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Logical Reasoning

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Course of Action

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1. Back in 2010, the Nobel Prize winning behavioural economist Daniel Kahneman led a famous study which
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concluded that happiness increases with income until it plateaus at $75,000 a year. Beyond that, more

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money does not equal more happiness.
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Perhaps it is with the staff’s best interests at heart therefore that employers pay them less than they are
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worth. Why encourage the levelling off of happiness through large wages?
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The survey involved about half a million Americans, and may not be relevant to Papua New Guinea, for
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example. The figure will be different for India too. But the idea that you could place a price on happiness
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was interesting.
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However, the essential question remains: why struggle, save and invest beyond the magic figure? If you
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ever get to it, that is. It is roughly 91 lakh rupees a year today, adjusting for inflation. Luckily for our back-
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breaking selves, a Wharton researcher, Matthew Killingsworth found in 2021 that more money does
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indeed buy more happiness. He concluded that the positive connection “continues far up the economic
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ladder.”
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What would be the most appropriate course of action for employers in light of the conflicting research
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findings on the relationship between income and happiness?

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(a) Maintain current salary levels, as Kahneman's study suggests happiness plateaus at a certain income
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(b) Gradually increase salaries beyond the $75,000 threshold to align with Killingsworth's findings
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(c) Conduct company-specific research to determine the income-happiness relationship for their
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employees
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(d) Focus on non-monetary benefits to increase employee happiness instead of salary increases
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2. Before advocating for governmental change based on religious beliefs, people need to think beyond
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themselves and understand their privilege. This statement has less to do with my political stance or even
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faith and more with my belief that religion should not be involved in politics whatsoever. Today, one
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major belief rooted in religion has made its way into policy and obstructed the bodily autonomy of
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women in many states.

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What would be the most appropriate course of action for policymakers to address the issue of religious
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influence on government policies?

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(a) Implement strict separation of religion and state in all policy decisions
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(b) Conduct public education campaigns on the importance of secular governance

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(c) Encourage diverse religious representation in policy-making processes

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(d) Establish an independent committee to review policies for religious bias

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3. How do you judge a Chief Justice of India or, for that matter, any person in high office? The tests must be
contextual to the job but, above all, if the overwhelming predominance of any person’s work is good,
praiseworthy and positive, the fact that he has, fractionally, committed errors, does not deserve a harsh
verdict. It only shows that he, like us all, has no claim to divinity or infallibility. When eminent persons,
within and without the Bar, use the 10 per cent test to chastise or condemn, they not only choose to
ignore the 90 per cent glass full but do disservice both to the man and to the institution.
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What would be the most appropriate course of action for evaluating the performance of a Chief Justice of

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India or other high-ranking officials?

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(a) Focus primarily on their positive contributions and overall impact

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(b) Implement a strict numerical scoring system for all aspects of their work

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(c) Prioritize criticism of any errors made during their tenure

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(d) Establish an independent committee to review their performance annually

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4. When the UN Environment Programme published the INDOEX report in 2002, some prominent Indian
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scientists called it sensationalist and argued that the “Indian Ocean” or “Asian” Brown Cloud was not

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unique to India or Asia and should, therefore, be renamed. Because of their opposition, the name was
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changed to “Atmospheric Brown Cloud with a Focus on Asia”. Governments in South Asia ignored the
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report.
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This episode underscores two key points: First, the causes of air pollution have been known for at least 25
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years and second, we have been avoiding the issue for just as long. By injecting ideology and politics into
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what should be a straightforward matter, we continue to muddy the waters. Debates over rich versus
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poor, farmers versus city-dwellers, SUVs versus cook stoves, and Diwali versus stubble burning have
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stalled real action.

