PERA INSTITUTE

By N.Shyam

amOH$s¶ gh^mJm‘wio 1915 gmbr {ejU gmoS>bo.

A§Vmo{ZAmo J«m‘Mr • g‘mOtdmXr dV©‘mZnÌmVrb boIZm‘wio à{gÕ
nÌH$ma åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmD$ bmJbm.
• 1919 ‘ܶo Vmop½b¶Q>r (Togliatti) VmñH$m,
Q´>m°¶grZr Am{U J«m‘Mr ¶m§Zr “Am°{S>©Z ݶyìhmo’ ho
gmám{hH$ gwê$ Ho$bo.
• ˶mV ‘dJ© g§Kfm©Mm B{Vhmg’ {df¶mda Ho$boë¶m
boIZm‘wio g§nyU© BQ>br^a à{gÕr {‘imbr.
• H«$m§{VH$mar boIZm‘wio ’°${gñQ> ˶m§À¶mda {MS>bo.
• E{àb 1920 ‘Yrb gmd©{ÌH$ g§nmV gh^mJr
Pmbm.
• 1921 gmbr g‘mOdmXr njmV ’y$Q> nS>ë¶m‘wio
(Antonio Gramsci) H$å¶w{ZñQ> nj doJim Pmbm.
(B.g. 1891 Vo B.g. 1937) • 21 OmZodmar 1921 gmbr ñWmnZ Pmboë¶m
H$å¶w{ZñQ> nmQ>u Am°’$ BQ>brMm g§ñWmnH$ gXñ¶
• A§Vmo{ZAmo J«m‘Mr hm {dgmì¶m eVH$mVrb gd©loð> Am{U ZoVm hmoVm.
‘mŠg©dmXr {dMmad§V ‘mZbm OmVmo. • ‘wgmo{bZrÀ¶m hmVmV BQ>brMr gÎmm Amë¶mZ§Va
• ‘mŠg© Am{U bo{ZZ Z§Va ‘mŠg©dmXmMo ~Xb˶m ˶m§Zr AZoH$ H$å¶w{ZñQ> Zo˶m§Zm AQ>H$ Ho$br.
n[apñWVrZwgma gImob {dûcofU H$aUmam {dMmad§V • J«m‘MrZo ‘wgmo{bZrÀ¶m amOdQ>r{df¶r AZoH$ J§^ra
åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. ñdê$nmMo àý CnpñWV Ho$bo.
• J«m‘Mr hm BQ>m{b¶Z ‘mŠg©dmXr {dMmad§V • ¶m amOdQ>rÀ¶m {damoYmV VmpÎdH$ ‘m§S>Ur gwê$
‘wgmo{bZrMm g‘H$mbrZ hmoVm. Ho$ë¶m‘wio ‘wgmo{bZrbm 1926 ‘ܶo ñWmZ~Õ
• ’°${gñQ> amOdQ>rVrb H$Å>a {damoYH$ Am{U H$ê$Z amo‘À¶m H$mamJ¥hmV Q>mH$bo.
gmå¶dmXmMm g‘W©H$ åhUyZ Vmo AmoiIbm OmVmo. • ’°${gñQ> amOdQ>rVrb ݶm¶ì¶dñWoZo 1928 ‘ܶo
• OÝ‘ 22 OmZodmar 1891 amoOr gm{S>©{Z¶m àm§VmVrb ˶mbm 20 dfmªÀ¶m H$mamdmgmMr {ejm {Xbr.
A°bog ¶oWo Pmbm. • ’°${gP‘dmXmer Pmboë¶m d¡Mm[aH$ g§Kfm©‘wio
• 1911-12 ho df© J«m‘MrgmR>r AZoH$ ZdrZ g§Yr XrK©H$mi H$mamdmgmV amhmdo bmJbo.
KoD$Z Ambo. ¶m dfu Vw[aZ {dÚmnrR>mMr {eî¶d¥Îmr • ˶m§Mm {‘Ì à{gÕ AW©emók {nAao ñdm’$m ¶m§Zr
{‘imbr. b§S>ZhÿZ AZoH$ nwñVHo$ nmR>{dbr.
• ¶m {dÚmnrR>mV àdoe KoD$Z VÎdkmZ, J«rH$ • H$mamJ¥hmV {bImU H$aʶmMr nadmZJr {‘imbr
gm{h˶, AmYw{ZH$ OJmMm B{Vhmg, ‘mZdemó d Zmhr.
