~ anu oouy org ams auo n or orgamsms.

o ~,.1 !• (0'1,••; TQ ~~:-J.~ ~ '.•-•; 1•-q••~~- ,• ~

- ---- -- ----- . . . - "' . . . .. . ...,----- . -'"•• ......... .l
The kingdom Monera include s mos t ancient,
sma lles t, "sim ples t and mos t plentiful pr~karyotes.
The refo re, the kingdom is also kno wn as Prokaryota
(Gk. pro mea nin g before and kary meaning nucleus)
;tha t mea ns the se organisms lack a true nucleus.

Innovati ve Biology - IX
Genera l Charact eristics
• Tl1ey are the simples t prokaryo tic cell structur es.
• 1'1ost of the organism s are unicellul ar, · except
qranoba cteria which may be multicel lular in
structur e.
•· The cells do not have organell es like mitocho ndria
and endopla smic reticulum .
• Instead of cellulose , the cell is made up of
polysacc harides and amino acids.
• Instead of a true nucleus, member s of this kingdom
have a coiled strand of DNA called nucleoid which
lies in the cytoplas m.
• Their mode of nutritio n is either autotrop hic or
heterotr ophic.
The kingdom Monera includ es ba ct er ia, cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae).
General Characteristics
• All organisms include in this kingdom are
prokaryotic an d unicellular.
• They have no me mb ra ne bo un d organelles, e.g.
mitochondria.
• They possess nucleoid, i.e. genetic material without
the nuclear membrane.
• The kingdom MOnera basically includes Eubacteria
and Archaebacteria.
 -

~
~' ·tV i~
~ --
.
~~!~1~__
_J
The kingdom Prot ista inclu des simple, unicellular
organ isms but som e of thern are mult icellular, e.g.
algae.
General Characteristics
• All orga nism s are euka ryoti c and exist as
inde pend ent cells. They have mem bran e-bo und
organelles, e.g. mito chon dria and endo plas mic
reticulum. The cyto plasm ic strea ming is foun d
within the cell.
• The mod e of nutr ition can be phot osyn theti c (e.g.
algae and diato ms), holo zoic (e.g. Amo eba) and
absorptive (e.g. Entamoeba histolytica).
• Most prot ists live in wat er-i n river s, seas, mois t
places and body fluid s of livin g orga nism s.
• Many of them can mov e by mea ns of flagella
(Euglena) and cilia (Par ame cium ) or by forming
pseu dopo dia (Am oeba ).
• They reprodt.J.c~ asexually as ~ell as sexually.
In asexual reproduction, they ·show binary
fission, multiple fission and budding. The sexual
reprodu ction occurs through conjugation that
.uinvolves meiosis or reductio n division.
 F1111gi are the eukaryotic, non-green and he ter otr
op hic
organisn1s. Alo11g with some heterotrophic pro ka ryo tes
and protists, fungi are the major decomposers of
e
organic wastes. They are found in every ha bit at wh er
the organic material is available. They also have
symbiotic associations with pla nt roots.
General Characteristics
e
• Fungi lack chlorophyll and are unable to synt he sis
the ir own food. Hence, the y have pa ra sitic an d
saprophytic modes of nutrition.
ite
• They are eukaryotic organisms. They ha ve a de fin
nucleus an d cell wall. Their cell wall is m ad e up of a
tough complex su ga r called chitin or ce llu los e.
'
• They vary in size. They exist fr0m microscop ic size
to very large sizes (sucl1 as mu sh ro om s).
• Fungi may be unicellular (like yeast) or multicellular
(like mushroom).
• MuJticeJ~ular fungi are made up of branching
thread-hke structures called hyphae. These branch
out throu .
ghout th e. su bstr at um 1n .
----,---~--"~- which th e fungus
, .,.,.._~-·-
.............
~ ~,- .. . , . . . ~
- . • ~ , ~~ ..~ ---~·~-._ .-,;-:-~ . _ , :-p-, .. I;""'_ _ &.: ~---~~ ..-r--- - .,-...-- ...--,--:~¥'! 0,-y"l-., •
 is growing and absorb nutrients . The branchin g
hyphae form a network called mycelium .
• Fungi reproduc e asexually by means of spore
formatio n in which spores are released into the
surround ing air. When they settle down on a
suitable material, they germinat e and grow. Sexual
reproduc tion also occurs in fungi.
~ • i ~• r; 1.c.
lf 'li. - ·-1

