1 MANAGEMENT (ENGINEERING RELATED)

a. Quality Issue:
• Definition of quality:
the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the
degree of excellence of something.
• Quality planning: Quality Planning is the process for "identifying which quality
standards are relevant to the project and determining how to satisfy them": Quality
planning means planning how to fulfill process and product (deliverable) quality
requirements

Steps for quality planning:

There are seven steps to strategic Quality Planning:

1. Discover customer needs
2. Customer positioning
3. Predict the future
4. Gap analysis
5. Closing the gap
6. Alignment
7. Implementation

1. Customer Needs: The first step is to discover the future needs of the customers. Who will
they be? Will your customer base change? What will they want? How will they want? How will
the organization meet and exceed expectations?

2. Customer Positioning: Next, the planners determine where organization wants to be in

relation to the customers. Do they want to retain, reduce, or expand the customer base. Product
or services with poor quality performance should be targeted for breakthrough or eliminated. The
organization’s needs to concentrate its efforts on areas of excellence.

3. Predict the future: Next planners must look into their crystal balls to predict the future
conditions that will affect their product or service. Demographics, economics forecasts, and
technical assessments or projections are tools that help predict the future.
4. Gap Analysis : This step requires the planner to identify the gaps between the current state
and the future state of the organization. An analysis of the core values and concepts is an
excellent technique for pinpointing gaps.

5. Closing the Gap: The plan can now be developed to close the gap by establishing goals and
responsibilities. All stakeholders should be included in the development of the plan.

6. Alignment: As the plan is developed, it must be aligned with the mission, vision, and core
values and concepts of the organization. Without this alignment, the plan will have little chance
of success.
7. Implementation: This last step is frequently the most difficult. Resources must be allocated to
collecting data, designing changes, and overcoming resistance to change. Also part of this step is
the monitoring activity to ensure that progress is being made. The planning group should meet at
least once a year to assess progress and take any corrective action.

• Quality control : A system of maintaining standards in manufactured products by testing a

sample of the output against the specification.

Activities for control quality:

The following activities for quality control:

1. Use control measurements to analyze and evaluate the quality standards and processes.
2. Perform quality control assessments and audits.
3. Compare quality control measurements against established control limits and tolerances.
4. Identify non-compliance and reasons for that.

Quality In Service : Service quality is an achievement in customer service. It reflects at each

service encounter. Customers form service expectations from past experiences, word of mouth
and marketing communications. In general, customers compare perceived service with expected
service, and which if the former falls short of the latter the customers are disappointed.

How to achieve Quality in Service:

Fourteen points that felt businesses needed to do in order to achieve quality performance:

1. Create constancy of purpose toward the improvement of products and services in order to
become competitive, stay in business, and provide jobs.
2. Adopt the new philosophy. Management must learn that it is a new economic age and
awaken to the challenge, learn their responsibilities, and take on leadership for change.
3. Stop depending on inspection to achieve quality. Build in quality from the start.
4. Stop awarding contracts on the basis of low bids.
5. Continuously improve the system of production and services to enhance quality and
productivity, and thus constantly to reduce costs.
6. Institute training on the job.
7. Institute leadership. The purpose of leadership should be to help people and technology
work better.
8. Drive out fear so that everyone may work effectively.
9. Break down barriers between departments so that people can work as a team.
10. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the work force. They create adversarial
relationships.
11. Eliminate quotas and management by objectives. Substitute leadership.
12. Remove barriers that rob employees of their pride of workmanship.
13. Institute a vigorous program of education and self improvement.
14. Make the transformation everyone's job and put everyone to work on it.
 • Quality Reliability: That is where "reliability" comes in. Quality is a snapshot at the
start of life and reliability is a motion picture of the day-by-day operation. Time zero
defects are manufacturing mistakes that escaped final test.

