ABSTRACT

Dandruff is a common disorder affecting the scalp condition caused by yeast Pityrosporum.
Dandruff cannot be completely eliminated but can only be managed and effectively controlled. Symptoms
of dandruff mainly include Presence of fragments, Itching of the scalp, and Redness around the scalp.
Dandruff can be treated in two ways. They include chemical based antidandruff shampoo and herbal
based antidandruff shampoo containing antibacterial and antifungal ingredients like ketaconazole,
selenium sulfide, zinc pyrithione etc. The anti-dandruff shampoo only slow down the scalp flaking and
have their own disadvantages like loss of hair, increased scaling, itching, irritation, nausea, headache,
vomiting, photosensitivity. Herbal extracts formulations are viable alternative to synthetic drugs. Now-a-
days, many herbal shampoos are available in the market which contains herbal ingredients such as plant
extracts and essential oils. In the present review we discuss about the causes, synthetic chemical, various
herbs and the evaluation parameters for the anti-dandruff shampoo.

INTRODUCTION
Anti-dandruff agents are intended to reduce the formation of dandruff flakes. The cause for
dandruff is not fully understood but the treatment involves the use of a number of “actives” that function
either as antimicrobial agents or as anti-mitotic agents. Shampoos are probably the most widely used hair
products today; based on synthetic detergents they are relatively insensitive to water hardness. A good
shampoo should almost immediately form abundant foam irrespective of the type of water used or the
nature of soil or fat to be removed from hair. Though foam formation is not released to the cleansing
effect, but people psychologically always prefer a high foam product.
Dandruff is apparently caused by a fungus called Malassezia restricta and M. globosa. Malassezia
formerly called Pityrosporum is a yeast causing infection of skin and scalp. Dandruff is a common
disorder caused by pityrosporum yeast which affects the scalp condition. Dandruff can’t be removed
entirely but can only be handled and regulated effectively.
Around 50% of people’s bodies have a negative reaction to the presence of this fungus, causing
dandruff. Natural oils are presented in our scalp and it called as a sebum and it is a fuel/food for the
dandruff-causing microbe. Malassezia feeds off these oils, breaking it down into by products, including
oleic acid; formation of oleic acid is a starting/kick point of dandruff. Approximately 50% people in the
world sensitive to the oleic acid and affected by the dandruff. The body reacts to the presence of oleic
acid by increasing the speed at which your skin cells renew. It’s an attempt to ‘shed’ the irritant and is the
mechanism that causes flakes. There’s more to the body’s response to Malasseiza and oleic acid than just
flaking. Dandruff causes the itchy scalp, dry scalp, Inflammation, a red scalp etc. Shampoo is the best
remedy to recover from the hair from dandruff. Antidandruff shampoo is a complicated Formula, because
it containing combination of surfactant, conditioners, hair softeners and anti dandruff agents. pH of the
products, solubility of actives, and deposition of actives are playing acrucial role in anti dandruff
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shampoo. Varieties of antidandruff agents are used widely in various antidandruff preparations such as
climbazole, zinc pyrithione, octopirox, ketoconazole, selenium sulphide, coal tar etc. Preparation; (i.e.
Surface active material) in a suitable form-liquid, solid, or powder which when used under the conditions
specified will remove surface grease, dirt and skin debris from the hair, shaft and scalp without affecting
adversely the hair, scalp or the health of the user. The English term shampoo dates back to 1762, meaning
“massage.” The term derives from Anglo-Indian shampoo, in effect from Hindi Champoo imperative of
champna to rub, Knead the muscles, massage. Today, there are plenty of shampoos for men and women
available.
A good shampoo will form ample foam almost instantly regardless of the type of water used or the
amount of soil or fat that needs to be removed from the hair. Though foam formation is not released to the
cleansing effect, but people psychologically always prefer a high foam product. Some good shampoos are
found to have side effects like drying effect on the hair. It makes hair too dry to be handled or combed
with. So proper conditioning of the hair is also an important consideration, some shampoos cause
irritation to the eye and a lasting corneal cloud. These should be avoided. The functions of shampoo are
expected to be various. A good and acceptable shampoo should have the following characteristics