. . ·--~- -
. l de green brow n •
Members of kingdom Plantae me u ferns a~d seed-
and red algae, liverworts, moss~t~out flowers. They
bearing plants wi th flow~r~ or;~qu atic habitats. ...

are found both in terres tr1a an •

General Characteristics h ll D
• They are multicellular euk a~o tes with chlor op Y
a, chlorophyll b and caroteno1ds. T
• They are comp osed of tissue -leve l and organ-level d
structures. Except the algae and bryo phyt es, othe r
mem bers of this group have well deve loped vasc ular
tissues.
• A large centr al vacuole is prese nt in the plan t cell.
• The cell wall is a dead struc ture whic h prov ides the
mechanical strength to the cell. It is com pose d of
cellulose.
• The reserve food materials are starc h and fats.
• Nutrition is typically autotrophic. Para sitic form s
are heterotrophic in natur e. Plan ts that grow in
nitrogen-deficient areas are insec tivor ous iri nature.
• Reproduction may be asexual and sexual. In the
sexual repro ducti on an embr yo is formed which
develops into a new plant.
• Plant s are non-motile organisms. Some are free-
floating in fresh wate r and sea water.
 • f kin~dom Animalia exh;bit
l'c~ 0 ~ ll-.
Tht rnl'"' ,stirs:
~hJrJd
f1."~l~n,1ng L en
1cbaracten'stiCS
GenetcJ . ' belonging to this group are eukaryotit
• on:anlSm. .
... Iticellular organisms.
The,· are mu .
• ' · f trition is heterotroph1c.
• Their mode o nu .
~ st of the ant
•mals show locom otlon for obtaini·~
• ~ and shelter. But sponges and cora]s ar; ;<c

sedentary.
.
• H1 .. her orgaru·sms ooenerally possess a definite shal'lr.
. .:, d "TT\metry. Howeve~ lower orgam.srns ~ ""
stze an ~ 111
•

exception.
• They have well-developed organisation i~ tenns ~
cell, tissue, organ and organ system. Their cells It
not have cell walls.
: They stop growi ng after a certain period of time.

Detailed Classification of Plantae

The kbgdom Plantae
divided into five
is
divisions-Th allop hyta, Bryopbyta, Pteridophyta,
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
The first three divisions are flowerless and seedless
plants. They are collectively known as Cryptogams.
The plants belong to divisions Gymnosperms and
Angiosperm s are flowering and seed-bearing plants.
They are called Phanerogams.

Cryptogams

The · -: -- . - - ---- _,
y are the primitive plants. The members of thi.S
group are generally k
nown as algae.
General Characteristics
They have pritnitive and simple b d
o y structure.
ey are usually found i .
n 11101st and wet places.
 'fheyhave
a cell wall of cellulose around their cells. Tr
• f them are autotrop hic but some like fungi are IlC
• Mosto . p,
heterotroph1c.
a1
• body is in the form of an individu al thallus,
As th e1r
• therefore, they are also known as thalloid s. J

• They may be filamento us, colonial, branche d or

unbranched structure s .
• Their reproductive organs are single-ce lled and
there is no embryo formatio n after fertilisat ion.

-
Algae are free-living, autotrop hic and chloroph yll-
bearing thalloids, although some can form a symbiot ic
relationship with other organism s. Some algae have
pigments of other colours, such as red, blt1e or yellow.
Algae are found both in fresh water and sea water.
They may be single-celled, colonial or filament ous.
Their examples "include Ulothrix, Cladophora,
Chlamydomonas and Ulva.
Fungi are eith er sing}e . . celled. or multicellul ar
organisms that con sist of long, thread-lil<e stru ctur es
called hyphae. The se hyp hae toge ther form a. mes h
called mycelium. The ir cell wal l is mad e up of chitin.
They have a den se nuc leus with chro mat in thre ads .
They are heterotrophic thallophytes because of their
non-green nature. They are either saprophytic or
parasitic. Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergi/lus, Penicil/ium
and Agaricus are fungi.
According to the recent F,ve ktngdom Classification, the
bacter,a and fungi are not mcluded In the kingdom Plantae,
because both have no chlorophyll and the mode5of nutrition
in them are heterotrophic instead of autotrophic.