Why Reliability is Essential in Quality:

There are a number of reasons why reliability is essential in quality::

Reputation. A company's reputation is very closely related to the reliability of its products. The
more reliable a product is, the more likely the company is to have a favorable reputation.
Customer Satisfaction. While a reliable product may not dramatically affect customer
satisfaction in a positive manner, an unreliable product will negatively affect customer
satisfaction severely. Thus high reliability is a mandatory requirement for customer satisfaction.
Warranty Costs. If a product fails to perform its function within the warranty period, the
replacement and repair costs will negatively affect profits, as well as gain unwanted negative
attention. Introducing reliability analysis is an important step in taking corrective action,
ultimately leading to a product that is more reliable.
Repeat Business. A concentrated effort towards improved reliability shows existing customers
that a manufacturer is serious about its product, and committed to customer satisfaction. This
type of attitude has a positive impact on future business.
Cost Analysis. Manufacturers may take reliability data and combine it with other cost
information to illustrate the cost-effectiveness of their products. This life cycle cost analysis can
prove that although the initial cost of a product might be higher, the overall lifetime cost is lower
than that of a competitor's because their product requires fewer repairs or less maintenance.
Customer Requirements. Many customers in today's market demand that their suppliers have
an effective reliability program. These customers have learned the benefits of reliability analysis
from experience.
Competitive Advantage. Many companies will publish their predicted reliability numbers to
help gain an advantage over their competitors who either do not publish their numbers or have
lower numbers.

• Quality Assurance: the maintenance of a desired level of quality in a service or product,

especially by means of attention to every stage of the process of delivery or production.

Role of Quality assurance in project:

The person who is responsible for QA has many duties and responsibilities. The following
section lists many of the things that a QA person would be expected to do.

1. Participate in the change management process to assess the risk of putting fixes into the
environment during acceptance testing.
2.
Assist the test team in isolating the source of discrepancies between expected and actual
test results. If the error is in software design, thoroughly analyze the ramifications of any
design changes. Design diagrams and structure charts before proceeding with corrections
to code.
3.
Complete preparations for acceptance testing, including the establishment of the
acceptance test environment. Unlike system testing, acceptance testing always takes place
in the targeted environment. It is therefore extremely important to schedule computer
resources well in advance.
4.
Check the simulated data to ensure that required test data have been produced.
5.
Obtain expected results from the acceptance test plan and review them for completeness.
6.
Calculate any missing expected results.
7.
Be certain that the introduction of new load modules is according to test configuration
management procedures. When a new, corrected load module is received, first rerun tests
that previously failed because of software errors. If these tests succeed, proceed with
regression testing.
8.
Analyze and report test results. Evaluate test results as soon as possible after execution.
Wherever possible, use automated tools in the analysis process. Record analysis
procedures and keep all relevant materials. Remember that records and reports should
give complete accounts of the procedures followed. If a test cannot be evaluated, note the
fact and report the reasons for it.
9.
Compare all test results with expected results and note that all defects are documented,
regardless of how minor they appear or whether they will be corrected.

b. Finance

• Financial Management: Financial management is that activity of management which is

concerned with the planning, procuring and controlling of the firm's financial resources

• Functions of Financial Management:

Following are the executive functions:

Following are the routine functions , Routine functions are also called incidental Functions:
 • Objectives of Financial Management

The financial management is generally concerned with procurement, allocation and control of
financial resources of a concern. The objectives can be-

1. To ensure regular and adequate supply of funds to the concern.

2. To ensure adequate returns to the shareholders which will depend upon the earning
capacity, market price of the share, expectations of the shareholders.
3. To ensure optimum funds utilization. Once the funds are procured, they should be
utilized in maximum possible way at least cost.
4. To ensure safety on investment, i.e, funds should be invested in safe ventures so that
adequate rate of return can be achieved.
5. To plan a sound capital structure-There should be sound and fair composition of capital
so that a balance is maintained between debt and equity capital.

• Cost Analysis/Cost Benefits: Cost–benefit analysis, sometimes called benefit costs

analysis, is a systematic approach to calculating and comparing the benefits and costs of a
course of action in a given situation.

• Financial Discipline: defines "discipline" as "a way of behaving that shows a willingness
to obey rules or orders." Though most people associate discipline with social behaviors, it
also applies to how you manage your money. Financial discipline refers to how well you
are able to conform your spending and saving to the plans that you have set to achieve
your monetary goals.