^mfmemómMm Aä¶mg gwê$ Ho$bm. • 27 E{àb 1937 gmbr amo‘ ¶oWrb b°{PAmo ¶oWo
• 1913 nmgyZ BQ>m{b¶Z g‘mOdmXr njmÀ¶m H$m¶m©V ¶m gd©loð> {dMmad§VmMo àH¥$Vr Añdmñ϶m‘wio
g{H«$¶ gh^mJr Pmbm. {ZYZ Pmbo.
• Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr, àH¥$Vr Añdmñ϶ Am{U • ‘mŠg©dmXmMm Am¶wî¶mAIoan¶ªV ZdrZ nÕVrZo

By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932

 AW© bmdV am{hbm. ^m¡{VH$dmX {gÕm§V ¶eñdr Pmbm Zmhr.
• Om°O© ë¶wH$mM ¶m§À¶m ~amo~arZo ˶mbm Zd‘mŠg©dmXmMm • H$mb© ‘mŠg©Zo ‘m§S>boë¶m Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmMm
CÒmVm ‘mZbo OmVo. ~Xb˶m H$mimZwgma Zdm AÝd¶mW© bmdʶmMr JaO
• boIZmVrb gm‘϶m©‘wio ‘mŠg©dmXr na§naoVrb • {Z‘m©U Pmbr hmoVr.
bo{ZZZ§VaMm gdm©{YH$ à{gÕ ^mî¶H$ma åhQ>bo OmD$ • ‘mŠg©Zo ¶m n[apñWVrV Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmMr
bmJbo. ‘m§S>Ur Ho$bobr hmoVr.
• 1970 n¶ªV ˶m§Mo gm{h˶ BQ>m{b¶Z ^mfoV hmoVo Z§Va • ˶m n[apñWVrV ì¶mnH$ ~Xb Pmbobm hmoVm.
˶m§Mo gm{h˶ B§J«OrV àH$m{eV Pmbo. • na§Vw, ~wIm[aZ ¶m§Zr Ho$boë¶m Eo{Vhm{gH$
• ˶m§À¶m ˶m§À¶m {dMmam§da ‘°{H$¶mìh°br, H$mb© ^m¡{VH$dmXmÀ¶m {deofUmV ñQ>°{bZ ¶m§Zr gwYmaUm
‘mŠg©, bo{ZZ, amoOm, bŠP|~J©, Q´>m°Q>ñH$s, ~oZoS>oÅ>mo ^m¡{VH$dmXmMm
H$mog, ~wIm[aZ B˶mXr {dMmad§Vm§À¶m {dMmam§Mm • AW© H$å¶w{ZñQ> XoemgmR>r {deX Ho$bm hmoVm.
à^md nS>bobm {XgVmo. • ñQ>°{bZZo Ho$bobr Û§ÛmË‘H$ ^m¡{VH$dmXm~ÔbMr
• ˶m{edm¶, hoJobMm ZmJar g‘mO Am{U Om{UdoMmhr ^y{‘H$m H$å¶w{ZñQ> OJVmV A{YH¥$V ‘mZbr OmV
à^md AmT>iVmo. Amho.
• J«m‘MrZo ‘mŠg©dmXmVrb nm¶m Am{U B‘bm H$ënZoVrb • ~wIm[aZ Am{U ñQ>°{bZ ¶m§Zr KoVbobm ‘mŠg©dmXmMm
nm¶mgmo~V A{YaMZm åhUOo B‘bm ¶m§À¶m Vm§{ÌH$ AW© J«m‘Mrbm ‘mݶ ZìhVm.
• Aä¶mgmbm ‘hÎd {Xbo. • 20 ì¶m eVH$mV ¶wamon‘ܶo ñWmnZ Pmboë¶m H$å¶w{ZñQ>
• ˶mÀ¶m {dMmam§‘wio ‘mŠg©dmXmV ‘mZdVmdmXr njm‘ܶo ¶m§{ÌH$ dm Vm§{ÌH$ ‘mŠg©dmXmMm ~mob~mbm
Om{Udobm ‘hÎd àmá Pmbo Am{U ‘mŠg©dmXmMm • hmoVm.