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What would be the most appropriate course of action to address the long-standing issue of air pollution in
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South Asia?
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(a) Conduct new studies to reassess the causes and impacts of air pollution in the region
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(b) Organize international conferences to debate the naming conventions of pollution phenomena
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(c) Focus on implementing evidence-based pollution control measures without political bias
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(d) Prioritize economic development over environmental concerns to address poverty first
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5. Leisure as a mass activity is a particularly post-Nehruvian era phenomenon. It marks the decline of what
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was no less than a moral discourse for about four decades since 1947. The Five-Year Plan worldview that
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dictated cultural life in those decades stigmatised consumption (of which leisure activities are part) and
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valourised savings. In my parents’ generation, buying another pair of shoes when the one in possession
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could be patched up and made to last for another few years was an idea of almost religious significance.
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This was a result of a very real shortage of resources as well as — and just as real — ideas regarding the
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moral value of not consuming now to save for a better future.

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Till around the late 1980s, the heroic figure of Indian public culture was the non-consumer: The filmic
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doctor and the engineer involved in “nation-building”; the ascetically clothed Mahatma Gandhi’s attire;
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and Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri hailing the Jawan (the common soldier) and the Kisan (the
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farmer). A small group of Indians — the economic and social elite — did, of course, take part in “non-
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productive” activities but the rest of the population was an audience rather than a participant in their
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consumerist pastimes. It watched films about families with mansions that had grand staircases and
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custard was served for dessert at birthday parties. Most of the Indian population was asked to consume
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ascetic nationalism and was happy to do so.

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Given the cultural shift described in the passage, which of the following actions would be most consistent
with the author's perspective?
(a) Reinstate policies that prioritize saving over consumption in national economic planning
(b) Acknowledge and adapt to the new reality of leisure as a widespread social phenomenon
(c) Launch a public awareness campaign about the historical evolution of India's consumption patterns
(d) Implement measures to reconcile post-Nehruvian leisure culture with pre-1980s values
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6. Since the video went viral, much has been said about Sitharaman’s complete disregard for the challenges

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women face, be it at home or in the workplace. She brought up false equivalents like Indira Gandhi and

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Sarojini Naidu’s achievements to reject the existence of patriarchy in India. In a terrifying moment of

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patriotism, when Sitharaman empathically pronounced that patriarchy is “impossible in a country like

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India,” she was met with applause.

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What Sitharaman said reeks of something the internet calls “pick me energy”. She sounded like that

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teenage me who was proud to be “not like other girls”. When she asked women to not complain and go

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out and do it, she essentially asked them to remain silent. Societies often love a silent woman because that
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gives them the power to maintain the status quo.

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How should policymakers address the issue of gender inequality in India, given the contrasting views
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presented in the passage?
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(a) Promote successful women as role models to inspire others to overcome challenges
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(b) Implement stricter laws to combat workplace discrimination and harassment

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(c) Encourage open dialogue about the realities of patriarchy in various sectors of society
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(d) Focus on economic policies that increase women's participation in the workforce
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7. Castes and communities evolve in several ways, often carrying within them several identities. Yet, our
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perception of them continues to be hobbled by stereotypes and binaries, especially in discussions around
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elections. At the grassroots, though, things are more complex.

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The assembly election campaign in Maharashtra is in full swing. The contesting political groups are trying
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to mobilise castes and communities through various micro strategies. In this political contest, the Dalit
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vote is quite significant. Scheduled Castes (SCs) in Maharashtra, who comprise 12 per cent of the state’s
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population, are often viewed as a homogeneous category vis-a-vis electoral mobilisation. There are,
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however, several factors that influence their political inclinations including sub-caste, religious sentiment
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and affiliation, local factors, community connections and what they might gain from one party or another.
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Given the complex voting patterns of Scheduled Castes in Maharashtra described in the passage, what
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strategy should political parties adopt to effectively engage this demographic?