HISTORY
In the Indian subcontinent, a variety of herbs and their extracts have been used as shampoos since
ancient times. A very effective early shampoo was made by boiling Sapindas with dried Indian
gooseberry (amla) and a selection of other herbs, using the strained extract. Sapindas, also known as
soapberries or soapsuds, a tropical tree widespread in India, is called kunai ancient Indian texts and its
fruit pulp contains saponins which are a natural surfactant. The extract of soapberries creates a lather
which Indian texts called phenakite. It leaves the hair soft, shiny and manageable.
Other products used for hair cleansing were Shukokai (Acacia cincinnal), hibiscus flowers, rather
(Sapindas mokoros’) and acapu (Albizzia Amara). Guru Nanak, the founder and the first Guru of
Sikhism, made references to soapberry tree and soap in the 16th century cleansing with hair and body
massage (champ) during one’s daily bath was an indulgence of early colonial traders in India. When they
returned to Europe, they introduced the newly learned habits, including the hair treatment they called
shampoo.
In Europe Sake Dean Mahomed, an Indian traveller, surgeon, and entrepreneur, is credited with
introducing the practice of shampoo or "shampooing" to Britain. In 1814, Mahomed, with his Irish wife
Jane Daly, opened the first commercial "shampooing" vapour masseur bath in England, in Brighton. He
described the treatment in a local paper as "The Indian Medicated Vapour Bath (type of Turkish bath), a
cure to many diseases and giving full relief when everything fails; particularly Rheumatic and paralytic,
gout, stiff joints, old sprains, lame legs, aches and pains in the joints”. This medical work featured
testimonies from his patients, as well as the details of the treatment made him famous. The book acted as
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a marketing tool for his unique baths in Brighton and capitalised on the early 19th-century trend for
seaside spa treatments.
During the early stages of shampoo in Europe, English hair stylists boiled
shaved soap in water and added herbs to give the hair shine and fragrance. Commercially made shampoo
was available from the turn of the 20th century. A 1914 advertisement for Canthrox Shampoo
in American Magazine showed young women at camp washing their hair with Canthrox in a lake;
magazine advertisements in 1914 by Rexall featured Harmony Hair Beautifier and Shampoo.
In 1900, German perfumer and hair-stylist Josef Wilhelm Rausch developed the first liquid hair
washing soap and named it "Champooing" in Emmishofen, Switzerland. Later, in 1919, J.W. Rausch
developed an antiseptic chamomile shampooing with a pH of 8.5.
In 1927, liquid shampoo was improved for mass production by German inventor Hans
Schwarzkopf in Berlin; his name became a shampoo brand sold in Europe.
Originally, soap and shampoo were very similar products; both containing the same naturally
derived surfactant, a type of detergent . Modern shampoo as it is known today was first introduced in the
1930s with Drene, the first shampoo using synthetic surfactants instead of soap. Shampoo is also more
beneficial for the hair roots.
In Indonesia, early shampoos used in Indonesia were made from the husk and straw (merang) of
rice. The husks and straws were burned into ash, and the ashes (which have alkaline properties) are mixed
with water to form lather. The ashes and lather were scrubbed into the hair and rinsed out, leaving the hair
clean, but very dry. Afterwards, coconut oil was applied to the hair in order to moisturize it.
In Philippines , Filipinos have been traditionally using gugo before commercial shampoos were
sold in stores. The shampoo is obtained by soaking and rubbing the bark of the vine Gugo (Entada
phaseoloides), producing a lather that cleanses the scalp effectively. Gugo is also used as an ingredient in
hair tonics.
In Pre-Columbian North America,Certain Native American tribes used extracts from North
American plants as hair shampoo; for example the Costanoans of present-day coastal California used
extracts from the coastal woodfern, Dryopteris expansa.
In Pre-Columbian South America before quinoa can be eaten the saponin must be washed out
from the grain prior to cooking. Pre-Columbian Andean civilizations used this soapy by-product as a
shampoo.

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DANDRUFF
Dandruff is related to seborrheic dermatitis (SD), which causes itchy and flaky skin, but it only
occurs on the scalp. It’s so common that it affects about half Trusted Source of the global adult
population.
Dandruff represents one of the most cmmon dermatological skin conditions and is a chronic, non-
inflammatory condition of the scalp that is characterized by excessive scaling of scalp tissue. Dandruff is
apparently caused by a fungus called Malassezia restricta andMalassezia globosa. Malassezia formerly
called Pityrosporum is a yeast causing infection of skin and scalp. It often causes itching. Warm and
humid atmosphere, overcrowding, and poor personal hygiene are ideally suited for the growth of
Malassezia. Dandruff affects 5% of the population and mostly occurs after puberty, between 20 and 30
years and dandruff affects males more than females. Dandruff occurs exclusively on skin in areas with
high levels of sebum. Symptoms of dandruff mainly include itching, flakes, and redness of scalp.
Dandruff can be treated in two ways, using herbal-based antidandruff shampoo and using chemical-based
antidandruff shampoo. Most people focus on the flakes. Itching, on the other hand, may be the most
uncomfortable side effect.

TYPES OF DANDRUFF
There are several types of dandruff, each with a unique cause. Some types can be treated easily
with changes to your hair care routine or with dandruff home remedies. Other types of dandruff may
require prescription medications.
Let’s take a closer look at the types of dandruff and the underlying causes of each.
1. Dry skin dandruff
This is a common type of dandruff.
It tends to happen more often in the winter months as cold weather and indoor.
Heating can dry out your skin, including the skin on your scalp.
Washing your hair frequently in hot water can also lead to dry skin dandruff.
A scalp that’s too dry can become irritated and shed skin cells. Dry skin dandruff flakes are small and
white. Your scalp may feel itchy, but not excessively so.
If the itchiness becomes severe, you may have a more serious skin condition that requires a medical
professional’s care.
To help prevent dry skin dandruff, use a moisturizing shampoo. Home remedies, such as a coconut oil
scalp massage, may also help relieve itchiness and prevent the skin on your scalp from drying out.
2. Oily skin dandruff

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 Just below the surface of your skin are glands that produce sebum, an oily substance that helps
moisturize and protect your skin. When these sebaceous glands produce too much sebum, it can make you
hair oily.
Also, the excess oil can clump together, irritating your scalp and causing dandruff.
Oily skin dandruff flakes tend to be larger than dry skin dandruff. The flakes may look more yellow than
white, and may appear oilier, too.
Seborrheic dermatitis is a more severe form of oily skin dandruff.
Shampooing regularly and using a dandruff shampoo with salicylic acid may help keep oily skin dandruff
under control.
3. Fungus-related dandruff
A type of common fungus called Malassezia Trusted Source is found on the skin of every human
being. In some people, it can trigger an inflammatory response that produces dandruff or other conditions,
such as eczema. Using a shampoo with Malassezia-inhibiting ingredients, such as zinc pyrithione, may
help treat fungus-related dandruff.
According to a 2018 study Trusted Source, this type of shampoo may also help prevent or treat
other scalp conditions, such as seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, and eczema.
Applying diluted tea tree oil or a shampoo containing tea tree oil may also help reduce fungus-
related dandruff.
4. Disease-related dandruff
Some common skin conditions, including psoriasis, eczema, and seborrheic dermatitis, can affect
your scalp and cause dandruff.
Neutrogena T/Gel Therapeutic Shampoo is designed to treat dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis of the
scalp, and scalp psoriasis.
5. Seborrheic dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis Trusted Source occurs more often in people with oily skin. It is a severe
form of oily skin dandruff. In addition to flakes, this common scalp condition can cause red scaly patches
and itching. one of the most effective ways to treat dandruff caused by seborrheic dermatitis is with a
shampoo that contains zinc pyrithione.
6. Eczema
It is also known as atopic dermatitis. The shedding of white flakes is the most noticeable symptom
of scalp eczema. This is an inflammatory skin condition eczema is characterized by patches of flaky, itchy
skin, and sometimes a red rash.
When it appears on your scalp, this inflammatory condition can cause flakes that are usually larger
than dry skin dandruff flakes. You may also notice red, irritated skin on your scalp.

