Lesson 2: ICT Development

Fempal

The invention of the printing press in 1440 century by Johannes

Gutenberg, T a goldsmith from the town of Mainz in Germany, stands as
the most signifi- cant event that launched a new social order. It would
later on be known as the Gutenberg press.

However, the history of printing stretches as far back as the third century
when textiles became the first surface from where words were inscribed.
By the fifth century, parts of East Asia used a technique called woodblock
printing wherein the printer would carve drawings and characters into a
flat block of wood, ink the wood, then transfer the images by pressing
them into a surface of cloth or parchment.

In 1000s, Bi Sheng invented the movable type technology where each

character (or letter, in the context of Western syllabary) is carved or cast
in hardened clay. These characters are rearranged as they are inked on
(hence the term “movable” type), then pressed against parchment or
vellum. In 1377, a Korean monk named Baegun invented a metal movable
type technology to produce a book titled Jikiji, which contained Buddhist
texts collected from various monks and teachers.

In Europe during the Medieval period, only the clergy had access to books.
Latin was the language of scholars, but the great majority of masses in
Europe did not speak it so the roads to knowledge and information were
closed to them.

Gutenberg demonstrated the possibilities of the movable type technology.

He combined tin, lead, and antimony so that the alloy could melt at low
temperature, making it more pliant for molding. The mirror image of each
letter was carved on a

Small metal block. The letter blocks were then revolute Gutenbed print
the wed By 1452 Gutenberg began working on the two-volume Gutenberg
bilble which completed in 1455. Ompleted inology for the printing press
spread rapidly he is the out of the l

Replica of the Gutenberg press t the meal Printing Museum in Carson,

Colllomia

Source: Vorts2 Sep

038.jpg)

The same European cities had already as the Venetian Aldus Mobel and
other printed materials. Most notable was the Venetian (1449-1515) who
founded the Aldine Pruss in Venice, a city in the Of Italy. The rise of
printing press fueled the growth of publishing. For the first time the
masses were able to afford books. Printing stimulated the production of
ideas and the dissemination of information which, in turn, propelled the
advancement of science and technology as well as the arts and
humanities. Northwestern part

Printing encouraged the rise of literacy by giving the masses the desire to
know how to read and write a skill that was once denied to them and
made available only to the clergy. The demand for books grew and readers
demanded more variety Almanacs, travel books, stories of chivalry and
romance, poetry, and music were just some of the genres that developed
in the first 100 years of printing. Washington Post columnist Robert J.
Samuelson captured the vast changes that ushered in as result of the
invention of printing: “Gutenberg’s press led to mass literacy, fostered the
Protestant Reformation (by undermining the clergy’s theological
monopoly) and, through the easy exchange of information, enabled the
scientific revolution.”

The Industrial Revolution, which transpired from 1750 to 1850, brought

unprecedented developments in agriculture, transportation,
manufacturing, and technology. Factories sprouted in many places and
continued to grow in number technology became a defining feature of
workplace, enabling machines that would speed up the process of
production and increase its output. The technology that initially governed
the printing press eventually developed to accommodate these changes.
In 1798, the French developed a machine that could handle a continuons
roll of paper. Meanwhile, in Germany around 1811, steam power was
integrated inte the machine, a feature that the Americans would improve
on through the rotary press. The American newspaper Baltimore Sun
became one of the early users of this high-speed machine. It was also
during this time that the first “pictorial” weekly newspapers emerged,
featuring photographs and illustrations of events alongside the news.

Electronic Communication

The rise of electronic communications took off from the invention of the
telegraph in 1839 by Samuel Morse (1791-1872). The electrical telegraph
system transmitted information via electric cables laid over several
stations. Morse came up with a code composed of dots and dashes to
signify words and numbers. Radio broadcasting emerged from this
pioneering technology. After the invention

Of the Morse Code, an Italian scientist named Guglielmo Marconi (1874-

1937) became interested in sending free messages using electric waves
or frequencies. The British empire saw the value of this technology and
supported the financing of The Marconi Company so it can render services
to the commercial and military ships of England, the United States,

And other countries.