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(a) Focus exclusively on addressing the concerns of the Mahar community

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(b) Develop targeted campaigns that address the diverse interests within SC sub-groups
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(c) Emphasize the importance of caste census and constitutional protection for all SCs
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(d) Prioritize economic policies and government schemes over identity-based appeals
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8. Memory of the 2018 Aadhaar data breach of 1.1 billion citizens is still fresh. There’s an axiom among
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journalists that citizens’ personal details are vulnerable and are easily available for misuse by miscreants.
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When I was being scammed, I was told that even though it was my Aadhaar that was misused, the onus of
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its misuse rested on me. I would be the one summoned for court hearings. And who wants to be caught in
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the vortex of the Indian legal system? Sunny Deol’s famous tarik pe tarik monologue from the 1993 film
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Damini, mentioned even in the Government of India’s Economic Survey 2017-18 to highlight the frequent
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delays in the judicial process, remains embedded in our consciousness for a reason. In August this year,
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even the Chief Justice of India, DY Chandrachud pointed out that people get so “fed up” with long-drawn
court proceedings that they seek settlement outside court. This is how the process becomes the
punishment.
Given the vulnerabilities in the Aadhaar system and the challenges in the Indian legal process, what would
be the most effective approach to protect citizens' personal data and ensure justice in cases of misuse?
(a) Implement stricter penalties for organizations responsible for data breaches
(b) Overhaul the judicial system to expedite cases related to data misuse and identity theft
(c) Develop a comprehensive data protection framework with robust enforcement mechanisms
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(d) Educate citizens about data security and provide them with tools to protect their personal

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information

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9. According to the Election Commission of India (ECI), Maharashtra is home to nearly 10 million eligible

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voters between 18 and 25 in 2024 — they make up about 13 per cent of the electorate. Nationally, over

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60 million voters are in this age group. Historically, young voters have been instrumental in shaping

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political outcomes, influencing party platforms and supporting progressive reforms. However, recent

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trends tell a different story. In the 2019 Maharashtra Assembly elections, youth turnout was
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approximately 60 per cent, lower than the overall state turnout of 65 per cent. This declining

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participation could have serious repercussions for the state’s political trajectory, especially in addressing
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core concerns like unemployment, education, climate change, and social justice.
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Given the low youth voter turnout in Maharashtra and its potential impact on addressing key issues, what
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action should be taken to increase political participation among voters aged 18-25?
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(a) Conduct awareness campaigns focusing on the importance of youth votes in shaping political
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outcomes
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(b) Implement policies that directly address unemployment and education concerns for young voters
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(c) Encourage political parties to include more youth-centric issues in their platforms
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(d) Organize youth-focused political debates and forums in universities and colleges
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10. Yesterday the overwhelming majority of the Israeli parliament said: Enough is enough. Israel will no
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longer cooperate with UNRWA. The legislation gives the government 90 days to make necessary
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arrangements to ensure humanitarian assistance to needy Palestinians — cynically used as pawns to

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advance political goals — are extended through other UN agencies and NGOs. Israel will continue to
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facilitate international assistance to this Palestinian population. We will continue to abide by

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international law. But we will not agree to continue to cooperate with UNRWA, a corrupt organisation
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that is completely compromised by terrorist organisations like Hamas. Their sole reason for existence is
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to eradicate the State of Israel. Israel calls all parties interested in de-escalating the conflict in the West
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Asian region to dissociate themselves from UNRWA in order to advance and secure peace and stability in
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our region.
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Given Israel's decision to cease cooperation with UNRWA, what action should the international
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community prioritize to ensure continued humanitarian assistance to Palestinians?

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(a) Pressure Israel to reverse its decision and continue working with UNRWA
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(b) Establish a new, neutral organization to replace UNRWA's role in the region
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(c) Coordinate with other UN agencies and NGOs to take over UNRWA's responsibilities
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(d) Implement direct aid programs bypassing both UNRWA and the Israeli government
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11. The EC is yet to take any step in these cases. It won’t matter much, even if it did issue a regulation notice.
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You can keep scrolling down the MCC and list all the proscribed activities. And then step out during
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election times to note all of these happen routinely, without any check: Appeal to caste or communal
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feelings to secure votes, voter bribing, distribution of alcohol, misuse of public funds and official media for
partisan news reporting and misuse of official position to gain electoral advantage. My own experience of
observing elections tells me that every “winnable” candidate in an assembly election spends anything
between Rs 10 to 50 crore (the official upper limit is Rs 40 lakh), besides the money spent by the party.
Paid news is no longer a scandal, and you would be joking if you complained about the unfair advantage
to the ruling party. Should you wish to go beyond anecdotal evidence, the report of the Independent Panel
for Monitoring Indian Elections, 2024, is a useful summary statement of how the letter and spirit of the
MCC is observed only in its breach.
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Given the widespread violations of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) and the Election Commission's (EC)

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apparent inaction, what would be the most effective step to improve the integrity of the electoral process

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in India?