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 Using a gentle, moisturizing shampoo may help, though you may need a stronger topical treatment
prescribed by a doctor.
Symptoms of scalp eczema can be effectively managed, but this condition cannot be cured
completely.

7. Psoriasis
Psoriasis is thought to be an autoimmune condition in which skin cells grow too quickly, causing
thick, scaly patches to form on the skin.
According to the National Psoriasis Foundation, about 50 percent of people who have psoriasis
also have scalp psoriasis. Scalp psoriasis may appear as fine, powdery flakes with a silver sheen. It may
also appear as raised, inflamed, scaly patches of skin covered with a silvery-white build-up of dead skin
cells.

MECHANISM OF DANDRUFF
Dandruff scale is a cluster of corneocytes, which have retained a large degree of cohesion with
one another and detach as such from the surface of the stratum corneum. A corneocytes is a protein
complex that is made of tiny threads of keratin in an organised matrix. The size and abundance of scales
are heterogeneous from one site to another and over time. Parakeraotic cells often make up part of
dandruff. Their numbers are related to the severity of the clinical manifestations, which may also be
influenced by seborrhoea.

CAUSES OF DANDRUFF
Many factors can contribute to the development of dandruff, so pinpointing the exact cause of
your itchy, flaky scalp can be difficult. Here are a few likely culprits:
1. Secretions from your sebaceous glands.
2. Fungal colonization on the surface of your skin.
3. Not shampooing enough, which may cause skin cells to accumulate and create flakes and itching,
or alternatively over shampooing and over drying the scalp.
4. Over brushing the hair on the head, creating too much friction with the sensitive skin on the scalp.
5. Yeast called Malassezia, which aggravates your scalp and causes excess skin cell growth.
6. Different personal care products may cause contact dermatitis, which makes your scalp red and
itchy.
7. Too much exposure to sunlight.
8. Excessive pressure on the scalp from hats.
9. What you eat routinely.
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 10. Exposure to dust or dirt.
Some people may be more predisposed to dandruff than others for reasons that are unknown.
However, it’s known that men develop dandruff more frequently than women. People who tend to have
oilier hair or live with certain illnesses (such as Parkinson’s disease or HIV) are also at higher risk. You
may have started to notice symptoms around puberty, but dandruff can develop at any age.

SYMPTOMS OF DANDRUFF
There are several different ways of identifying hair dandruff. Some of the most common ways of
detecting dandruff is to look for the symptoms. Read on to find out some common symptoms of dandruff.
1. Flakes
Visible flakes are the most common sign of dandruff. They are the excessive scalp skin cells that
have been shed because of your allergy to oleic acid. The dead skin cells build-up into clumps to form
visible white and reddish dandruff flakes.
2. Itchiness
Whenever you see someone scratching their head it could mean only 2 things. They are either in
deep thought or simply suffering from dandruff. In most cases the later is truer. All the build-up causes
irritation and an itchy scalp.
3. Dryness
Just like the skin of any other part of the body, your scalp skin can feel dry too. Dandruff breaks
the essential moisture holding barrier causing the skin to dry out too quickly and for the natural oils of the
scalp to leak and dry up.
4. Redness
The sheer irritation on the skin and possibly the regular scratching of the skin can cause redness
and irritation. This is also a sign that confirms dandruff.

PREVENTION OF DANDRUFF
Dandruff treatment and prevention strategies can be divided into three categories:
Dandruff shampoos
For some people, using a shampoo that’s targeted at treating dandruff is enough to treat and
prevent flaking. It’s important to read the instructions carefully some shampoos are for daily use, while
others should be used less frequently. If one type of shampoo isn’t effective or loses its effectiveness over
time, try another kind. If a shampoo causes side effects such as redness and irritation, or a rash stop using
it immediately and speak with a medical professional. Over-the-counter (OTC) shampoos may help
reduce or prevent flaking.
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Lifestyle
A healthy lifestyle can also benefit your scalp health in several ways. In particular, try to Manage
your stress, as high levels of stress can weaken your immune system and exacerbate certain skin
conditions, like seborrheic dermatitis, eczema, and psoriasis. Eat a healthy diet that includes plenty of
omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, B vitamins, and probiotics.

Hair care
If you’re prone to dandruff, you may need to make some changes to your hair care routine and the
products you use. Consider these strategies: Limit hairstyling products, including hair dyes, which may
irritate your skin or leave oils and chemicals on your scalp that may increase your risk of developing
dandruff. Avoid hot water. Use lukewarm water instead to wash your hair. Shampoo regularly with a
gentle shampoo, or a shampoo that contains dandruff-fighting ingredients, and be sure to rinse thoroughly.

DANDRUFF VS. DRY SCALP

You may find it hard to tell the difference between dandruff and dry scalp, as they can both
present similarly. Both can cause flakes and an itchy sensation on your scalp.
But while dandruff is related to seborrheic dermatitis, dry scalp is simply related to your skin
losing too much water. This can happen when you’re not getting enough fluids.
But, it can also happen from some hair products that you might be using on your scalp that may be
stripping your scalp of its natural oils. If you live in a cold and dry climate, you may also be more
susceptible to having a dry scalp.
Treating a dry scalp usually involves switching to a gentle, unmedicated shampoo that contains as
few additives as possible that may remove moisture from your scalp.

