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Grammar
Conjunctions

Conjunctions are also known as

connectors or linkers or link words.

We use Conjunctions to join words, a GUSYF3:

group of words or sentences.
* There are three types of Conjunctions

Coordinating
Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions link two groups of words that
independently make sense.
Examples: and, or, for, otherwise, so, but, yet, still, as well as,
etc.

FANBOYS :- F -For, A - And, N - Nor, B - But, O - Or,

Y - Yet, S - So

Subordinating
Conjunctions
These Conjunctions help us to introduce Subordinate Clauses.
They are also used to join Subordinate or dependent Clauses to
Main clauses.

Examples: when, though, although, since, until, till, after, as,

before, if, unless, whereas, while, in case, as long as, as soon as,
as much as, therefore, so that, because, as if, however, etc.

Correlative
Conjunctions
These Conjunctions are always used in pairs. The two Connectors
in each sentence that are related to each other are known as
Correlative Conjunctions.
Examples: neither....n.o.r, either.......or, not only....ut also,
scarcely......hen, both.....and, no sooner.....han , such.....
that , etc.

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 Conjunctions And Their Functions

Conjunctions Functions

and, not only, but also, as well as, moreover, furthermore, to add information
besides, in addition to
Since, as, for, because, since then, before that, after that to indicate cause/reason
but, yet, still, nevertheless, on the other to express contrast
hand, though, although, even though, however, on the contrary
therefore, consequently, then, so, so that, hence, thus to show result or purpose
when, while, after, before, till, until, as soon as, as long as to indicate time
if, unless, whether, in case, provided that to add condition
or, either.....o., neither....nor, otherwise, or else to express choice
Likewise, similarly to denote comparison
where, wherever to denote place

Now, let us see various types of Conjunctions and practise how to use them in sentences.

I. Coordinating Conjunctions:
1. Irang up but he didn't speak to me.
2. Slow and steady wins the race.
3. Finish your work or you will not be sent home.
4. The child was illso he was admitted in the hospital.
5. He is rich for he is hard-working.

II. Subordinating Conjunctions:

1. Unless you work hard, you cannot secure good marks.
2. Wait till I return.
3. He is honest, though he is poor.
4. As John is very weak, he is not able to walk fast.
5. I will return home after sunset.
6. My uncle entered my house, while I was doing my homework.
II. Correlative Conjunctions:
1. Sheeba is both a singer and a dancer.
2. Neither Jane nor Ram has attended the function.
3. No sooner did the teacher enter the class than the boys stood up.
4. Scarcely had they gone out when it started raining.
5. The car is not only economical but also feels good to drive.

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 EXERCISE: 4. Robert completed the project. He
submitted it to the teacher.
A. Complete the sentences given below
choosing the right connectors given 5. Yusuf was running high temperature. He
in brackets. could not take part in the competition.
1. Call me you need money. D. Tick the correct linker.
(so that, in order that, in case)
1. he was honest, he was
2. I forgot Ihad to meet the
Principal. (whether, that, if) punished.

3. he is ninety years old, he though but

is in the pink of health. (when, since,
2. Walk carefully you will fall
though)
down.
4. It is raining. Take an umbrella
you will get drenched. unless otherwise
(or else, and, but)
3. My mother called me Iwas
5. They faced many hardships playing football.
they are always cheerful. (although,
nevertheless, otherwise) Or while

B. Fill in the blanks with the connector 4. My salary is low Ifind the
that goes with the underlined words. work interesting.
1. Both the minister the nevertheless similarly
officers visited the affected areas.
5. The passengers rushed to board the bus
2. Jaya teaches not only English
Science. it arrived.

3. Either Raghu Bala will have as soon as as long as

to buy vegetables from the market.
E. Supply suitable linkers.
4. No sooner did I enter the house
it started drizzling. 1," I was alive and had a
human heart, answered the statue,
C. Combine the pairs of sentences using "I did not know what tears were,
appropriate connectors. I lived in the palace
sorrow was not allowed to
1. We came late. We did not miss the train.
enter. My courtiers called me the Happy
2. They checked the packet twice. Then Prince Happy Indeed I
they sealed it. was. So I lived and I died.
3. Sita saw a snake. At once she ran away.
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2. Many writers make incorrect sentences A grammatical expression is
they try to put sentences turned into a noun phrase when we
together. They may make grammatical nominalise a sentence. For example,
errors leave out important
punctuation marks. Making such (A) After 1885, trade with Europe grew.
mistakes is quite common (Verb)
preparing the first draft .
he must carefully edit his final draft. (B) After 1885, there was a growth in
trade with Europe. (Noun)
3. In most large cities towns of
In sentence B, we have used the word
our country, there are special schools for
there are many co 'growth' which is the noun form of the
girls.
educational schools girls verb 'grow' by adding the suffix 'th:
boys study together. Most Nominalisation can be done in three
parents allow their daughters to attend
these schools, there are different ways.
some parents are against
1. We can add suffixes like -ment, -tion,
such schools for girls the
age of 14 orl5. -sion, -ness, -ation, -ity, -al to verbs
and adjectives.
E. Rearrange the words in the correct
Examples:
order to make meaningful sentences.
admire admiration
1. as /I / healthy / are / you / am / as arrive arrival
2. your / today / put on / new/ since / is / careless carelessness
birthday ldress / the fail failure
include inclusion
3. allergic / dogs / Rani / though / is / to I
of / six l she / them / has
intense
intensity
punish punishment
4. speaks / Ruben / besides / German
languages / two 2. Some words are turned into nouns
without any adding suffix.
5. loan/apply/you/if/forlyou/alget/will
immediately/it/ Examples:
bleed blood
Nominalisation lose loss
prove proof
The term "nominalisation" refers to sell sale
the process of producing a noun from speak speech
another part of speech by adding a
derivational affix. 3. Some words do not undergo any change
when they are used as nouns.
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