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(a) Implement stricter penalties for candidates and parties violating the MCC

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(b) Establish an independent oversight committee to monitor and enforce the MCC

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(c) Increase the official spending limit for candidates to reduce undeclared expenditures

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(d) Launch a comprehensive voter education program about MCC violations and reporting mechanisms

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12. Can India follow in the UK’s footsteps? The answer is an emphatic no. India’s demand for power is still

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growing and has not peaked. So the country need to add to its installed capacity every year. India does not
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have access to cheap gas to substitute coal. Several issues have crippled the growth of the hydro sector.
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The nuclear sector contributes less than 3 per cent to the electricity mix. Growth in renewable generation
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may look spectacular but its far less than what is required to meet the demand in 2030. So, India needs to
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rely on coal and the country’s policies seem to be geared to that. The country is delaying the retirement of
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coal-based plants and wants them to operate beyond the tenure of the power purchase agreements —
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usually 25 years. Directions have been given to coal generators to import coal and run plants to full
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capacity. Guidelines on environment norms were issued in 2015 and over time, they have been relaxed to
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accommodate more coal-based generation. This is exactly the reverse of what was done in the UK where
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norms became more and more stringent.

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Given India's growing energy demands and reliance on coal, what would be the most appropriate strategy
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for policymakers to balance energy needs with environmental concerns?

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(a) Accelerate the phase-out of coal-based power plants to match the UK's approach
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(b) Prioritize rapid expansion of renewable energy sources to completely replace coal
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(c) Maintain coal-based generation while gradually increasing renewable capacity

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(d) Focus exclusively on nuclear power development to meet future energy demands
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13. India is a pioneer in the global biosimilars market. It was the first country to approve a biosimilars
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product for Hepatitis B. Today, there are 98 approved biosimilars in India, with at least 50 in the market,
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the most in any country. Many India-made biosimilars have been approved in markets like the US.
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The Indian biosimilars market was valued at $349 million in 2022 and is estimated to expand at a growth
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rate of 25.2 per cent per annum from 2022 to 2030 to reach $2,108 million by 2030. Between now and
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2030, biologic products worth some $170 billion will lose patent protection. This will open a window of
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opportunity for Indian biopharma to launch more biosimilar products.

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Given India's strong position in the biosimilars market and the upcoming patent expirations of biologic
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products, what should be the primary focus for Indian biopharma companies to maximize their growth
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potential in this sector?

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(a) Invest heavily in research and development to create new biosimilar products
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(b) Focus on expanding manufacturing capacity to meet increased global demand

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(c) Prioritize obtaining regulatory approvals in more international markets

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(d) Develop strategic partnerships with global pharmaceutical companies

14. Harbouring aspirations of a $5 trillion economy, the Indian government, in its 2024 Interim Budget
promised a renewed push to re-energise economic ties with its trade partners. The India-UAE BIT is an
important step towards fulfilling that promise. It is interesting to note from the text of the treaty, India’s
softened and flexible stance in amending or dispensing with certain covenants from the model BIT. For
instance, under the model BIT, an investor was mandated to first resort to local remedies under the
Indian legal system for five years before taking recourse to international arbitration. This has been
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watered down to three years under the India-UAE BIT (Article 17.1). The issue relating to exhaustion of

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local remedies has been an Achilles heel for India in its negotiations with the UK for the free trade

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agreement which long awaits a breakthrough. One will have to wait and watch whether the amendment

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to this clause will provide a template for other countries which are also seeking similar concessions.

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How might India's more flexible stance in the India-UAE BIT impact its ongoing and future trade

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negotiations?