ANTI-DANDRUFF SHAMPOO
Anti-dandruff shampoos are formulated to reduce the visible flakes and soothe the scalp, they
target the underlying cause of dandruff. They typically contain active ingredients such as zinc pyrithione,
ketoconazole or selenium sulfide, which are designed to help control the growth of Malassezia, a type of
yeast that can contribute to dandruff.
Herbal anti-dandruff shampoos are the cosmetic formulations which contain herbal ingredients
such as plant extracts and essential oil. These herbal shampoos are generally used to remove the dandruff,
to add natural colour to the hair, to remove the extra oil content of the hair, for the healthy growth of the
hair, to remove the dust, dirt, and scales of the scalp, to prevent hair falling, to impart softness and
smoothness to the hair shaft, etc. It is assumed that they can penetrate to the root shafts, stimulate the

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sebaceous glands, enhance the blood circulation and impart greater strength to the hair root and the shaft.
They are also used against alopecia, thinning, clubbing, and graying of hair and hair shaft roughness and
breaking. There are large numbers of plants which have beneficial effects on hair and are commonly used
in shampoos Ingredients of a Shampoo.

HOW DOES ANTI DANDRUFF SHAMPOO WORKS

Anti-dandruff shampoo uses active ingredients to help reduce dandruff and keep it under control.
The active ingredients in anti-dandruff shampoo work by controlling the presence of a fungus known as
Malassezia globosa, which is an organism that naturally occurs on our scalps. This fungus produces oleic
acid, which can irritate our scalps and cause flaking and redness.
When using Anti-dandruff shampoo, the active ingredient works to reduce the amount of oleic
acid produced by Malassezia globosa and limit the irritation caused to our scalp. The most common active
ingredients used in anti-dandruff shampoos are selenium sulfide, pyrithione zinc, salicylic acid, coal tar,
and ketoconazole. Each of these ingredients works differently to target different types of dandruff and
provide relief from itching or flaking while cleaning your hair at the same time.
Selenium sulphide is often used as an antifungal agent to help reduce scalp irritation caused by
Malassezia globosa overgrowth. Pyrithione zinc is also effective against dandruff due to its antifungal
properties, though it may be less irritating than selenium sulphide for some people. Salicylic acid works
by exfoliating dead skin cells; this helps dissolve flakes away from your scalp since they are often stuck
to existing skin cells. Coal tar has antifungal properties that help reduce Malassezia globosa growth on
your scalp, but can also cause discoloration in some cases. Ketoconazole is an antifungal drug that helps
reduce inflammation and irritation while keeping fungal growth in check.

HOW TO USE ANTI-DANDRUFF SHAMPOO

When it comes to using Anti-Dandruff Shampoo, there are a few key steps that should be taken to
ensure the best results. First and foremost, make sure to read the directions on the packaging carefully and
follow the manufacturer’s instructions to the letter. Generally speaking, you should use small amounts of
shampoo twice per week, focusing primarily on your scalp rather than your hair. Massage the shampoo
into your hair in slow circles for at least two minutes before rinsing.
It’s Important to avoid leaving any trace of shampoo residue on your hair or scalp, as this can lead
to dryness and irritation. Rinse thoroughly with lukewarm water until all shampoo is gone and then dry
off with a towel or air-dry as normal. You may also want to consider using an antifungal spray or cream
after every wash to prevent reinfection of Malassezia globosa fungus.
In addition, there are certain ingredients and supplements that can help alleviate dandruff
symptoms when used together with anti-dandruff shampoo. Tea tree oil is one such ingredient that has
been found effective for reducing fungal growth and relieving itching associated with dandruff. Omega-3
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fatty acids are also beneficial for their anti-inflammatory properties which can help reduce redness and
flaking from dry scalp conditions like dandruff. Finally, look for shampoos that contain zinc pyrithione
which has demonstrated strong antifungal properties against Malassezia globosa fungi in laboratory
studies.

MISTAKES TO AVOID WHILE APPLYING ANTI-DANDRUFF SHAMPOO

Using an anti-dandruff shampoo to reduce dandruff is an effective way to manage the condition,
however there are some mistakes that even experienced users make when applying the product. Here are
some of the most common mistakes to avoid when using anti-dandruff shampoo.
The first mistake people often make when using anti-dandruff shampoo is not reading the
instructions on the bottle carefully. As every shampoo uses different active ingredients, it’s important to
read and understand how each brand works and what amounts you need for optimal results. Follow the
manufacturer’s instructions as closely as possible and never use more than what is recommended on the
bottle.
Another common mistake is not rinsing thoroughly after washing with anti-dandruff shampoo.
Leaving any trace of residue on your scalp or hair can cause dryness and irritation, so be sure to rinse
until all traces of lather are gone before drying off with a towel or air drying as normal.
Finally, many people may use too much pressure when massaging in the shampoo at first
application and this can lead to scalp irritation or inflammation over time. When applying shampoo, be
sure to be gentle and massage it into your scalp in slow circles for at least two minutes before rinsing out
completely. This will ensure that your scalp gets enough time to absorb all the active ingredients while
also protecting against excessive irritation or damage from aggressive scrubbing motions.

SIDE EFFECTS
Skin irritation, dry skin, oily or dry hair/scalp, or temporary hair loss may occur. If any of these
effects last or get worse, discontinue use and consult your doctor or pharmacist promptly. Hair
discoloration may occur and can be reduced by carefully rinsing the hair thoroughly after each treatment.
If your doctor has prescribed this medication, remember that your doctor has judged that the
benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have
serious side effects.
A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you
notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the
face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.
In rare cases, ketoconazole shampoo can result in hair loss, so talk to your doctor right away if
you notice this side effect.

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 This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above,
contact your doctor or pharmacist.

PRECAUTIONS
Before using selenium sulphide, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you
have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions
or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of:
red/irritated/broken skin.
This medication is not recommended for children younger than 2 years. Consult your doctor
before using this medication.
If you are using selenium sulphide on the body for tinea versicolour, this medication should be
used during pregnancy only when clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.
It is unknown if this drug passes into breast milk. Though there have been no reports of harm to
nursing infants, consult your doctor before breastfeeding.

INTERACTIONS
Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side
effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you
use (including prescription/non-prescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and
pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor’s approval.

