research institution level or
international cooperation discussions to ensure thatwe reap
the benefits presented by IoT.
 P a g e | 51

REFERENCES

1. https://en.wikipedia.org

2. http://www.mouser.fr/pdfdocs/INTOTHNGSWP.PDF

3. http://wiki.1248.io/doku.php?id=hypercat

4. https://iot-analytics.com/10-internet-of-things-applications/

5. https://www.coursera.org/learn/iot-augmented-
realitytechnologies/lecture/dYMzh/iot-introduction

6. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/28247/internet-of-
things

7. www.itu.int/internetofthings/

8. http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/20434/?a=f

9. http://www.mouser.fr/pdfdocs/INTOTHNGSWP.PDF

10. http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/.