OO Mount Kenya 502369 44.5 | University UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2023/2024 MEDICAL SCHOOL DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES VIRTUAL VARSITY UNIT CODE: BML3121 UNIT TITLE: DIAGNOSTIC PHLEBOTOMY DATE: WED 177 APRIL,2024 8.00AM MAIN EXAM TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS SECTION A: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS (48 MARKS) 1. 2 cf = 7. 8. Describe the use of capillary blood in clinical chemistry laboratory. (6 Marks) Outline the procedure of drawing arterial blood from an adult. (6 Marks) ’ Differentiate between a blood specimen from a blood sample. (6 Marks) . Describe a comatose patient. (6 Marks) . Describe rapid test strips and give an example. (6 Marks) . Describe the purpose of winged needles in a diagnostic laboratory. (6 Marks) Describe the mode of action of heparin in blood collection. (6 Marks) Describe the labelling of blood specimen t during phlebotomy. (6 Marks) SECTION B: (ANSWER ONLY ONE QUESTION) 22 MARKS % Discuss anti-coagulants and preservatives used in phlebotomy services. (22 Marks) Paper One Page 110. Discuss the relevant occupational health regulations for prevention of HIV and hepatitis B. (22 Marks) 11. Discuss the documentation carried out during the collection of blood specimens. (22 Marks) Paper One Page 2: Je2r5051 44 Mount Kenya 7 University UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2023/2024 MEDICAL SCHOOL. DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES . BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES VIRTUAL VARSITY UNIT CODE: BML3118 UNIT TITLE: DIAGNOSTIC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY DATE: TUE 16™ APRIL, 2024 _8.00AM__MAIN EXAM TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS SECTION A: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS (48 MARKS) 1. Explain why CSF is referred to as the most precicus specimen in clinical chemistry laboratory. (6 Marks) 2. Describe the acceptable way of reporting a quantitative analytical report. . (6 Marks) } 3. Outline precisely the preparation of 200 ml of 1M NaCl solution. (6 Marks) 4. Describe the labelling of a reagent prepared in the laboratory. (6 Marks) 5. Describe the importance of servicing and maintenance of laboratory equipment. (6 Marks) & Explain what informs the decision to acquire a piece of clinical chemistry equipment. (6 Marks) 7. Describe a subject-based reference range of a clinical chemistry analyte. (6 Marks) 8. Explain what you understand by the term “occult blood” (6 Marks) Paper One Page 1SECTION B: (ANSWER ONLY ONE QUESTION) 22 MARKS 9. Discuss external quality control programmes in clinical chemistry. (22 Marks) 10. Discuss the physical and chemical analysis of urine. (22 Marks) 11. Discuss the characteristics of a reagent kit used in a clinical chemistry laboratory. (22 Marks) Paper One Page 2S028LILOSO Mount Kenya @9j University UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2023/2024 MEDICAL SCHOOL DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES VIRTUAL VARSITY UNIT CODE: BML3119 UNIT TITLE: DIAGNOSTIC IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY DATE: WED 17™ APRIL, 2024 2.00PM MAIN EXAM TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION A v ANSWER ANY ONE QUESTION IN SECTION B SECTION A: (48 MARKS) 1. Explain how an immunological test can be used to identify the anti-sperm antibodies in resolving infertility issues among patients. (6 Marks) 2. Explain the principle of Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT) used in identifying drug abusers. (6 Marks) . Outline the collection, transportation and storage of clinical samples meant for immunological tests in the laboratory. (6 Marks) 4. Differentiate between affinity and avidity in antigen-antibody reactions. (6 Marks) 5. Explain the difference in principles of Mancini test and Ouchterlony test. (6 Marks) Paper One Page 16. The concept of cross-reaction is critical in immunological tests. Explain why this phenomenon can drive a popular immunological test kit out of the market. (6 Marks) 7. Explain the principle and significance of dry blood spot (DBS) in modern diagnostic immunology. (6 Marks) 8. Explain