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(a) It could accelerate the conclusion of pending trade agreements with other countries

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(b) It might lead to a complete overhaul of India's model BIT for all future negotiations
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(c) It could result in increased foreign investment from UAE-based companies only

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(d) It might create inconsistencies in India's approach to international arbitration across different
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agreements
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15. My favourite anecdote about Mao Tse Tung is his answer when asked what will be the impact of the
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French Revolution on human history. Mao, reportedly, thought for a while and said, “It is too early to tell.”
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China waits. China is patient. China does not boast that it is the second largest economy in the world or set
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a date for becoming the largest. These qualities are rare in an emerging powerhouse. On the flip side,
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China is not a democracy and its people do not enjoy the freedoms that democracies cherish. By contrast,
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India is, by and large, democratic, as well as noisy and quarrelsome. India also celebrates prematurely.
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How might the differing national characteristics described in the passage influence the long-term
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development strategies of China and India?

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(a) India's democratic nature may foster more rapid economic growth, while China's controlled approach
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could lead to stagnation

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(b) China's quiet confidence might result in stronger international relationships, while India's "noisy"
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nature could alienate potential allies

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(c) India's democratic freedoms could lead to greater social stability, while China's lack of such freedoms
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might cause internal tensions

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(d) China's patience could lead to more sustainable economic growth, while India's premature
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celebrations might hinder progress

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1. Answer: C

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Explanation: This option is the most appropriate because:

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 The passage presents conflicting research findings. Kahneman's 2010 study suggests happiness

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plateaus at $75,000 a year, while Killingsworth's 2021 study indicates that more money continues to

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buy more happiness "far up the economic ladder."

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 The passage explicitly states that the survey "involved about half a million Americans, and may not be

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relevant to Papua New Guinea, for example. The figure will be different for India too." This suggests

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that the relationship between income and happiness may vary across different contexts and cultures.
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 Given these conflicting findings and the acknowledgment that results may differ across countries, it

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would be most prudent for employers to conduct their own research specific to their company and

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employees' context.

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Incorrect options:
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(a) This option relies solely on Kahneman's older study and ignores the more recent conflicting evidence.
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(b) While this aligns with Killingsworth's findings, it doesn't account for potential variations across
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different contexts and cultures mentioned in the passage.

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(d) This option ignores the main focus of the passage, which is the relationship between income and
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happiness, and introduces a concept (non-monetary benefits) not discussed in the given information.
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2. Answer: A
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Explanation: This option directly aligns with the author's statement that "religion should not be involved
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in politics whatsoever." It addresses the core issue of religious beliefs influencing policy, particularly
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regarding women's bodily autonomy. Implementing a strict separation would prevent religious
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convictions from shaping governmental decisions.

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Incorrect options:
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(b) While public education could raise awareness, it doesn't directly prevent religious influence on
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policies. The passage emphasizes the need for action in policy-making, not just public understanding.
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(c) Encouraging diverse religious representation contradicts the author's stance against any religious
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involvement in politics. This option would increase, rather than decrease, religious influence in policy-
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making.
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(d) Establishing a committee to review policies for religious bias might identify issues but doesn't prevent
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religious influence from entering policy-making initially. The passage suggests a more proactive approach
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to keeping religion out of politics entirely.

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3. Answer: A
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Explanation: This option aligns with the passage's emphasis on judging based on the "overwhelming
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predominance" of a person's work. It acknowledges that minor errors shouldn't overshadow significant
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positive contributions, reflecting the author's view that a harsh verdict is undeserved if the majority of
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one's work is praiseworthy.

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Incorrect options:
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(b) A strict numerical scoring system contradicts the passage's nuanced approach to evaluation. The
author argues against using a rigid "10 per cent test" to judge performance.
(c) Prioritizing criticism of errors goes against the passage's main argument. The author explicitly warns
against ignoring the "90 per cent glass full" to focus on minor mistakes.
(d) While an independent committee might seem impartial, the passage doesn't suggest external
evaluation. Instead, it emphasizes a holistic view of performance based on overall impact.
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4. Answer: C

60 0
23
Explanation: This option directly addresses the passage's criticism of injecting ideology and politics into

30
PL
the air pollution issue. It aligns with the author's point that the causes of air pollution have been known

T
3_
for 25 years, suggesting that action, rather than further debate or study, is needed.