Bryophytes are the simplest and the most primitive

land plants, that range from 2 cm to 15 cm in length.
They usually grow in moist and shady places like
the sides of lakes, ponds and wet hills. Bryophytes
are called amphibians of the plant kingdom as
they grow on land but require water fo r their sexual
reproduction . Bryophytes include liverworts, horn
worts and mosses. Funaria, Marchantia and Riccia are
some common bryophytes.
General Characteristics
• They do not not have vascular tissues like xylem and
phloem. Hence, they are called non-vascular plants.
• They are mostly autotrophic and have chlorophyll
for manufacturing food by the process of
photosynthesis.
• They have either thalloid body (e.g. Riccia and
Marchantia) or leafy and erect body (e.g. Mosses).
• Instead of true roots, they develop thin, hair-like,
multicellular structures called rhizoids. Rhizoids
help to bind the plant to soil and also help in nutrient
absorption.
• Bryophytes show alteration of generation.
• They have two distinct phases in their life cycle-
sporophytic and gametophytic. The sporophyte
lives as parasite on the gametophyte.
• They have multicellular and jacketed sex organs.
. Male sex organ is called antheridia while the femal e
sex organ is called archegonia.
• They reproduce sexually or through vegetative
methods.

The bryophytes are known as pioneers of vegetation.

This is because, they are said to be the first ones to grow on
various habitats like rock, lava, sand and water. They act
very well as soil binders. Mosses help to hold water better
than soil. This improves the microhabitat for other plants to
grow. Bryophytes are the source of food for fish and birds and
nesting materials for birds.
l[~·m:t-)11 ~-~
. ,. . _ ~- .... -. . : - ·- -----..·,~· - - ~

Pteridophytes have feather-like appearance. They are

the most primitive vascular plants. Plants belonging
to this division are usually found in damp and shady
areas of gardens or even hills where the temperature
is low. Some common examples of pteridophytes are
Lycopodium, Pteridium, Marsilea and Fern.
General Characteristics
• The plant body is differentiated into true roots,
stem, and leaves. Their leaves are called fronds.
• They have vascular tissues, i.e. xylem and phloem.
Cambium is absent.
• They do not have flowers so they do not produce
seeds.
• They bear spores within the sporangia. The
leaves bearing spores are called sporophylls. The
sporangia are either borne singly or in groups called
sori.
• They have multicellular sex organs covered with
the jacket of sterile cells. The male sex organs are
called antheridia and female sex organs are called
archegonia.
• The spores germinate to produce haploid
gametophyte, called prothallus.
 • In pte rid op hy tes , ma le sex org ans ant her idi a and
fem ale sex org ans arc heg oni a bot h are bo rne on a
ga me top hy tic pro tha lli.
• Fe rtil isa tio n occ urs in the pre sen ce of wa ter . It
is ne ed ed for the tra nsf er of ant her ozo ids (m ale
ga me tes ).
• Th e dip loi d zyg ote is ret ain ed wit hin arc heg oni al
v ent er. It dev elo ps int o an em bry o wh ich rem ain s
att ach ed to the gam eto ph yte and get s no uri shm ent
du rin g its ear ly sta ge of dev elo pm ent .
phanerogams • ~
the flowering and seed-bearingd lpla nts
JT7 :?C

:l '., ·ire
ll ~~ '- eaves,
I

Thdr body consists of true roots, stem an

1
ey ha ve a well developed vascular system. Their
Th
sex organs are multicellular and the embryo de
velops
fron1 a fertilised egg.
On the basis of the absence or presen .
ce of fruits,
ons-.
phanerogams are divided into following two divisi
gymnosp -ern1s and angiosperms.