IDEAL PROPERTIES OF SHAMPOOS

Today’s shampoo formulations are beyond the stage of pure cleansing of the hair. Additional benefits are
expected, e.g. conditioning, smoothing of hair surface, improvement of combability and leather
creaminess.
1. It should remove soil or dust, excessive sebum or other fatty substances from the hair
effectively and completely.
2. It should able to produce a good amount of foam to satisfy the psychological requirements of
the user.
3. It should be easily and completely removed on rinsing with water.
4. It should leave the hair soft, lustrous, non‐dry after washing.
5. It should give a pleasant fragrance to the hair.
6. It should not irritate the skin and eye.
7. It should be soft to the hands.
8. It should deliver an optimum level of foam to satisfy the psychological expectation of the user.
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 9. It should not damage to the tissues of the eye if inadvertently splashed.

ADVANTAGES OF SHAMPOO
 Cleansing properties
 Improving hair hygiene
 Treating scalp condition
 Treatment for dry scalp
 Treatment for hair loss
 Treatment for greasing or oily hair
 Relieves itch and irritation.
 Repairs damaged hair
 Shampoo keeps hair silky or smooth
 Keeps your hair beautiful and blossomed.

DISADVANTAGES OF SHAMPOO
 Continuous expose to the shampoo can cause headache
 It may also cause sourness in eye , nose , throat and lungs.
 Sodium lauryl sulphate commonly used in shampoo which may harm skin , eye and may be
carcinogenic.
 Parabens are synthetic chemicals commonly used as preservatives in shampoos, they accumulate
in breast tumour tissue and show up in the blood and urine.

MARKETED ANTI DANDRUFF SHAMPOOS

The following shampoos have been selected as best antidandruff shampoo based upon personal
experience as well as after going through multiple antidandruff shampoo reviews.
1. Neutriderm Anti-Dandruff Shampoo
Neutriderm Anti Dandruff Shampoo uses antimycotic technology to inhibit the fungi that generate
dandruff. It dries up the excess oils that fuel those fungi and delivers nutrients to repair and rebuild hair
and scalp. It helps people suffering from greasy dandruff on hair and clothing, irritated by an itchy red
scalp, embarrassed by oiliness, or mildly concerned about fungal odour.

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 Fig2: neutriderm Anti-Dandruff Shampoo

2. IPCA Keraglo AD Anti-Dandruff Shampoo

Keraglo - AD Anti-Dandruff Shampoo is an anti-fungal medicine used for treatment of dandruff. It kills
and inhibits the growth of microorganisms that cause dandruff. It also hydrates the scalp and provides
relief from itchiness and flakiness associated with dandruff.

Fig3: IPCA Keraglo AD Anti-Dandruff Shampoo

3. Ducray Squanorm Anti-Dandruff Treatment Shampoo

Ducray Squanorm Anti-Dandruff Shampoo for dry hair is a gentle shampoo specifically formulated to
minimize dry dandruff. Stress, pollution, hormonal imbalances, certain medicinal treatments and the use
of unsuitable hair products can contribute to the appearance of dandruff. These various factors cause the
spread of a yeast called malassezia furfur which creates an imbalance in the scalp and triggers irritations
and itching.

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 Fig4: Ducray Squanorm Anti-Dandruff Treatment Shampoo
4. FCL T-shampoo Anti-Dandruff:
A safe and effective formulation to treat dandruff and scalp psoriasis. Shampoo based formulation offers
high degree of patient compliance.

Fig5: FCL T-shampoo Anti-Dandruff Shampoo

5. L’OCCITANE Anti-Dandruff Shampoo

This soothing anti-dandruff shampoo cleanses the scalp and helps to eliminate dry or oily dandruff while
preventing it from coming back. The formula visibly removes dandruff, gently purifies the scalp and
leaves it soothed.

Fig6: L’OCCITANE Anti-Dandruff Shampoo

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 6. Himalaya antidandruff shampoo
Himalaya Anti Dandruff Tea Tree Oil & Aloe Vera Shampoo gently removes dandruff and nourishes and
strengthens hair roots, ensuring a healthy scalp. Natural ingredients help moisturize the hair, preventing
dryness. It addresses the root cause of dandruff such as Malassezia fungus and dry scalp, while being
gentle on hair. Fortified with herbal ingredients like Tea Tree Oil, Chickpea and Aloe Vera, Himalaya's
Anti-Dandruff Shampoo effectively helps control dandruff and provides nourishment to the hair shaft.

Fig7: Himalaya antidandruff shampoo

COMPOSITION OF SHAMPOO
The following are the ingredients used for preparation of shampoos. They include Primary
surfactants e.g. Sodium lauryl sulphate, triethanol lauryl sulphate. Secondary surfactants e.g. dialkyl
sulphosuccinates, monoalkyl sulphosuccinates. Germicides and Antidandruff agent’s e.g. salicylic acid,
Benzoic acid. Conditioning agents e.g. Fatty substances like lanolin, oils. Pearlescent agent’s e.g.4
Methyl-7-diethylamino coumarin. Sequestrates e.g. Sodium salt of EDTA. Thickening agents e.g.
Alginates. Preservatives e.g. formaldehyde, methyl paraben, propyl paraben. Solubilizing agents’ e.g.
Aliphatic alcohols, Urea etc.
Dandruff represents one of the most common dermatological skin conditions and is a chronic, non
inflammatory condition of the scalp that is characterized by excessive sA safe and effective formulation to
treat dandruff and scalp psoriasis. Shampoo based formulation offers high degree of patient
compliance.caling of scalp tissue. Dandruff is apparently caused by a fungus called Malassezia restricta
and M. globosa. Malassezia formerly called Pityrosporum is a yeast causing infection of skin and scalp. It
often causes itching. Warm and humid atmosphere, overcrowding and poor personal hygiene are ideally
suited for the growth of Malassezia. Dandruff affects 5% of the population and mostly occurs after
puberty, between 20-30 years and dandruff affects males more than females. Dandruff occurs exclusively
on skin in areas with high levels of sebum. Symptoms of dandruff mainly include itching, flakes; redness
of scalp. Dandruff can be treated in two ways, by using herbal based antidandruff shampoo and by using
chemical based antidandruff shampoo. A shampoo is a preparation containing surfactant (i.e. surface
15
active material) in a suitable form – liquid, solid or powder – which when used under the specified
conditions will remove surface grease, dirt, and skin debris from the hair shaft and scalp without
adversely affecting the user. Most shampoos contain water, a detergent (cleaning agent), surfactant (lather
making agent), salt, fragrance (natural and artificial), preservative and food coloring. With the exception
of water and salt (sodium chloride), different chemical compounds are used depending on the desired
result of the shampoo. Many shampoos also contain vitamins and moisturizing alcohols to prevent too
much of the hair and scalp's natural oils from being stripped away during cleansing. Herbal Cosmetics,
here in after referred as products, and are formulated, using various permissible cosmetic ingredients to
form the base in which one or more herbal ingredients are used to provide defined cosmetic benefits only,
shall be called as “Herbal Cosmetics”. Herbal drugs or their formulations are viable alternative to
synthetic drugs. During the past few decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of natural
products in cosmetics. Now-a-days, many herbal shampoos are available in the market which contains
herbal ingredients such as plant extracts and essential oils. There are large number of plants which are
reported to have beneficial effects on hair and are commonly used in shampoos. Many herbs such as
Hibiscus rosasinensis, Lawsonia inermis, Citrus aurantifolia, Phyllanthus emblica, Ocimum sanctum,
Zingiber officinalis, Azadirecta indica, aloe vera have been used as an anti-dandruff agents in many
shampoo formulations.