How to maintain financial Discipline:

Make a Plan
If you don't have a financial plan in place, it's really hard to be disciplined about how you spend
your money because you haven't created any guidelines for yourself to follow. When creating a
plan, look at both the short-term and long-term dreams you have. While a budget is part of the
plan, the purpose isn't to prevent you from spending any money. Instead, having financial
discipline allows you to make sure you have money for what's most important to you.
Use Automation to Boost Discipline
Automating your savings helps you avoid the temptation to spend your money on things you
don't need because the money never shows up in your general checking account. Many
employers allow you to have parts of your paycheck deposited in multiple accounts. For
example, if you want $200 to be saved for your emergency fund every month, have $200
deposited directly into a separate savings account.
Be Accountable for Your Spending
Making sure you track your spending helps you stay accountable for your money management.
For example, if you know that you're going to review your spending each week, such as by
entering your data in a program like Quicken, you can motivate yourself to think twice before
you make an impulse purchase because you know you're going to see the mistake when you
review your spending. On the flip side, as you build your financial discipline, you can see the
fruits of your labor when you check your account balances.
Rewards of Financial Discipline
It might not seem like fun to turn down spur-of-the-moment outings with friends or purchases,
but having financial discipline pays off in the long term. According to the Chicago Tribune,
living within your means reduces your stress levels. And, you can make sure you have the money
for the things on which you really want to spend. Using a program like Quicken allows you to
see all your spending and saving in one place to see how your discipline is helping you reach
your goals.

• Budegeting: A budget is the sum of money allocated for a particular purpose and the
summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them. It may
include a budget surplus, providing money for use at a future time, or a deficit in which
expenses exceed income.
OR

Budgeting is the process of creating a plan to spend your money. This spending plan is
called a budget. Creating this spending plan allows you to determine in advance whether you
will have enough money to do the things you need to do or would like to do.

Why budgeting is important:

Since budgeting allows you to create a spending plan for your money, it ensures that you will
always have enough money for the things you need and the things that are important to you.
Following a budget or spending plan will also keep you out of debt or help you work your way
out of debt if you are currently in debt.
 c. Procurement/legal:

• Project Proposal: A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities

aimed at solving a certain problem.

Steps for Planning of Project:

1. Identify your project. ...

2. Define goals and objectives. ...
3. Define tasks. ...
4. Build your team. ...
5. Be aware of any project killers. ...
6. Create a timeline. ...
7. Get feedback. ...
8. Adjust your plan accordingly.

• Procurement: Procurement is the process of finding, agreeing terms and acquiring goods,
services or works from an external source, often via a tendering or competitive bidding
process.

Action for Procurement:

1. Define the target role for your procurement organization

2. Segment your supply base.
3. Realign your resources
4. Review processes and technology to identify roadblocks and underutilized
capabilities
5. Evaluate governance structures, and change if necessary

• Bidding: The act of offering to pay a particular amount of money for something, by
different people.

Actions/Steps for Bidding:

Here is an overview of 10 steps you should take to prepare a competitive bid.

1. Register your interest

2. Attend briefing sessions
3. Develop your bid response strategy
4. Review recent awarded contracts
5. Write a compelling bid
6. Understand the payment terms
7. Provide References
8. Check and submit your bid
9. Present your bid
10. Request a debriefing

• Contracts: A written or spoken agreement, especially one concerning employment, sales,

or tenancy, that is intended to be enforceable by law.

Award of Contracts:

Contract awarding is the method used during a procurement in order to evaluate the proposals
(tender offers) taking part and award the relevant contract. Usually at this stage the eligibility of
the proposals have been concluded. So it remains to choose the most preferable among the
proposed. There are several different methods for this, which are obviously related to the
proposition method asked by the procurement management.

1. Least Price
2. Most economically advantageous
3. Mean value
4. Exclusion of the extremes

• Arbitration: Arbitration, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is a way to

resolve disputes outside the courts. The dispute will be decided by one or more persons
(the "arbitrators", "arbiters" or "arbitral tribunal"), which renders the "arbitration award"

Appointment of Arbitrator:

Appointment of arbitrators; rules for conducting

(a) Unless the parties agree otherwise, a single arbitrator shall be chosen by the parties to arbitrate all
matters in dispute.
(b) If the arbitration agreement provides a method of appointment of arbitrators, this method shall be
followed. The agreement may provide for appointing one or more arbitrators.