the meaning of the color changes in the patient and control panels of the rapid kit for syphilis testing in the laboratory. (6 Marks) SECTION B (22 MARKS): ANSWER ONLY ONE QUESTION 1. As a consultant immunologist you advise on how monoclonal antibodies are produced for purposes of making immunological diagnostic kits. Describe all the steps involved in the hybridoma technology used to make monoclonal antibodies. (22 Marks) 2. Protein cell-surface markers can be used to differentiate different cell populations in blood samples. Explain how flow cytometry works in such a task (22 Marks) 3. Choosing suitable diagnostic tests can sometimes be a challenge yet this must be done correctly to ensure results are valid. Covering all aspects of the tests, discuss the differences between immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. (22 Marks) Paper One Page 2University UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2023/2024 MEDICAL SCHOOL DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES VIRTUAL VARSITY UNIT CODE: BML3115, UNIT TITLE: DIAGNOSTIC PARASITOLOGY DATE: THUR 18™ APRIL, 2024 2.00PM MAIN EXAM TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION A AND ONLY ONE QUESTION IN ‘SECTION B SECTION A: 48 MARKS 1. Describe the procedures used in the microscopic examination of stool. (6 Marks) 2. Describe the standard operating procedure for enterotest. (6 Marks) 3. Outline the standard operating procedure for preparing urine specimen for . investigation of parasitic infection. (6 Marks) 4, Outline the standard operating procedure for zinc sulphate floatation stool examination method. (6 Marks) 5. Describe the conditions observed when preparing parasitological reagents. (6 Marks) 6. Describe laboratory specimen s used in diagnosis of parasitic infections. (6 Marks) 7. Describe the concentration techniques of fecal specimen analysis. (6 Marks) Paper One Page 18. Describe laboratory samples used in diagnosis of parasitic infections. (6 Marks) 9. Outline the preparation and uses of normal saline in a parasitology laboratory. (6 Marks) A SECTION B: (ANSWER ONLY ONE QUESTION) 22 MARKS (22 Marks) 10. Describe the formal ether technique. diagnostic tool 41. a) Discuss Amplified Fragment Length polymorphism (AFLP) as a (11 Marks) in parasitology. cautionary measures to be observed in a parasitology b) Outline the prec (14 Marks) laboratory to prevent the spread of infections. ool specimen collection, processing, 42. Describe quality control methods in St (22 Marks) examination, reporting and disposal. Paper OneMount Kenya University UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2023/2024 MEDICAL SCHOOL DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES VIRTUAL VARSITY UNIT CODE: BML3120 —_UNIT TITLE: DIAGNOSTIC HISTOPATHOLOGY AND CYTOPATHOLOGY DATE: TUE 16™ APRIL,2024 2.00PM _—_-MAIN EXAM TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS SECION A: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS (48 MARKS) 1. Describe types of histological preparations. (6 Marks) 2. Outline three (3) aims and effects of fixation. (6 Marks) 3. Describe osmium tetraoxide. (6 Marks) 4, Explain the terms; a) Post chromation. (3 Marks) b) Post fixation. (3 Marks) 5. Describe the terms; a) Progressive staining, (3 Marks) b) Regressive staining, (3 Marks) 6. List risk factors for developing cervical cancer. (6 Marks) 7. Describe CSF cytology. (6 Marks) 8. Describe qualities of a good mordant. (6 Marks) Paper One Page 1 PpSECTION B: ANSWER ONLY ONE QUESTION (22 MARKS) 1. Discuss how to test the end point of decalcification. (22 Marks) 2. Discuss guidelines to pap smear collection. (22 Marks) 3. Discuss role of diagnostic cytology. (22 Marks) Paper One Page 2Mount Kenya University UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2023/2024 ‘MEDICAL SCHOOL, DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES REGULAR UNIT CODE: BML3117 UNIT TITLE: DIAGNOSTIC BLOOD TRANSFUSION DATE: MON 15™ APRIL,2024 2.00PM __MAIN EXAM TIME: 2 HOURS SECTION A: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS 1. Briefly explain the preparation of 0.85% saline solution (6 Marks) 2, State the information that should be labelled on the donor blood bags. (6 Marks) 3. Explain the preparation of a 5% cell suspension. (6 Marks) 4. Outline the procedure for indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) (6 Marks) 5. State the criteria for rejection of specimens in a blood bank laboratory. (6 Marks) s - State the role of the following reagents in blood bank laboratory (6 Marks) a) Grouping cells. b) 22% Bovine albumin. ¢) — Antihuman globulin (AHG). 