THE COMMON INGREDIENTS OF SHAMPOO ARE:

The formulation of anti-dandruff shampoo involves combining various active and inactive
ingredients to effectively target and eliminate dandruff while also providing cleansing and conditioning
benefits to the hair and scalp. Here's a breakdown of the typical building blocks antidandruff shampoo
formulations: Active Ingredients:
 Anti-fungal agents
 Surfactants
 Conditioning Agents
 Opacifiers
 Foaming agents
 Sequestering agents
 Preservatives
 Fragrances
 Thickeners and stabilizers
 pH adjusters
 Specialty additives

 Anti-fungal agents:
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 These ingredients are the key to combating dandruff caused by fungal infections, particularly by
the fungus Malassezia. Common anti-fungal agents found in anti-dandruff shampoos include:
Ketoconazole Selenium sulphide Coal tar These active ingredients work by either inhibiting the growth
of the fungus or by reducing the production of skin cells, which helps to alleviate flaking and itching
associated with dandruff.
 Surfactants:
Surfactants are cleansing agents that help to remove dirt, oil, and dead skin cells from the scalp
and hair. A detergent or surfactant is amphiphilic in nature, which means the detergent molecules includes
both lipophilic and hydrophilic sites. The lipophilic sites assist to bind sebum, oily dust and hydrophilic
end binds to water. Common surfactants used in shampoos include: Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) Sodium
laureth sulphate (SLES) Ammonium lauryl sulphate (ALS) These surfactants create lather and emulsify
oils, allowing them to be rinsed away easily.
 Conditioning Agents:
To counteract the potential drying effects of anti-dandruff agents and surfactants, conditioning
agents are added to maintain the hair's moisture balance and improve manageability. This may be
included in the shampoo which then serves dual function of cleaning and conditioning. Common
conditioning agents include: Silicones (e.g., dimethicone) Cationic surfactants (e.g., cetrimonium
chloride) Natural oils (e.g., coconut oil, jojoba oil) These ingredients help to detangle hair, reduce static,
and leave it feeling soft and smooth.
 Opacifiers
Opacifiers added to make a shampoo opaque as opposed to translucent for aesthetic purposes,
unrelated to cleansing. Examples :- Alkanolamides of higher fatty acids, propylene glycol, Mg, Ca and
Zn salts of stearic acid, spermaceti, etc.
 Foaming agents
This agent allows the shampoo to form suds, as consumers equate cleansing with foaming even
though the two are unrelated. Examples:- Lauryl monoethanolamide, sarcosinates
 Sequestering agents
Sequestering agents functions to prevent soap scum from forming on the hair and scalp in the
presence of hard water; The basic difference between a liquid shampoo and a bar cleanser. For example :-
EDTA.
 Preservatives
Preservatives are added to prolong the shelf life of the shampoo by preventing the growth of
bacteria, yeast, and mold. Common preservatives include: Parabens (e.g., methylparaben, propylparaben)
Phenoxyethanol Benzyl alcohol These ingredients ensure the product remains safe and effective for use
over an extended period.

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  Fragrances:
Fragrances are added to impart a pleasant scent to the shampoo and enhance the overall sensory
experience of using the product. Fragrances can be synthetic or derived from natural sources.
 Thickeners and Stabilizers:
These ingredients help to adjust the viscosity of the shampoo, ensuring it has the desired texture
and consistency. These are introduced to alternate the physical and optical properties of the shampoo.
Many shampoos are pearlescent. Common thickeners and stabilizers include: Guar gum Xanthan gum
Sodium chloride (salt) These ingredients contribute to the product's ease of use and aesthetic appeal.

 pH Adjusters:
pH adjusters are used to maintain the shampoo's pH within the optimal range for hair and scalp
health, typically between 4.5 and 6.5. Common pH adjusters include citric acid and sodium citrate. By
combining these building blocks in the right proportions, anti-dandruff shampoos can effectively target
dandruff causing fungi while also cleansing and conditioning the hair and scalp, leaving the hair looking
and feeling healthy and flake-free.
 Specialty additives.
Treatment ingredients or marketing aids added to impart other benefits to the shampoo, besides
hair and scalp cleansing.

FORMULATION OF HERBAL ANTI-DANDRUFF SHAMPOO

Chemicals:
SLS, Glycerine, 0.1M sodium chloride and Acacia gum

Equipment:
Calibrated PH Meter, Ostwald viscometer, volumetric flask, Whatman filter paper, separating
funnel, Beaker, Test tube, stalagmometer, Weight scale, Canvas paper, specific gravity bottle, Burette
stand.
Preparation of plant leaves extract
1. All the plant leaves collected were dried for a period of three days.
2. All the dried leaves were coarsely powdered for preparing dried extract.
3. In 500ml beaker add take 350ml of water and add 10g of dried extract powdered leaves and boil
for 30 minutes.
4. After 30 minutes of heating followed by concentration, cool the extract for few minutes, filter
using filter paper and collect the filtrate in a conical flask and cover it with cotton plug.