In the eve of Christmas 1906, Canadian-born inventor Reginald Fessenden

(1866 1932) surprised ships traveling through the Antarctic Ocean

82 CHARTER FOUR INFORMATION AND COMMI

Small metal block. The letter blocks were then moved to form and print
the worda altenberg began working on the two-volume Gutenberg bible
which be

Healing Mustom in Canon Calle

Cansons witinedisong/wiki/

Ompleted in legs for the printing press the adquired the means to produce
in 1455. Vethe, adme European cities had already the Venetian printer
Aldubok slutber printed materials. Most notable was the Venetian printer
Aldus Mamuti (149-1515) who founded the Aldine Press in Venice, a city in
the northwestern par of taly. The rise of printing press fueled the growth of
publishing. For the first time dffimases were able to afford books. Printing
stimulated the production of ideas and the dissemination of information
which, in turn, propelled the advancement of science and technology as
well as the arts and humanities.

Printing encouraged the rise of literacy by giving the masses the desire to
know how to read and write a skill that was once denied to them and
made available only to the clergy. The demand for books grew and readers
demanded more variety Almanses, travel books, stories of chivalry and
romance, poetry, and music were Just some of the genres that developed
in the first 100 years of printing. Washington Post columnist Robert J.
Samuelson captured the vast changes that ushered in as a result of the
invention of printing: “Gutenberg’s press led to mass literacy, fostered the
Protestant Reformation (by undermining the clergy’s theological
monopoly) and, through the easy exchange of information, enabled the
scientific revolution.”

The Industrial Revolution, which transpired from 1750 to 1850, brought

unprecedented developments in agriculture, transportation,
manufacturing, and technology. Factories sprouted in many places and
continued to grow in number: technology became a defining feature of
workplace, enabling machines that would speed up the process of
production and increase its output. The technology that initially governed
the printing press eventually developed to accommodate these changes.
In 1798, the French developed a machine that could handle a continmous
roll of paper. Meanwhile, in Germany around 1811, steam power was
integrated into the machine, a feature that the Americans would improve
on through the rotary press. The American newspaper Baltimore Sun
became one of the early users of this high-speed machine. It was also
during this time that the first “pictorial” weekly newspapers emerged,
featuring photographs and illustrations of events alongside the news.
Electronic Communication

The rise of electronic communications took off from the invention of the
telegraph in 1839 by Samuel Morse (1791-1872). The electrical telegraph
system transmitted information via electric cables laid over several
stations. Morse came up with a code composed of dots and dashes to
signify words and numbers.

Radio broadcasting emerged from this pioneering technology. After the

invention of the Morse Code, an Italian scientist named Guglielmo Marconi
(1874-1937) became interested in sending free messages using electric
waves or frequencies. The British empire saw the value of this technology
and supported the financing of The Marconi Company so it can render
services to the commercial and military ships of England, the United
States, and other countries.

32) eve of Christmas 1906, Canadian-born inventor Reginald Fessenden

(1866 1932) surprised ships traveling through the Antarctic Ocean when

82 CHAPTER FOUR INFORMATION AND COMMI

Not just ditus develophies but music played from a phonograph. The
sailors were thrilled. This development gave rise to what would be known
as radiotelephony. By 1907. American Inventor Lee De Forest (1873-1961)
invented and patented the vacuum tube that could take weak electrical
signals and amplify it, making transmissions clearer through spesker
systems. It took more than two decades for the full potential of radio
broadcasting to tramamit news, muste, and all forms of information,
education, and entertainment,

Along with the Invention of vacuum tube, the electronic television was
developed using the cathode-ray oscilloscope technology developed by
German scientist Karl Braun (1850-1918) in 1897. Two decades later,
Russian scientist Vladimir Zworykin (1889 1982) invented an improved
cathode ray tube called the kinescope. American scientist Philo
Farnsworth (1906-1971) developed the television comprised of 60
horizontal lines. Meanwhile, Hungarian-born inventor Louis Parker in turn
invented the modern television receiver responsible for synchronizing the
picture and audio transmission of a unit.

After World War II, television became even more popular and production of
programs Increased. In the United States, television networks expanded
and consolidated their capital to usher in a golden age of television that
saw the rise of many entertainment genres, notably drama and comedy.

In the Philippines, television was introduced in 1946 after James

Lindenberg began assembling transmitters for the Bolinao Electronics
Corporation. However, his initiatives were halted by strict import controls,
with the authorities claiming that the dollars spent on importing raw
materials were better spent on more essential items, given the damages
that resulted from the war. The first commercial telecast came in 1953
when Antonio Quirino, the brother of President Elpidio Quirino, took out
resources from Lindenberg’s project to open DZAQ-TV derived from his
initials. Television sets had to be imported mostly from the US. In 1956,
ownership for DZAQ-TV was transferred to the Lopezes and renamed
Chronicle Broadcasting Systein, the forerunner of today’s broadcast giant,
the ABS-CBN Corporation.