7. Name the anticoagulants commonly used in blood transfusion. (6 Marks) 8. Outline the procedure for detecting the weak D antigen. (6 Marks) Paper Two Page 1SECTION B: ANSWER ANY ONE QUESTION 9. Outline the direct antiglobulin test (DAT). (22 Marks) 0. Describe the major cross match technique. (22 Marks) 11. Describe how to prepare a pooled group O cells suspension, (22 Marks) Paper Two Page 2Hexzseoqease Mount Kenya & University UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2023/2024 MEDICAL SCHOOL DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES VIRTUAL VARSITY UNIT CODE: BML3116 UNIT TITLE: DIAGNOSTIC HAEMATOLOGY DATE: MON 1574 APRIL,2024 _ 8.00AM MAIN EXAM ‘TIME: 2 HOURS: INSTRUCTIONS SECTION A: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS 1. Name the types of anticoagulants used in a haematopathology laboratory and indicate the use for each. (6 Marks) 2. State the role of the following haemostatic tests; . (6 Marks) a) Factor assay. b) D- Dimer test. ¢) Activated partial thromboplastin time. eaahren GREER enerbed| Se 3. Outline the procedure for the preparation-of a thin blood film. (6 Marks) 4. State the role of the following in a haematology laboratory a) Thoma pipette. b) Hemocytometer. c) Hayem’s fluid. . Briefly explain how bone marrow aspirate specimens should be transported. (6 Marks) 6. Briefly explain the purpose of hemoglobin electrophoresis test. (6 Marks) Paper One Page 1@ 7. Briefly explain the reception of samples received in a haematology laboratory. (6 Marks) 8. With the help of a well labelled diagram, illustrate the electrophoretic pattern of a blood sample from a sickle cell patient. (6 Marks) SECTION B: ANSWER ANY ONE QUESTION 45 Describe the preparation of a thin blood film. (22 Marks) &. a) State the diagnostic importance of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) © test. (6 Marks) b) Outline the procedure for Erythrocyte sedimentation rate determination (Westergren method). (16 Marks) \ \ 1. Describe the Wrights - Giemsa method of staining bone marrow films. (22 Marks) Paper One Page 290225612 23 Mount Kenya UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2023/2024 MEDICAL SCHOOL, DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES VIRTUAL VARSITY UNIT CODE: BML3114 UNIT TITLE: DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY DATE: THUR 18™ APRIL, 2024 8.00AM MAIN EXAM TIME: 2 HOURS SECTION A: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS (48 MARKS) 1, Explain the following; a) Establishment of an infection. (3 Marks) b) Difference between differential and evidence diagnosis in-clinical practice. (3 Marks) 2. Explain why acid-fast staining is recommended in sputum examination in diagnostic microbiology. (6 Marks) 3. Describe the criteria for acceptance of a microbiological specimen in diagnostic microbiology. (6 Marks) 4. Describe the factors, which can affect presumptive diagnosis in a vaginal swab processing, (6 Marks) 5. Describe the factors to consider in disc diffusion susceptibility testing in laboratory practice, (6 Marks) 6. Describe principle and application of immunologic methods in diagnostic microbiology. (6 Marks) 7. Describe the parameters that affects growth of microorganisms in solid and liquid media. (6 Marks) Paper One Page 1a Pi 8. Explain the laboratory methods used in a purification of mixed growth containing specimen. (6 Marks) SECTION B: ANSWER ONE QUESTION ONLY (22 MARKS) 9. Discuss the principle and application of nucteic acid testing methods. (22 Marks) 10. Discuss the application and principal differences between genetic and immunologic testing methods in medical laboratory practice. (22 Marks) 11. Describe the principle and application of three commonly used molecular tests in diagnostic microbiology. (22 Marks) faper One Page 2