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Methods of preparation
1. Weighing:
All required herbal ingredient for shampoo preparation were accurately weighed individually by
using digital balance.
2. Mixing:
They are prepared by simple mixing process in case of clear liquid shampoo. Mix all the
ingredient together and add lemon juice for good transparency then add lavender oil for good fragrance.
3. Storage:
Store in suitable container
Method of preparation of herbal shampoo formulations
Formulation of the herbal shampoo was done as per the formula given in Table 1.

Table 1: Formulation design of herbal antidandruff shampoo

Sr. No. Ingredients Quantity
1 Henna leaves extract 1ml
2 Neem leaves extract 1ml
3 Hibiscus Leaves extract 1ml
4 Carry leaves extract 1ml
5 Mimosa leaves extract 1ml
6 Oleic acid 4ml
7 Sodium lauryl sulphate 6g
8 Triethanolamine 3ml
9 EDTA 0.15g
10 Methyl paraben 0.2g
11 Tween80 1ml
12 Water qs.
13 Perfume qs.

1. In 250 ml beaker take 40 ml of water and add 4 ml of oleic acid.

2. Dissolve it completely by mechanical stirrer.
3. Add 6g of sodium lauryl sulphate and stir.
4. Heat gently at 60°C.
5. When both get dissolved reduce stirring speed and add 3 ml of triethanolamine and continue
stirring for 5 minutes.

19
 6. After that, EDTA and Methyl paraben together were added and stirring continued till it becomes
clear liquid.
7. In another beaker take 30 ml of water and add tween 80 and stir it for 10 minutes and required
quantity of plant extracts were added.
8. This liquid was added to above one and stir for 20 minutes.
9. Filter the liquid and the filtered liquid was used for evaluating parameters.

EVALUATION
The prepared formulations were evaluated for product performance which includes :-
1. Visual appearance
The formulations were visually inspected and the colour of each formulation was noted and
recorded.
2. Clarity
The formulations were visually checked whether it is clear or not and recorded.
3. pH
The pH of the prepared herbal shampoo in distilled water (10% v/v) was evaluated by means of
pH analyser at room temperature. The pH balance of the product is important as it affects skin and surface
on which there are used. The pH of our formulated shampoo falls with the ideal pH range of the shampoo
i.e., (between 7 and 5).The pH of the shampoo also helps in minimizing irritation to the eyes enhances the
qualities of hair and maintains ecological balance of scalp. The pH of the tested commercial shampoos
was found within the preferred range
4. Dirt dispersion test
In a test, tube take 10 ml of distilled water and add 2 drops of shampoo and one drop of Indian
ink dye. The test tube is closed with thumb and shaken for 10 minutes. The level of appearance of ink dye
test tube was observed and based on that, level was graded as none, slight, moderate and heavy.

5. Wetting time (sec)

A cotton ball weighing of about 0.44gm was taken and added it to container containing shampoo.
Time taken for cotton to sink at bottom of the formulation was measured as wetting time .
6. Foamability test
The stability of foam was determined by using cylinder shakes method. About 25 ml of shampoo
taken in 250 ml measuring cylinder and shaken for 10 minutes. The total foam volume was measured
after 1 minute and foam stability was determined by recording foam volume from 1 to 4 minute
7. Determination of Solid % Contents

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 About 4g of shampoo solution was placed in an evaporating dish. The liquid portion of the
shampoo was evaporated by placing the dish on hotplate. Remaining solid content in the dish was
calculated after complete drying. It was determined by using the formula:
% of solid content = C-A/B-A x100
Where; A= weight of empty evaporating dish
B= weight of evaporating dish with shampoo solution
C= weight of evaporating dish after evaporation of shampoo solution.
It was determined by the cylindrical shake method. In 100ml graduated cylinder take 50 ml of
shampoo and shake vigorously for 10 times. The volume of foam was measured after 1min of shaking
and recorded.
8. Determination of viscosity
Viscosity is one of the important testing parameter for liquids and semisolid preparations to
predict the flow nature. It also has a vital role in the packaging system suitability for the preparations. The
viscous nature of the preparations can give an idea of flow pattern for their usage. Brookfield Viscometer
DV2 (LV DV- II + PRO MODEL) was used for the determination of viscosity of the formulations. The
sample was taken for analysis by using spindle no.61 at 10 and 5 rpm. The viscosity was measured in cps.
9. Skin Irritation Test:
Prepared herbal shampoo was applied on skin for 5 minutes after that was washed and tested for
irritation or inflammation to the skin.
10. Determination of Surface Tension using Stalagmometer (Drop Count Method):
 Select a clean stalagmometer fix firmly in vertical position and suck the water through the rubber
tube to a level higher than the upper mark.
 Leave the rubber tube allow water tube allow water to flow down.
 Start counting 20-30 drops when water just passes the upper mark, into a clean vessel.
 Note the weight of n drops and then calculate the mean weight of drops of water(W2).
 Repeat the process with the liquid whose surface has to determined and note the mean weight of
drops as (W1).
*Weight of empty specific gravity bottle(W1) = 18.95gm

Fig8 : determination of Surface Tension using Stalagmometer

11.Antidandruff activity:

21
 Cup plate method was used for determining the antidanduff activity of shampoo. It was carried out
by employing culture of fungi Canadida albicans in sabourad dextrose agar medium. The medium was
poured into petri plate which was sterilized in autoclave. At room temperature, Petri plate is allowed to
solidify. The organism was inoculated using loop and was spreaded using glass spreader. In each petri
plate 3 wells were made using sterile cork borer, one was treated with standard (fluconazole) and other 2
wells with formulations . In the same way other 2 plates were prepared. The plates were incubated at 20-
25 °C. After incubation, plates were observed for zone of inhibition. The diameter of zone of inhibition
was measured using ruler and compared with standard and recorded in mm.
12.Stability study:
Stability studies were performed in accordance with ICH guidelines for accelerated testing with
required modifications. The sample taken formulation was taken and kept at room temperature (30 ± 2ºC)
as well as refrigerator (4±2ºC) for duration of one month. The samples were tested for their physical
appearance, pH, viscosity, % cleaning action and foam Stability.