From Analog to Digital

These technological breakthroughs have dramatically altered

communications and Information dissemination. In 1943, the first
electronic computer was created. Like the television sets, it used the
vacuum tube technology. In the 1970s, the micropro- cessor was invented
by Ted Hoff together with his colleagues from Silicon Valley.
Microprocessors are the heart of every computer in the same way that the
engine is the heart of a vehicle. It is a computational engine packed on a
single integrated circuit carrying all the computing functions of a
computer, such as accepting data as input, processing according to
instructions stored in the memory, and providing the results

As output. During the cold war, scientists and researchers developed a

tool that enabled military institutions to communicate and share data with
one another. As the Soviet Union launched its first satellite into outer
space, America and its allies became restless, belleving that they were
lagging behind science and technology

Wention 1937) The of The hipe of

And

As a response, scholars from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

led by J.C.FR. Licklider (1915-1990), proposed a network of computers that
could communi cate in the event that phone lines are destroyed by a
Soviet attack. The proposal was

While ceramic C4004 microprocesor developed by Intel CorporaNon in

1971

Source: Thomas Nguyen: http:// comtions wormedling/wat File-Intel

Stted code

Ntion 937) The The pe of

Not just finis developines but music played from a phonograph. “The
sailors were thrilled. This development gave rise to what would be known
as radiotelephony. By 1907, American Inventor Lee De Forest (1873-1961)
invented and patented the vacuum tube that could take weak electrical
siguals and amplify it, making transmissions clearer through speaker
systems. It took more than two decades for the full potential of radio
broadcasting to transmit news, music, and all forms of information,
education, and entertainment.

Along with the invention of vacuum tube, the electronic television was
developed using the cathode-ray oscilloscope technology developed by
German scientist Karl Brann (1850-1918) in 1897. Two decades later,
Russian scientist Vladimir Zworykin (1889-1982) invented an improved
cathode ray tube called the kinescope. American scientist Philo
Farnsworth (1906-1971) developed the television comprised of 60
horizontal lines. Meanwhile, Hungarian-born inventor Louis Parker in turn
invented the modern television receiver responsible for synchronizing the
picture and audio transmission of a unit.

After World War II, television became even more popular and production of
programs increased. In the United States, television networks expanded
and consolidated their capital to usher in a golden age of television that
saw the rise of many entertainment genres, notably drams and comedy.

In the Philippines, television was introduced in 1946 after James

Lindenberg hegan assembling transmitters for the Bolinao Electronics
Corporation. However, his initiatives were halted by strict import controls,
with the authorities claiming that the dollars spent on importing raw
materials were better spent on more essential items, given the damages
that resulted from the war. The first commercial telecast came in 1953
when Antonio Quirino, the brother of President Elpidio Quirino, took out
resources from Lindenberg’s project to open DZAQ-TV derived from his
initials. Television sets had to be imported mostly from the US. In 1956,
ownership for DZAQ-TV was transferred to the Lopezes and renamed
Chronicle Broadcasting System, the forerunner of today’s broadcast giant,
the ABS-CBN Corporation.

From Analog to Digital

These technological breakthroughs have dramatically altered

communications and Information dissemination. In 1943, the first
electronic computer was created. Like the television sets, it used the
vacuum tube technology. In the 1970s, the micropro cessor was invented
by Ted Hoff together with his colleagues from Silicon Valley.
Microprocessors are the heart of every computer in the same way that the
engine is the heart of a vehicle. It is a computational engine packed on a
single integrated circuit carrying all the computing functions of a
computer, such as accepting data as input, processing according to
instructions stored in the memory, and providing

The results as output. During the cold war, scientists and researchers
developed a tool that enabled military institutions to communicate and
share data with one another. As the Soviet Union launched its first satellite
into outer space, America and its allies became restless, believing that
they were lagging behind science and technology.

As a response, scholars from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

led by J.C.R. Licklider (1915-1990), proposed a network of computers that
could communi- cate in the event that phone lines are destroyed by a
Soviet attack. The proposal was

White ceramic CA004 microprocessor developed by intel Corporation in

1971,

Source: Thomas Nguyen, https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:tel

C4004.jpg

Joseph Carl Robnen Ucklides, also known as CR, was on Americon

computer sciential who was among the first people who conceived of the
idea for a computer network that would allow general communications
among computer users-ideas which describe olmost everything that the
Intermetis today

(Source: US National Library of Medicine ttps://commons.

Wikimedia.org/wiki/File/CR Licklider.jpg

LESSON 2 ICT DEVELOPMENT 83