Decision Implementaion:

Decision implementation includes conveying the decision to those affected and getting their
commitment to it. Groups or committees can help a manager achieve commitment. The people
who must carry out a decision are most likely to enthusiastically endorse the outcome if they
participate in the decision making process.

• Escalation: Business accounting and planning should take into consideration the effect of
inflation on costs. Inflation is an essential consideration when a company manages
multiple contracts that specify costs and revenues based on a level of inflation determined
at the time of the contract signing. Escalation comes into play when the actual rate of
inflation differs from the rate specified in the contract.
Why it is paid and how can be controlled? X

d. Latest Trends

• Maintenance Management: Administrative, financial, and technical framework for

assessing and planning maintenance operations on a scheduled basis.

Objectives:

Maintenance management is all about maintaining the resources of the company so that
production proceeds effectively and that no money is wasted on inefficiency.

• Maintenance Planning: Identifying and addressing any possible issues ahead of time
enables our craft to complete work quickly and correctly.

Types:

There are three types of maintenance planning.

1. Centralized Planning
2. Localized Planning
3. Partially Centralized Planning

• Maintenance Control: Maintenance control is the coordinated and consistent

management of invasive plants in order to maintain the plant population at low levels.

Efficiency: X

• Maintenance Strategy: Reliability-centred maintenance RCM is a maintenance strategy

that addresses this with an in-depth, highly involved process that seeks to analyze all the
possible failure modes for each piece of equipment and customize a maintenance strategy
for each individual machine.

To Develop Maintenance Strategy:

The principles used to develop Maintenance Strategy:

• What is its function?

• What are the functional failures?
• What are the failure modes?
• What are the effects of those failures?
• What are the consequences?
• How can the failure be mitigated?
• What if a suitable task cannot be found?
 • Maintenance Standard:

The purpose of standardization in maintenance is:

• to facilitate communication between professionals and, in particular, to clarify the

contractual relationships
• to harmonize practices and disseminate ideas;
• to define criteria that ensure the safety, reduce environmental impact of activities and
provide satisfactory quality levels.

Standards to Minimize Maintenance Cost:

1. Review all maintenance procedures & simplify them.

2. Understand and follow safe work practices.
3. Better management of very unpredictable unplanned or breakdown maintenance.
4. Create a maintenance calendar of work to be done in the next month, quarter or year by
equipment and or location.
5. Educate non-maintenance personnel to detect potential maintenance issues and report them.
6. Make sure to have the right tools – maintenance management software, for your needs.

2. COMMUNICATION SKILLS:

b) Principles of Effective Communication:

• Concept: A two way information sharing process which involves one party sending a
message that is easily understood by the receiving party. Effective communication by
business managers facilitates information sharing between company employees and can
substantially contribute to its commercial success.

• Benefits & Characteristics of Effective Organizational Communication:

Benefits: Effective communication reduces unnecessary competition within departments

and helps employees work together harmoniously. The result of a team that works
together is high productivity, integrity and responsibility. Employees know their roles on
the team and know they are valued.

Characteristics: The chief principles or characteristics of an effective communication

system are as follows:

-Clearness and integrity of message to be conveyed.

- Adequate briefing of the recipient.
- Accurate plan of objectives.
- Reliability and uniformity of the message.
- To know the main purpose of the message.
- Proper response or feedback.
 - Correct timing.
- Use of proper medium to convey the message properly.
- Use of informal communication.