0
06
23
Incorrect options:

30
L
(a) Conducting new studies contradicts the passage's statement that the causes of air pollution have been

_ TP
3
known for 25 years. The issue is lack of action, not lack of knowledge.

0
06
23
(b) Organizing conferences about naming conventions would further politicize the issue, which the
PL

3 0
T

L
3_

passage criticizes as a reason for inaction.

TP
0
06

3_
(d) Prioritizing economic development over environmental concerns goes against the passage's message.
3

60
02

0
3

23
The author implies that such debates have stalled real action on air pollution.
L

30
P
_T
03 6
30

5. Answer: B
2
30

Explanation: This option aligns with the passage's neutral presentation of leisure as a "post-Nehruvian
PL T
3_

era phenomenon." The author describes this shift as a fact of modern Indian culture without suggesting it
0
06

needs to be reversed or modified. Acknowledging this change would be most consistent with the author's
3
02 3

objective tone in describing the cultural evolution.

L
_TP

Incorrect options:
3 0 6
30

(a) Reinstating policies that prioritize saving over consumption would be a step backward to the "Five-
2
30

Year Plan worldview." The passage presents this as a historical phase that has passed, not as something to
PL
_T

be revived. The author describes how this view "stigmatised consumption," suggesting it's no longer the
03 6
30

prevailing attitude.
2
L

30
TP

(c) While the passage provides historical context, it doesn't imply a need for public education on this
L
_

P
3
60

_T

topic. The author's focus is on describing the shift, not advocating for increased awareness about it.
0

03
23

06
30

Launching a public campaign goes beyond the scope of the author's perspective.
3
02
L P

3
_T

(d) The passage doesn't suggest a need to reconcile new and old values. It presents the shift from ascetic
03 6

nationalism to a leisure-oriented culture as a completed transition, not as an ongoing process requiring

30
023

reconciliation. The author describes the change without proposing that the old and new should be
L
TP

balanced.
3 _
0 6
30 2
30

6. Answer: C
PL
_T

Explanation: This option directly addresses the core issue presented in the passage: the denial of
03 6
30

patriarchy's existence in India. By encouraging open dialogue, it counters the "silence" that the author
2
30

criticizes and allows for a more honest examination of gender inequality issues.
PL
_T

Incorrect options:
3
60
30

(a) Promoting successful women as role models aligns with Sitharaman's approach, which the author
2
30

criticizes as using "false equivalents" to reject the existence of patriarchy. This option doesn't address the
PL T

underlying issues of gender inequality.

3_ 0
06

(b) While implementing stricter laws might be beneficial, the passage doesn't focus on legal solutions.
3
02 3

Instead, it emphasizes the need to acknowledge the existence of patriarchy, which this option doesn't
directly address.
(d) Focusing solely on economic policies doesn't address the broader cultural and social aspects of
patriarchy discussed in the passage. The author's critique goes beyond workplace participation to societal
attitudes and expectations.
 3
60 0
23
30
L
Law Prep Tutorial/Practice Sheet/CLAT 2025/Logical Reasoning

_TP
3
7. Answer: B

60 0
23
Explanation: This option aligns with the passage's emphasis on the complexity and diversity within the

30
PL
SC community. It acknowledges the various factors influencing political inclinations, including "sub-caste,

T
3_
religious sentiment and affiliation, local factors, community connections and what they might gain from

0
06
23
one party or another."

30
L
Incorrect options:

_ TP
3
(a) While the Mahar community is mentioned, focusing exclusively on them would ignore the passage's

0
06
23
point about the diversity within SC groups and the competition between dominant and marginal
PL

3 0
T

L
3_

communities.