ZdrZ emóewÕnUo Aä¶mg gwê$ Pmë¶m‘wio ˶mVrb • ‘mŠg©dmXmV {eaboë¶m ¶m§{ÌH$Vobm ZmH$mê$Z J«m‘MrZo
nmoWr{Zð>Vm H$‘r hmoʶmg hmV^ma bmJbm. ‘mŠg©dmXmbm ‘mZdVmdmXr ~Z{dʶmgmR>r qMVZ
• ˶mZo Amnë¶m VÎdkmZmV Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmX, • Ho$bobo Amho.
à^wËd g§H$ënZm,amOgÎmo{df¶r {dMma Am{U amOH$s¶ • J«m‘MrMo qMVZ ho nma§n[aH$ ‘mŠg©dmXmnojm A˶§V
• njm{df¶r {dMmam§Mr ‘m§S>Ur Ho$bobr Amho. doJio dm AZmoIo ‘mZbo OmVo.
• J«m‘MrZo A{YH¥$V ‘mŠg©dmXr bo{ZZdmXr {ddoMZmnojm
J«m‘MrMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXm~ÔbMo doJù¶m àH$mao ‘mŠg©dmXmMo {dûcofU Ho$bobo Amho.
{dMma : • ‘Am{W©H$ ~Xb ho BVa KQ>H$mV ~Xb KS>dyZ
AmUVmV’ ¶m ‘mŠg©dmXmÀ¶m ‘w»¶ J¥hrVH$mg N>oX
• nma§n[aH$ ‘mŠg©dmXr Am{U ñdV… H$mb© ‘mŠg© ¶m§Zr XoʶmMo H$m¶©
^{dVì¶ dV©{dbo hmoVo H$s, ^m§S>dbemhr amï´>m§‘ܶo • H$ê$Z ~Xb˶m n[apñWVrÀ¶m g§X^m©V ‘mŠg©dmXmMm
• ^m§S>dbemhrÀ¶m {dH$mgmMm A§{V‘ Q>ßnm JmR>bm AW© bmdʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bobm Amho.
OmB©b Am{U ^m§S>dbemhr ñdV…M ñdV…À¶m ZmemMo • ^m§S>dbemhrÀ¶m {dH$mgmVM {VÀ¶m {dZmemMr ~rOo
H$maU R>aob d g‘mOdmXr H«$m§Vr hmoB©b. éObobr AmhoV.
• na§Vw, ho ^mH$sV Iao R>abo Zmhr. ^m§S>dbemhr • ‘Û§ÛmË‘H$ {dH$mg’ hm {ZgJm©Mm {Z¶‘ Amho
amï´>m§‘ܶo g‘mOdmXr H«$m§Vr Pmbr Zmhr. Am{U Vmo Eo{Vhm{gH$ ì¶dhmamV namd{V©V Pmbobm
• a{e¶mgma»¶m Am¡Úmo{JH$Ñï²>¶m ‘mJmgboë¶m XoemV Agë¶m‘wio
g‘mOdmXr H«$m§Vr Pmbr. • ‘mZdr H$V¥©Ëdmbm ˶mV ’$mago ñWmZ Zmhr ho ~wIm[aZZo
• ˶m‘wio g‘mOdmXr H«$m§Vr{df¶r ‘mŠg©Mm Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ho$bobo Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmMo {dûcofU ˶m§Zm

By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932

 • ‘mݶ ZìhVo. JmO{dUmè¶m AZoH$ Jmoï>r AgVmV.
• J«m‘MrZo ‘mZdr H$V©ì¶mg ‘hÎd XoUmao {dMma ‘m§S>bo. • VÎdkmZ, Y‘©, Zr{V‘Îmm, gñH¥$Vr ho KQ>H$ d¡Mm[aH$
• {damoY{dH$mgmÀ¶m Û§ÛmË‘H$ à{H«$¶oVrb à˶oH$ H¥$VrV B‘ë¶mVrb KQ>H$m§da à^md nmS>rV AgVmV.
‘mZd hm H$Vm© AgVmo. • H$Yr Am{W©H$ KQ>H$mVXoIrb ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUy
• Vmo ’$º$ {ZgJm©Zo {Z‘m©U Ho$boë¶m {Z¶‘m§À¶m eH$VmV.