• Basic forms of Communication:

• Common Mistakes in Communication:

1. One-size-fits-all communication. When you try to communicate to a group of people,

you may notice that some get it right away while others need more explaining. Different
people have different needs and expectations. Consider the range of learning styles of
those you're communicating with and plan a communication strategy that addresses them
all.
2. Lack of attention to tone. Often in times of crises, you may have an edgy tone. Tone is
important at any time, but especially when in the middle of a challenge. No matter what
the circumstances, learn to pay attention to tone. One trick: Before you speak, pause and
take a breath. Then communicate what needs to be said.
3. Avoiding the difficult conversation. Everybody faces conflict, and avoiding conflict
does not make it go away. Learn how to plan for and carry out a difficult conversation by
providing clear and actionable feedback, even when it is difficult for you.
4. Holding back what's on your mind. Speaking up is about stating what you need while
still considering the wants and needs of others. Speak clearly and make your requests
known, gently but with self-confidence, while maintaining good relationships.
5. Reacting instead of responding. When it's your impulse to react with anger and
frustration, wait. Take a deep breath and consider all the facts (including those you may
not know). When you pause to reflect, you can respond instead of react.
6. Indulging in gossip. Unfounded talk not only ruins reputations but also erodes trust.
Even if it's not intended to be cruel, it can have devastating consequences. Leave no place
for gossip, innuendo, or speculation if you want to be trusted and esteemed as a
communicator (and, for that matter, as a human being).
7. Closing your mind. In today's workplace, there are all kinds of religions, cultures, and
ethnicity orientations. Excluding any of them would reflect a closed-minded point of
view. Instead, open your heart and begin to embrace diversity. When you embrace, you
improve your communication via a diverse range of experiences and creativity benefiting
all.
8. Speaking more and listening less. To stay on top of any situation, stop speaking and
listen. When you listen more than you speak, you open yourself up to learning and
empathy--which in turn help you accomplish more.
9. Thinking you are being understood. Take the time to check that people have
understood your message. It seems like a simple thing, but misinterpretations abound and
can have terrible consequences.

• Understanding & applying the 7 C’s of Effective Communication:

Completeness
The message must be complete and geared to the receiver’s perception of the world. The
message must be based on facts and a complex message needs additional information and/ or
explanation. A good subdivision of subjects will clarify the message as a result of which there
will be a complete overview of what is said.
Concreteness
Concrete business communication is also about a clear message. This is often supported by
factual material such as research data and figures. The words used as well as the sentence
structure can be interpreted uni-vocally. Nothing is left to the imagination.
Courtesy
In addition to considering the feelings and points of view of the target group, it is also important
to approach the audience in a friendly and courteous manner. Use of terms that show respect for
the receiver contribute towards effective communication. The same goes for the manner in which
you address someone. Not everyone will be charmed if you use a familiar form of address and
use of a formal address could come across as too distant. By using the word ‘they’ a larger
audience is immediately addressed.
Correctness
A correct use of language has the preference. In written business communication, grammatical
errors must be avoided and stylistic lapses or a wrong use of verbs are not sufficient either in
verbal communication. A correct use of language increases trustworthiness and the receiver will
feel that they are taken seriously.
Clarity
Clear or plain language is characterized by explicitness, short sentences and concrete words.
Fuzzy language is absolutely forbidden, as are formal language and cliché expressions. By
avoiding parentheses and keeping to the point, the receiver will get a clear picture of the content
of the message. Briefly-worded information emphasizes the essence of the message.
Consideration
Communicating with the target group (Consideration). In order to communicate well, it is
important to relate to the target group and be involved. By taking the audience into account, the
message can be geared towards them. Factors that play a role in this are for example:
professional knowledge, level of education, age and interests.
Conciseness
A message is clear when the storyline is consistent and when this does not contain any
inconsistencies. When facts are mentioned, it is important that there is consistent, supporting
information. Systematically implementing a certain statement or notation also contributes to
clear business communication. When statements are varied, they will confuse the receiver.

• Presentation Skills: Presentation skills are the skills you need in delivering effective and
engaging presentations to a variety of audiences. These skills cover a variety of areas
such as the structure of your presentation, the design of your slides, the tone of your voice
and the body language you convey.

c) Communication Methods & Skills, Business Messages:

• Communication & Technology Context: Most businesses rely on repeat business. They
look for ways to bring customers back. This includes informing buyers of the latest
products, or something specials of them. Technology has made it easier to stay in touch.
 Likewise radio, TV and print ads, companies use e-mail newsletters, text messaging,
online ads and other tools to keep customers informed.

• Formal Letter: A formal letter is an official letter. It is a letter written for official reason.
A formal letter is written for different purposes which are.