. ~ ~ ,il
-
ite • ··
"-"-- ~.. . ~ _,

The plants of this group have naked seed

s. They are
an ts. Some
the most primitive, simple seed bearing pl
cas Gink
common examples of gymnosperm are Cy ' go
and Pinus.
General Characteristics
or shrubs
• :~~yhare either tall, woody, perennial tree
ic are mostlvy ev.erg reen. Th e stem is usually
branched Howe
· er. In P1a11 t s II·ke cycas, they are
unbranched. '
.
• The plant body is sporo phyte and dif
root, stem and Ieaves. ferentiated into

• Leaves may be sim . ple as .

compound as in eye L ves m b pr es en t In pinus or
of one k.ind only. Foras. ea ay e dimorphic or
iage leaves a s seen In .
large, green and need lel 'k Pin us are
and simple. I e. Scale lea ve s are br~wn .
 l:1 t....." y·.1~"..uL,r bu1,dlt's . x\·
•
'"'"' lt'l l' l lck s .
.. l ,
.· __ ,'\,, t itl Grtt't~1lt.'S) an d pl1lo~n1 l cks co.. ntp 'cs sc ls
lf~.. "' t ..1
· .
,tn
Ct'lls.. Siew tubt's are also not organised as 1o n
the
~:.:v~ Ct'lls are not pb ce d en d to end in rows. The
,-.,::.:d.1r bundles present in th~ stem are arr:mgcd
i~ 3 ring.•.\long \\"i tl1 ~-ylen1 and ph loe n,~can biu
1 n1
:, .1lsu present, due to ,rl1icl1, gyn111ospern s sho\'
&.-
1 J
seco nda11· gro,,th.
• -rt~ seeds in gyn1nospern1 ar e no t present inside the
:r~::. The:y lie on th e surface of n1egasporophylls,
~.:i .,ro the\<r ar e ca lle d na
~ ....... . "- \,. ,J ked-seeds.
• G\1
. :1nosperms are heterosporous, i.e. the y produce
t1.\·o types of sp or es -th e n1ale microspores and the
re~ale megaspores. The spores are produce inside
t1le sporangia
• The nr o types of sporangia are bo rn e on leaf-l
ike
structures called sporophylls. The micrsporangia
borne on microsporophylls an d megasporangia
borne on megasporophylls.
• The sporophylls are arr an ge d in th e form of comp
act
structures called cones. These cones are either male
or female.
 The plants of this group produce seeds. Their seeds
enclosed within a fruit. The plants belonging to this
group are also ~alled flowering plants. The most
familiar plant~ like Sunflower, Rose, Pea, Maize and
Rice all come under this group of plants.

t: a
 General Cl1aracteristics
• All angiosperms be ar flowers at som e stage in the ir
life.
• The leaves of angiosperms show parallel or reticulate
venation.
• The reproductive organs are aggregated in a flo wer,
therefore they are called flowering plants. The
flowers normally consist of four wh orl s-T he outer
accessory whorls constitute sepals and petals;
the inner essential whorls constitute stamens and
carpels.
• The plant embryos in seeds have structures called
cotyledons or see d leaves which help to provide
nutrition to the germinating embryo.
• Angiosperms include those vascular plants in which
ovules are protected inside the ovaries. After
fertilisation, the ovules develop into see ds .
• In angiosperms, the insects and animals also act as
pollinat!ng agents. For this reason, flowers possess
bright and showy petals, edible pollen and nectar.
• True vessels are present in the xylem ofangiospermic
plants.
Based on the number of cotyledons present in the
seed, the angiosperms are divided into two groups- ~
monocot and dicot.
 Table 7.5 Differe nces betv1een mono ccts a;1d c· cc~s
·=$1:,;1~They
rG~. ~::j
;.a·
P..oct
~em
:.u~~~•~l~I~..._::.:.~~, , ,~_:.,,.-~ ~ ~ - ~_l. C
________....._.~~-·~-
-•m__~-,~------ - --..·-·.S Ii
have fibrous root system . They have tap root system .
s~e:n Vascular bundle s are scatte red. Vascu lar bundl es are arrang ed in a ring.
Le:a,'3s Mostly show parall el venati on. Mostly show reticu late venat ion.
F~r~ ~arts Floral parts, i.e. sepals , petals , pistils and floral parts, i.e. sepals , petals , pistils and stame ns exist in
stam.ens ezist in group of three or multip les of group of five (penta merou s).
three (trime rous).
Th..e7 bear seed with one seed leaf or cotyle don. They bear seed with two seed leaves or cotyle dons.
Zt::a mays (Maize), Elaeis guine ens (Oil palm) and Hibisc us
(Chin a rose), lpome a batatas (Swee t potato) and
Or1za sp . (Rice) Diosc orea sp. (Yam)