Table 2: Evaluation Parameters of herbal shampoo

Sr No. Evaluation Parameters Formulations
1 Appearance Dark brown
2 pH 6.56
3 Washbility Washable
4 Skin Irritation Non-irritant
5 Dirt dispersion test Light
6 Foam stability test 2cm
7 % solid contents 10.62 %

Table 3: stability test

Sr. No. Evaluation Before one month After one month
Parameters
1 Colour Dark brown No change
2 Odour Pleasant No change
3 % solid contents 10.62 No change
4 Transparency Thick No change
5 pH 6.56 No change
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A straightforward mixing procedure was used to create herbal shampoo. Herbal anti-dandruff shampoo
was created by adding the necessary amount of herbal ingredients according to the formulation table. The
tests used to evaluate this produced herbal shampoo are listed in table no. 2 below. The creation and
evaluation of a natural anti-dandruff shampoo made using Heena leave, neem leaves , hibiscus and other
herbs are the focus of the current effort. This natural anti-dandruff shampoo was made utilizing the
continuous stirring method and sodium neem extract. The manufactured herbal anti-dandruff shampoo
was put through several tests to determine its effectiveness. The results showed that it was affordable,
effective at treating dandruff or dermatitis while boosting the natural health of hair and making it shine.
Therefore, it was determined from the current investigation that the formula for the herbal anti-dandruff
shampoo has an excellent standard. The manufactured herbal shampoo was discovered to be in
compliance. The formulation's pH range, good stability, cleaning ability, foam generation, and viscosity.

CONCLUSION:-
The main aim of the formulated anti-dandruff shampoo was to prevent dandruff and their infections. It
was concluded that the formulated anti-dandruff shampoos which were prepared by using the herbs,
shows fewer side effects compared to the shampoo that are prepared by using various synthetic and
harmful compounds. The formulated antidandruff shampoo prevents dandruff that was verified by the
antimicrobial test. PH of the formulated polyherbal antidandruff shampoos is near to the neutral, shows
that the formulations are non-irritant to the skin. Evaluation studies showed good appearance, good wash
ability, non-irritant to the skin, good foam stability, good dirt dispersion activity. From the results, it may
23
be concluded that formulation meets all the requirements of the evaluation parameters among the two
other formulations. Formulation contains all the good characters of an ideal shampoo and found to be
harmless, cost effective. The present research successfully developed polyherbal anti-dandruff
formulations.

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 Anusha Potluri, Asma Shaheda S.K., Neeharika Rallapally, Durrivel S., Harish G. A Review on
Herbs Used In Anti-Dandruff Shampoo and Its Evaluation Parameters.
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Bhojane* Saurabh Deurmalle, Pritesh Jaiswal , Bilal sufi New Montfort Institute Of Pharmacy
Ashti, Dist, Wardha , Maharashtra
 What Type of Dandruff Is Causing Your Flaky Scalp Medically reviewed by Cynthia Cobb, DNP,
APRN, WHNP-BC, FAANP — By James Roland — Updated on January 8, 2021
 Akshay R. Yadav, Shrinivas K. Mohite Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Rajarambapu
College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon, Dist-Sangli, Maharashtra, India-415404. DOI: 10.5958/2321
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arun joshi ,sabel kundan
 A review on formulation and evaluation of herbal antidandruff shampoo,Ms. Navale
Dnyaneshwari1, Ms. Jadhav Trupt2, Ms.Khaire Akshada3,Ms. Khose Sonali4, Ms. Gaikwad
Rutuja5,Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022 December
 https://www.healthline.com/health/dandruff-itchy-scalp#_noHeaderPrefixedContent
 What is dandruff? Dandruff cause and treatment, DR. NIVEDITA DADU
 Preparation and formulations of herbal antidandruff shampoo Prajakta Ashok Halnor*, Milka
Anand Jadhav, Pratiksha Machhindra Halnor, Anjali Babasaheb Chaudhari
 Formulation and evaluation of polyherbal antidandruff shampoo Sonali S Gadge, Sakshi P
Wankhade, Sakshi Tapare, Sakshi M Kalaskar and sakshi D holey
 Formulation and Evaluation of herbal antidandruff shampoo Revansiddappa M, Sharadha R and
Abbulu k Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2018; 7(4): 764-767
 What Causes Dandruff and How to Remove It Medically reviewed by Cynthia Cobb, DNP,
APRN, WHNP-BC, FAANP — By Ashley Marcin — Updated on November 7, 2023
 A review on formulation and evaluation of herbal antidandruff shampoo Sakeena, kanu
Thakur,kanika Patiyal, Rishav Sharma, Anjana devi*School of Pharmacy, Career Point
University, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India 176041

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  https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.healthshots.com/beauty/hair-care/stop-hair-loss-and-get-rid-
ofdandruff-with-these-diy-hibiscus-hair-masks/amp
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Shahid K3, SalwaOwais4, Mehreen Department of Pharmaceutics, Deccan School of Pharmacy,
Hyderabad 500001, june 2022 | IJIRT | Volume 9 Issue 1
 A review on formulation and evaluation of herbal antidandruff shampoo Mrs.K.Sravanthi *,
N.Kavitha, K.Sowmya, S. Naazneen , U.Vaishnavi, CH.Anil Volume 6, Issue 3 May - June 2021,
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 Dandruff Shampoo – Uses, Side Effects, and More https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-
151556/dandruff-shampoo-selenium-sulfide-aloe-topical/details
 The Complete Guide To Using Anti-Dandruff Shampoo For Maximum Benefits

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