1. Make a complaint
2. Request something
3. Make an inquiry
4. Apply for a Job
5. Proposal
6. Reference
7. Formal Invitation

• Memorandum: is a note, document or other communication that helps the memory by

recording events or observations on a topic such as may be used in a business office.

• Curriculum: A curriculum is the combination of instructional practices, learning

experiences, and students' performance assessment that are designed to bring out and
evaluate the target learning outcomes of a particular course.

OR

“The subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college.”

• Vitae (Résumé): Also called vita, vitae. a brief biographical résumé of one's career and
training, as prepared by a person applying for a job.

OR

“Formal presentation of a job applicant's education, skills, and work experience.”

• Business Emails & Fax Messages:

Business email is simply the email which you use specifically for your business.
Normally, your business email address includes your company name within it such as
yourname@companyname.com and your colleagues will have their email address
formatted in the same way. Whereas fax is a communication sent and received by fax.

3 ETHICAL & SOCIAL ISSUES:

• Code of Ethics: A code of ethics document may outline the mission and values of the
business or organization, how professionals are supposed to approach problems, the
 ethical principles based on the organization's core values and the standards to which the
professional is held. There ae five code of ethics as follow:

1. Integrity.
2. Objectivity.
3. Professional Competence and Due Care.
4. Confidentiality.
5. Professional Behavior.

• Professional Obligation of Engineers: Engineers must perform under a standard of

professional behavior that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct.
Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall: Hold paramount the
safety, health, and welfare of the public. Perform services only in areas of their
competence.

Reference link for detail (https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/code-ethics)

• Role of opportunity & Conflicts: X

• Interpersonal Relations: Interpersonal relationships are social associations, connections,
or affiliations between two or more people. They vary in differing levels of intimacy and
sharing, implying the discovery or establishment of common ground, and may be
centered around something(s) shared in common.

4 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND POLICIES:

a) Basic Concepts in Environment

• Environmental Engineering & Science: The Civil and Environmental Engineering

department at Stanford University provides the following description for their program in
Environmental Engineering and Science: The Environmental Engineering and Science
(EES) program focuses on the chemical and biological processes involved in water
quality engineering, water and air pollution, remediation and hazardous substance
control, human exposure to pollutants, environmental biotechnology, and environmental
protection

• History & Development of Environmental Engineering:

Link for History (https://eece.wustl.edu/eeceatwashu/about/Pages/environmental-

engineering-history.aspx)

Development:
 Ever since people first recognized that their health is related to the quality of their
environment, they have applied principles to attempt to improve the quality of their
environment. The ancient Indian Harappan civilization utilized early sewers in some
cities more than 5000 years ago. More specifically, the Indus Valley Civilization (also
called the Harappan civilization) had advanced control over the water in their society.
The public work structures found at various sites in the area include wells, public baths,
storage tanks, a drinking water system, and a city-wide sewage collection system. They
also had an early version of a canal irrigation system that was needed for their large scale
agriculture. [8]The Romans constructed aqueducts to prevent drought and to create a
clean, healthful water supply for the metropolis of Rome. In the 15th century, Bavaria
created laws restricting the development and degradation of alpine country that
constituted the region's water supply.

The field emerged as a separate environmental discipline during the middle third of the
20th century in response to widespread public concern about water and pollution and
increasingly extensive environmental quality degradation. However, its roots extend back
to early efforts in public health engineering.[9] Modern environmental engineering began
in London in the mid-19th century when Joseph Bazalgette designed the first major
sewerage system that reduced the incidence of waterborne diseases such as cholera. The
introduction of drinking water treatment and sewage treatment in industrialized countries
reduced waterborne diseases from leading causes of death to rarities.[10]

In many cases, as societies grew, actions that were intended to achieve benefits for those
societies had longer-term impacts which reduced other environmental qualities. One
example is the widespread application of the pesticide DDT to control agricultural pests
in the years following World War II. While the agricultural benefits were outstanding and
crop yields increased dramatically thus reducing world hunger substantially, and malaria
was controlled better than it ever had been, numerous species were brought to the verge
of extinction due to the impact of the DDT on their reproductive cycles. The story of
DDT as vividly told in Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962) is considered to be the birth
of the modern environmental movement and of the modern field of "environmental
engineering."