AmYmamda H$m‘ H$aV ZgVmo Va Amnë¶m kmZ d • Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§gmo~V amÁ¶g§ñWm, g§ñH¥$Vr, H$bm,
H¥$VrÀ¶m Zr{Vemó ho KQ>H$XoIrb ‘hÎdnyU© AgVmV.
• AmYmamda B{Vhmgmbm diU XoʶmMm à¶ËZ H$arV • Am{W©H$ nm¶m ~Xbbm H$s d¡Mm[aH$ B‘ë¶mV ~Xb
AgVmo. hmoV Zmhr.
• Û§ÛmË‘H$ {dH$mgmMo {Z¶‘ ho {ZgJm©Mo {Z¶‘ ZgyZ • H$maU d¡Mm[aH$ B‘ë¶mVrb ~aoM KQ>H$ ñdm¶Îm
B{VhmgmÀ¶m {dH$mgmMo {Z¶‘ AmhoV. ñdê$nmMo AgVmV.
• ‘Zwî¶ VÎd Am{U ì¶dhmam§V ¶mV g‘Ýd¶ àñWm{nV • à˶oH$ doir Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ à^md nmS>Umam qH$dm
H$ê$Z {dH$mgmMr {Xem {Z{üV H$aV AgVmo. {Z¶§ÌU R>odUmam KQ>H$ ‘mZVm ¶oUma Zmhr.
• ˶mZo B{Vhmgmnojm dV©‘mZH$mimVrb g‘mOpñWVr • g‘mOH«$m§VrgmR>r Am{W©H$ joÌ Am{U BVa joÌmVrb
g‘OyZ Koʶmg àmYmݶ {Xbo. A§V{d©amoY gd© ñVam§dê$Z EH$Ord Pmbo Va H«$m§Vr
• ^m§S>dbemhr g‘mOmMr g§aMZm {dûco{fV H$ê$Z hmoD$
nm¶m^yV g§aMZoMo à{Vq~~ åhUOo A{Yg§aMZm ZgVo. • eH$Vo.
• A{Yg§aMZoVhr EH$ àH$maMr ñdm¶Îmm AgVo Am{U • J«m‘MrZo Am{W©H$ ~m~tBVHo$M BVa ~m~tZm ‘hÎd
doiàg§Jr Vr nm¶mnojmhr à^mdr ~Zy eH$Vo. {Xbo.
• ‘mŠg©À¶m {damoYH$m§Zm Zm‘moha‘ H$aʶmgmR>r
J«m‘Mr Û§ÛmË‘H$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmMr VrZ Am{W©Ho$Va KQ>H$m§À¶m Aä¶mgmda ^a {Xbm nm{hOo
d¡{eï²>¶o gm§JVmo. - hr A˶§V Zmdrݶ ^y{‘H$m ˶m§Zr KoVbr.
1) g‘mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Mr Am§Va{H«$¶m • ‘mŠg©dmXmV Am{W©H$ nm¶m (Super Structure)
2) {damoY{dH$mgdmXmMm H«$‘ d¡Mm[aH$ B‘ë¶mda (Super Structure) à^wËd
3) Am{W©H$ nm¶m Am{U d¡Mm[aH$ B©‘maVrMm nañna JmO{dV AgVmo Ago ‘mZbo OmVo.
g§~§Y. • hm EH$m§Jr Ñ{ï>H$moZ Vmo ZmH$maVmo. nm¶m^yV g§aMZm
• ~wIm[aZ Am{U BVa ‘mŠg©dmXr {dMmad§V Am{W©H$ A{Yg§aMZog nyU©nUo {Z¶§{ÌV H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.
KQ>H$ d¡Mm[aH$ B‘ë¶mg nyU©V… {Z¶§{ÌV H$aVmV hm • Y‘©, g§ñH¥$Vr, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U VÎdkmZ ¶mÀ¶mV
• Am{W©H$ {Z¶m‘H$VmdmXmMm {dMma ‘m§S>VmV. H«$m§VrZ§Va MQ>H$Z n[adV©Z hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
• Am{W©H$ nm¶mV ~Xb Pmë¶mg d¡Mm[aH$ B‘ë¶mVhr • d¡Mm[aH$ B‘ë¶mV g‘m{dï> KQ>H$gwÕm Am{W©H$
AmnmoAmn n[adV©Z hmoVo ho J¥hrV YaVmV nU hr nm¶mda à^wËd JmOdy eH$VmV ho {dûcofU ‘m§Sy>Z
^y{‘H$m J«m‘Mrbm ‘mݶ Zmhr. ‘mŠg©dmXmMm Zdm AW© ‘m§S>Vmo.