TP
0
06

3_
(c) Although caste census and constitutional protection are mentioned, the passage suggests that these
3

60
02

0
3

23
issues alone may not be sufficient to appeal to all SC voters, especially given the sub-classification debate.
L

30
P
_T

(d) While economic policies and government schemes are noted as influential, particularly for
03 6
30

"beneficiary self" voters, prioritizing them over identity-based appeals oversimplifies the complex
2
30

interplay of factors described in the passage.

PL T
3_ 0
06

8. Answer: C
3
02 3

Explanation: This option addresses both the vulnerability of personal data and the challenges in the legal
L
_TP

system mentioned in the passage. A comprehensive framework would help prevent data breaches and
3 0 6
30

provide clear guidelines for handling cases of data misuse, potentially reducing the burden on the judicial
2
30

system.
PL
_T

Incorrect options:
03 6
30

(a) While stricter penalties might deter some organizations, this approach doesn't address the systemic
2
L

30
TP

issues with data protection or the legal process highlighted in the passage.
L
_

P
3
60

_T

(b) Overhauling the judicial system alone doesn't address the root cause of data vulnerability. It focuses
0

03
23

06
30

on the symptom (long court proceedings) rather than preventing data misuse in the first place.
3
02
L P

3
_T

(d) While educating citizens is important, it places the burden of protection on individuals rather than
03 6

addressing the systemic issues with data security and legal processes mentioned in the passage.
30
023
L
TP

9. Answer: A
3 _
0 6
30

Explanation: This option directly addresses the low youth turnout mentioned in the passage while
2
30

emphasizing the historical importance of young voters in "shaping political outcomes, influencing party
PL
_T

platforms and supporting progressive reforms." It aims to reverse the "declining participation" noted in
03 6
30

the passage.
2
30

Incorrect options:
PL
_T

(b) While addressing unemployment and education is mentioned as a concern, the passage doesn't
3
60
30

suggest this as a solution to increase voter turnout.

2
30

(c) The passage doesn't specifically mention political parties' platforms as a factor in youth turnout.
PL T

(d) While this might be beneficial, the passage doesn't mention debates or forums as a strategy for
3_ 0
06

increasing youth participation.

3
02 3

10. Answer: C
Explanation: This option aligns with the passage's statement that Israel will "ensure humanitarian
assistance to needy Palestinians... are extended through other UN agencies and NGOs." It respects Israel's
decision while still addressing the need for continued humanitarian aid.
Incorrect options:
(a) Pressuring Israel to reverse its decision contradicts the passage's strong stance against UNRWA and
the "overwhelming majority" support in the Israeli parliament for this move.
 3
60 0
23
30
L
Law Prep Tutorial/Practice Sheet/CLAT 2025/Logical Reasoning

_TP
3
(b) Establishing a new organization isn't mentioned in the passage and might delay aid delivery. The

60 0
23
passage suggests using existing agencies and NGOs.

30
PL
(d) While direct aid programs might be an option, the passage specifically mentions using other UN

T
3_
agencies and NGOs, making this option less aligned with the given information.

0
06
23
30
L
11. Answer: B

_ TP
3
Explanation: This option addresses the core issue presented in the passage: the lack of effective

0
06
23
enforcement of the MCC. The author mentions that the EC is "yet to take any step in these cases" and that
PL

3 0
T

L
3_

violations happen "routinely, without any check." An independent oversight committee could provide the

TP
0
06

3_
necessary scrutiny and enforcement that the EC is currently failing to deliver.
3

60
02

0
3

23
Incorrect options:
L

30
P
_T

(a) While stricter penalties might seem logical, the passage suggests that the issue is not the lack of
03 6
30

regulations but the lack of enforcement. The author states that issuing a regulation notice "won't matter
2
30

much."
PL T
3_

(c) Increasing the official spending limit doesn't address the fundamental issue of MCC violations and
0
06

might even legitimize excessive spending. The passage indicates that actual spending far exceeds the
3
02 3

current limits already.