• Contaminants: Contamination is the presence of an unwanted constituent, contaminant

or impurity in a material, physical body, natural environment, workplace, etc.
Contaminants are biological, chemical, physical or radiological substance

• Pollutants: A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has
undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource.

• Role of a Professional Engineer: Professional engineers have an important and

significant role to meet the sustainability. Their work is influenced by the opportunities
and challenges that bring the sustainability. Engineers are the providers of options and
solutions to maximize social value and minimize environmental impact.

• Sustainability: A state in which the demands placed on the environment can be met
without reducing its capacity to allow all people to live well, now and in the future.
• Environmental quality standards in EPA –X

b) Environment & Safety:

• Environmental Organization: An environmental organization is

an organization coming out of the conservation or environmental movements that seek
to protect, analyze or monitor the environment against misuse or degradation from
human forces.

• Environmental Standards: An environmental standard is a policy guideline that

regulates the effect of human activity upon the environment. ... Environmental
standards are a set of quality conditions that are adhered to or maintained for a
particular environmental component and function.

• Environmental Legislation: Environmental legislation is a collection of many laws and

regulations aimed at protecting the environment from harmful actions. Learn about the
National Environmental Policy Act and other environmental laws.

• Environmental Monitoring: Environmental Monitoring is defined as the observation of

the. Presence of harmful factors such as toxins, bacteria, chemicals. and other pollutants
in a specific location.

• Environmental compliance assurance: The European Union has put in place rules to
provide society with environmental benefits that include clean water, breathable air and a
healthy nature. A recent Eurobarometer survey shows that an overwhelming majority of
Europeans want the EU to make sure that these rules are applied across Europe.

Environmental compliance assurance describes all the ways in which public authorities
promote, monitor and enforce compliance with such rules. It is part of environmental
governance.
▪ Promote means helping businesses and others to comply;
▪ Monitor means using inspections and other checks to collect information
about levels of compliance and provide solid evidence for enforcement;
▪ Enforce means stopping those who disregard the rules, sanctioning them
and obliging them to rectify the damage.

c) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):

• Definition of EIA: Environmental assessment (EA) is the assessment of the

environmental consequences (positive and negative) of a plan, policy, program, or actual
projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. In this context,
the term "environmental impact assessment" (EIA) is usually used when applied to actual
projects by individuals or companies and the term "strategic environmental assessment"
(SEA) applies to policies, plans and programs most often proposed by organs of state
 • Definition of IEE (Initial Environmental Examination): The IEE is a review of the
reasonably foreseeable effects on the environment of a proposed development
intervention/activity. The purpose of the IEE is to provide information and analysis
sufficient to reach one of four conclusions (or threshold decisions) regarding the
overall environmental effects of the project.

• Definition of EIS (Environment Impact Statement): An environmental impact statement

(EIS), under United States environmental law, is a document required by the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for certain actions "significantly affecting the quality
of the human environment". An EIS is a tool for decision making

• Environmental Issues: Environmental issues in Pakistan include deforestation, air

pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, climate change, pesticide misuse, soil
erosion, natural disasters and desertification

• Environmental Priorities: There are top 10 Environmental priorities:

1. Upgrade sewage treatment plants. Numerous industrial or sewage treatment facilities

seriously violate water pollution laws. Violations cause closed beaches and unswimmable
water.
2. Protect and restore our fragile wetlands. The mother of all marine species, the wetlands we
protect guarantee the future of diverse marine life.
3. Prevent polluted run-off from farms, industry and streets. The combined impact of many
smaller pollution sources is substantial.
4. Make polluters accountable for clean-up and restoration. Environmental criminals should not
profit at the expense of jobs, health and recreation of the public.
5. Protect fish and fishing. Fish are essential to our recreation, food supply, and quality of life
6. Protect the right to sue polluters. “Watering down” the Clean Water Act and other laws will
undermine your effort to protect the environment.
7. Guarantee continued access to the Sound for swimming, boating, and fishing. The Sound
belongs to all and should be accessible to all.
8. Promote Sound-friendly products — fertilizers, detergents, and beyond. By cultivating new
product habits, we can all make a difference in protecting what we love.
9. Fix broken down storm sewers and waste systems to reduce risks of beach and shellfish bed
closings after heavy rains.
10. Stop industrial seawater withdrawals from power plants and other large once through users of
the Sounds water that results in the death of billions of marine organisms.