• ^m§S>dbemhr ì¶dñWoV Am{W©H$ KQ>H$mgmo~V • hm J«m‘MrMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ nm¶m^yV g§aMZm Am{U
Am{W©Ho$Va KQ>H$ gdm}ƒ Zgbo Var ‘hÎdmMo AgVmV A{Yg§aMZm ¶m§À¶mVrb nañnag§~§Y ñnï> H$aUmam
• ˶m§À¶mH$S>o Xþb©j H$aUo gd©Wm A¶mo½¶ Amho. Amho.
• Am{W©H$ nm¶m d¡Mm[aH$ B‘ë¶mVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Zm • Y‘©, g§ñH¥$Vr, VÎdkmZ ho gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©ZmÀ¶m
{Z¶§{ÌV H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. à{H«$¶oV à^mdr ^y{‘H$m ~OmdVmV ¶mMo B{VhmgmV
• KQ>H$ d¡Mm[aH$ B‘ë¶mVrb KQ>H$m§da dM©ñd AZoH$ XmIbo gmnS>VmV.

By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932

• J«m‘MrMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXm~ÔbMr ^y{‘H$m {Z¶‘mnwaVo ‘¶m©{XV Ho$bobo Amho’ ho dmñVd ‘m§Sy>Z
Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dH$mgmMr H$ënZm Am{U Am{W©H$ • J«m‘Mr ‘mŠg©dmXmbm amOH$s¶ BÀN>meº$s Am{U
{ZYm©aUdmX A‘mݶ H$aVmo. {H«$¶merbVoMr OmoS> {Xë¶m{edm¶ g‘mO H«$m§Vr KSy>Z
• ‘mŠg©dmX hm d§{MV dJm©À¶m AmH$m§jm§Mm Am{dîH$ma ¶oUma Zmhr.
Amho. • g‘mOà{V~Õ {dMmad§V ZdrZ H«$m§{VH$mar {dMmam§Mr
• ‘Zwî¶ hm {ZgJm©À¶m hmVmVrb EH$ IoiUo ZgyZ ‘m§S>Ur H$aVrb.
gm‘m{OH$ ~XbmV à^mdr ^y{‘H$m ~Om{dUmam • Vo {dMma OZVm Amnë¶m AZw^dmVyZ d {dœmgmVyZ
gd©loð> Ord Amho. AmË‘gmV H$aVrb VoìhmM g‘mOH«$m§Vr KSy>Z ¶oB©b.
• ¶m OrdmV Vrd« dJ©OmUrd {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z H$m‘Jmam§Zm • bmoH$m§‘ܶo AmnmoAmn dJ©Om{Udm dm dJ©^mZ {Z‘m©U
H«$m§VrgmR>r V¶ma H$aVm ¶oVo. hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
• gÎmmYmar dJ© {Zìdi gm‘m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ • ˶mgmR>r H«$m§{VH$mar {dMmam§Mr JaO AgVo.
dM©ñdmÀ¶m Omoamda g‘mOì¶dñWoda dM©ñd JmO{dV • EH$Xm H«$m§{VH$mar {dMmam§Mo g‘mOmV ~rOmamonU Pmbo
ZgVmV Va Vo d¡Mm[aH$ à^wËdmÀ¶m AmYmamda H$s g‘mOH«$m§VrgmR>r nyaH$ dmVmdaU V¶ma hmoVo.
Amnbo dM©ñd àñWm{nV H$aV AgVmV. • ˶m‘wio J«m‘Mr gmå¶dmXr H«$m§Vr hr {Zìdi gÎmm~Xb
• d¡Mm[aH$ à^wËd gm§ñH¥${VH$ dM©ñdmVyZ {Z‘m©U hmoV dm gÎmmnmbQ>mMr MQ>H$Z hmoUmar à{H«$¶m ‘mZV Zmhr.
AgVo. • Vr àJë^, OmJ¥V Am{U H«$m§{VH$mar H$m‘Jma dJm©Mr
• gm§ñH¥${VH$ dM©ñd g§ñH¥$Vr, gm{h˶, ZrVr, VÎdkmZ, gm‘y{hH$ H¥$Vr AgVo.