L
_TP

(d) While voter education could be beneficial, it doesn't directly address the enforcement issues
3 0 6
30

highlighted in the passage. The author suggests that the problems are widely known but persist due to
2
30

lack of action, not lack of awareness.

PL
_T
03 6
30

12. Answer: C
2
L

30
TP

Explanation: This option aligns with the passage's assertion that India "needs to rely on coal" while
L
_

P
3
60

_T

acknowledging the growth in renewable generation. It reflects the reality of India's growing energy
0

03
23

06
30

demand and the current limitations of alternative energy sources mentioned in the passage.
3
02
L P

3
_T

Incorrect options:
03 6

(a) Accelerating the phase-out of coal-based plants contradicts the passage's statement that India cannot
30
023

follow the UK's approach due to its growing energy demands and lack of alternatives.
L
TP

(b) While renewable expansion is mentioned, the passage states it's "far less than what is required to
3 _
0 6
30

meet the demand in 2030," making a complete replacement of coal unrealistic.

2
30

(d) Focusing exclusively on nuclear power isn't supported by the passage, which mentions that the
PL
_T

nuclear sector contributes less than 3% to the electricity mix, suggesting it's not a viable sole solution.
03 6
30 2
30

13. Answer: A
PL
_T

Explanation: This option aligns with the passage's emphasis on the upcoming patent expirations of
3
60
30

biologic products worth $170 billion by 2030. Investing in R&D to create new biosimilar products would
2
30

allow Indian biopharma companies to capitalize on this "window of opportunity" mentioned in the
PL T

passage.
3_ 0
06

Incorrect options:
3
02 3

(b) While expanding manufacturing capacity might be beneficial, the passage doesn't specifically mention
a shortage in production capacity as a limiting factor.
(c) The passage already states that many India-made biosimilars have been approved in markets like the
US, suggesting that regulatory approval isn't the primary challenge.
(d) While partnerships could be valuable, the passage doesn't mention this strategy or suggest that Indian
companies lack the capability to develop biosimilars independently.
 3
60 0
23
30
L
Law Prep Tutorial/Practice Sheet/CLAT 2025/Logical Reasoning

_TP
3
14. Answer: A

60 0
23
Explanation: The passage suggests that India's softened stance, particularly on the issue of exhaustion of

30
PL
local remedies, could serve as a "template for other countries which are also seeking similar concessions."

T
3_
This implies that the flexibility shown in the India-UAE BIT might help resolve sticking points in other

0
06
23
negotiations, potentially accelerating their conclusion.

30
L
Incorrect options:

_ TP
3
(b) While the passage mentions changes to the model BIT, it doesn't suggest a complete overhaul for all

0
06
23
future negotiations.
PL

3 0
T

L
3_

(c) The passage doesn't limit the impact to UAE-based companies; it implies broader implications for

TP
0
06

3_
negotiations with other countries.
3

60
02

0
3

23
(d) Although this could be a concern, the passage presents the changes as potentially positive for
L

30
P
_T

negotiations, rather than creating problematic inconsistencies.

03 6
30 2
30

15. Answer: D
PL T
3_

Explanation: This option aligns most closely with the passage's description of China as patient and not
0
06

boasting about its economic achievements, contrasted with India's tendency to "celebrate prematurely."
3
02 3

The passage suggests that China's approach of waiting and not setting specific dates for achievements
L
_TP

could be more conducive to long-term, sustainable development.

3 0 6
30

Incorrect options:
2
30

(a) The passage doesn't suggest that India's democratic nature leads to rapid economic growth or that
PL
_T

China's approach could lead to stagnation.

03 6
30

(b) The passage doesn't provide information about either country's international relationships or how
2
L

30
TP

their characteristics might affect them.

L
_

P
3
60

_T

(c) Although the passage mentions democratic freedoms in India and their absence in China, it doesn't
0

03
23

06
30

discuss how these might impact social stability or internal tensions in either country.
3
02
L P

3
_T
03 6
30
023
L
_TP
3 0 6
30 2
30
PL
_T
03 6
30 2
30
PL
_T 3
60
30 2
30
PL T
3_ 0
06 3
02 3