• Environmental Laws & regulation in Pakistan:

Link (https://www.academia.edu/7738075/Environmental_Laws_of_Pakistan_A_brief_View_)

d) Environmental Organization and Legal Framework:

• Environment Decision Making for Industries:

 • Evolution of EU Environmental legislation system:

https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=evolution+of+eu+environmental+legislation+system&rlz=
1C1CHBF_enPK818PK818&oq=evolution+of+eu+environmental+legislation+system&aqs=chr
ome..69i57j0.18166j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

• Evolution of Pakistan Environmental legislation system:

https://www.google.com.pk/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enPK818PK818&ei=zDPLW7qsK8qYa-
rNmZAB&q=evolution+of+pakistan+environmental+legislation+system&oq=evolution+of+paki
stan+environmental+legislation+system&gs_l=psy-
ab.3...77152.77962.0.78020.8.6.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..8.0.0....0.qWSplhIcqmA

v) Hazard & Risk Management:

• Occupational Health Hazards: Occupational illness normally develops over a period of

time because of workplace conditions. Such conditions might include exposure to
disease-causing bacteria and viruses, for example, or to chemicals or dust. Under the
Occupational Health and Safety Act, occupational illness is defined as a condition that
results from exposure in a workplace to a physical, chemical or biological agent to the
extent that the normal physiological mechanisms are affected and the health of the
worker is impaired. An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace.
Occupational hazards can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical
hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards

• Principle & Methods of Hazard Identification:

Principle:
Basic principles of Hazard identification
Hazard Identification: This is the process of examining each work area and work task
for the purpose of identifying all the hazards which are “inherent in the job”. Work
areas include but are not limited to machine workshops, laboratories, office areas,
agricultural and horticultural environments, stores and transport, maintenance and
grounds, reprographics, and lecture theatres and teaching spaces. Tasks can include
(but may not be limited to) using screen based equipment, audio and visual equipment,
industrial equipment, hazardous substances and/or teaching/dealing with people,
driving a vehicle, dealing with emergency situations, construction. This process is
about finding what could cause harm in work task or area.

Methods:

(i) Past incidents/accidents are examined to see what happened and whether the
incident/accident could occur again.
 (ii) Employees be consulted to find out what they consider are safety issues,
I.e. ask workers about hazards near misses they have encountered as part of their work.
Sometimes a survey or questionnaire can assist workers to provide information about
workplace hazards.

(iii) Work areas or work sites be inspected or examined to find out what is happening
now. Identified hazards should be documented to allow further action. The work
environment, tool and equipment as well as tasks and procedures should be examined for
risks to WHS.

(iv) Information about equipment (e.g. plant, operating instructions) and Material Safety
Data Sheets be reviewed to determine relevant safety precautions.

(v) Welcome creative thinking about what could go wrong takes place, i.e. what
hazardous event could take place here?
• Evaluation:

What is a Health Hazard Evaluation? An HHE is a study of a workplace. It is done

to learn whether workers are exposed to hazardous materials or harmful conditions.
Below you will find more information about our program in our HHE videos,
brochures, and annual report.

• Risk Assessment: Is defined as the process of assessing the risks associated with each
of the hazards identified so the nature of the risk can be understood. This includes the
nature of the harm that may result from the hazard, the severity of that harm and the
likelihood of this occurring.

Basic steps in a risk assessment can be identified as:

1. Identifying hazards
2. Assessing the risk of harm
3. Assessing existing control measures, to see if they are adequate
4. Assessing if extra controls are needed
5. Reviewing later on, to see if the controls are working

• Mitigation Measures: The assessment methods shall be capable of : identifying and

evaluating mitigation measures in order to avoid, reduce or remedy the impact;
assessing the effectiveness of mitigation measures; and. defining the residual
environmental impact, which is the net impact remaining with mitigation
measures in place.