H$bm, H$m¶Xo B˶mXtÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ àñWm{nV Ho$bo • ˶mV H$m‘Jma dJm©Mm bmoH$emhr AmË‘{dœmg
• OmVo. gm‘mdbobm Amho.
• {Zìdi ~imÀ¶m Omoamda A{YH$ H$mi amÁ¶ H$aVm • H«$m§VrMr nyd©V¶mar åhUyZ H$m‘Jmam§Zr {d{dY dJmªÀ¶m
¶oV Zmhr. AmKmS>çm V¶ma Ho$ë¶m nm{hOoV.
• d¡Mm[aH$ dM©ñd àñWm{nV H$aʶmgmR>r {dMmad§Vm§À¶m • gmå¶dmXr H«$m§Vr ¶eñdr H$aʶmgmR>r {Zìdi Am{W©H$
H$m¶m©bm J«m‘Mr ‘mobmMo ñWmZ XoVmo. joÌmVrb {df‘Vm Zï> H$ê$Z qH$dm ‘mb‘ÎmoMm h¸$
• {dMmad§V Amnë¶m amOH$s¶ H¥$VrVyZ {gÕm§Vmbm aÔ H$ê$Z MmbUma Zmhr.
diU XoV AgVmV. • bmoH$m§À¶m ‘Zmda Pmbobo OwZo g§ñH$ma Zï> H$aUo
• g‘mOmV ApñVËdmV Agboë¶m Om{UdoÀ¶m H$jm Amdí¶H$ Amho.
é§Xm{dʶmMo H$m¶© H$aVmV. • ˶m‘wio g‘mOmV Am{W©H$ n[adV©Zmgmo~V gm§ñH¥${VH$
• nma§n[aH$ Am{U g‘mOà{V~Õ Ago {dMmad§Vm§Mo XmoZ n[adV©Z Pmbo nm{hOo.
àH$ma H$ê$Z g‘mOà{V~Õ {dMmad§V H«$m§{VH$mar • g‘Voda AmYm[aV g‘mOì¶dñWoMr C^maUr
• H¥$VrMo {gÕm§H$Z H$ê$Z OZVoÀ¶m Om{UdoMm {dñVma Ho$ë¶m{edm¶ gmå¶dmX {Q>Hy$ eH$Uma Zmhr.
H$aʶmMo H$m¶© H$arV AgVmV. • ˶mgmR>r H«$m§Vrnyd© H$mimV ~yÁ¶m© ‘Zmod¥Îmr Am{U
• ˶mVyZ H«$m§Vr BÀNw>H$ dJm©À¶m gm§ñH¥${VH$ Om{Udm g§ñH¥$Vrda AmKmV Ho$bo nm{hOo ho ñnï> ‘V 춺$
n[an¹$ hmoV OmVmV. Ho$bo.
• g‘mOmVrb d§{MV dJmªZr AmOn¶ªV ñdV:Mo à^wËd • H$maU ^m§S>dbXma dJ© ’$º$ X§S>eº$s, amOH$s¶
dm dM©ñd {Z‘m©U Ho$bobo Zmhr ‘mÌ ho H$m¶© hm dJ© Am{U Am{W©H$ AmYmamda Amnbo dM©ñd àñWm{nV
Amnë¶m dJm©Vrb {dMmad§Vm§À¶m ghH$m¶m©Zo H$ê$ H$aV ZgyZ
eH$Vmo hm AmemdmX J«m‘Mr 춺$ H$aVmo. • {dMmaàUmbtÀ¶m AmYmamda Amnbo dM©ñd àñWm{nV
• ‘Am{W©H$ {ZYm©aUdmÚm§Zr H$mb© ‘mŠg©bm Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$aVmV.

By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932

 • ˶m g§ñH¥$Vrbm g§nyU© g‘mOmVrb dJm©Mr à{V{Z{YËd ^m§S>dbXma {VÀ¶m ‘XVrZo l{‘H$m§Mo emofU H$aVmo.
H$aUmar Am{U gdmªMo {hV AgUmè¶m ‘yë¶m§Mm E§JëgZo amÁ¶g§ñWoV g¡Ý¶, ZmoH$aemhr, ݶm¶mb¶o,
g‘mdoe AgUmar åhUyZ gmXa H$aVmV. nmobrg Am{U H$mamJ¥hm§Mm g‘mdoe Ho$bobm Amho.
• H$m‘Jma dJm©Zo ˶m g§ñH¥$VrVrb ‘yë¶m§Zm CISy>Z J«m‘Mr ¶m§ZrXoIrb darb KQ>H$m§{edm¶ emgZg§ñWm
Q>mH$ʶmgmR>r Amnë¶m dJm©À¶m g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U KQ>H$mMm g‘mdoe amÁ¶ g§koV Ho$bobm Amho.
‘yë¶m§Mm {dH$mg Ho$bm nm{hOo. • amÁ¶g§ñWm {Zìdi emofU d X‘ZmMo H$m¶© H$arV
• Amnë¶m n¶m©¶r g§ñH¥$VrMm àMma d àgma Ho$bm ZgyZ ^m§S>dbemhrÀ¶m {dñVmamg hmV^ma bmdV
nm{hOo. AgVo.
• bo{ZZ g§ñH¥$Vrbm amOH$s¶ ܶo¶àmárÀ¶m ‘mJm©V • amÁ¶g§ñWm YwarUËd àñWm{nV H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aV
Xþ涑 ñWmZ {Xbo hmoVo. AgVo. YwarUËdmÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ g‘mOmH$Sy>Z AmnU
• J«m‘MrZo g‘mOdmXr H«$m§VrV gm§ñH¥${VH$ dM©ñdmbm am~dV Agboë¶m YmoaUm§Zm g§‘Vr {‘i{dʶmMm
àW‘ ñWmZ {Xbo. à¶ËZ H$aV AgVo.
• J«m‘MrZo Amnë¶m ‘mŠg©dmXr {ddoMZmV d¡Mm[aH$ • YwarUËdmMm {gÕm§V ‘m§S>VmZm J«m‘Mr ‘^m§S>dbemhr
B‘ë¶mMm Am{W©H$ nm¶mda à^md nS>Vmo ho emór¶ amÁ¶’ hr g§H$ënZm J¥hrV YaVmo.
nÕVrZo • ‘¶m©{XV A{YH$ma Am{U OmUrd Agbobo gaH$ma
• {gÕ H$ê$Z {Xë¶m‘wio Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmMm BVŠ¶m ‘¶m©{XV AWm©Zo amÁ¶ g§H$ënZoMm {dMma H$aV
Zì¶mZo AW© bmdʶmMr na§nam {dH${gV Ho$br ˶m‘wio Zmhr. J«m‘Mr amÁ¶mMo nmaXe©H$ Am{U AnmaXe©H$
• ˶mbm nm{ü‘m˶ ‘mŠg©dmXmÀ¶m {dH$mgmVrb Ago XmoZ àH$mamV dJuH$aU H$aVmo.
‘hÎdnyU© {dMmad§V ‘mZbo OmVo. • AnmaXe©H$ g‘mOmV ZmJar g‘mO ApñVËdmV
• Aem àH$mao H$mb© ‘mŠg©Zo ‘m§S>boë¶m Eo{Vhm{gH$ AgVmo.
^m¡{VH$dmX VÎdkmZmMr ’o$a‘m§S>Ur dm nwZV©nmgUr • ˶m‘wio amÁ¶mMo AmYma bjmV KoD$Z H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ
J«m‘MrZo Ho$bobr Amho. AmUUo Odinmg AeŠ¶ AgVo.
• ‘mŠg©À¶m ‘m§S>UrV {eabobr Vm§{ÌH$Vm d ¶m§{ÌH$Vobm • CXm. B§½b§S> Am{U A‘o[aHo$‘ܶo AnmaXe©H$ g‘mO
~mOybm gmê$Z ˶mbm ‘mZdr gO©ZerbVm d Agë¶m‘wio gmå¶dmXr H«$m§Vr hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr Va
H¥$VrerbVoMr OmoS> XoʶmMm à¶mg Ho$bobm {XgVmo. nmaXe©H$ g‘mOmV ZmJar g‘mOmMo ApñVËd ZgVo.
• J«m‘MrZo Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§nojm gm‘wXm{¶H$ {dMmam§Mo ˶m‘wio amÁ¶mMo emofH$ ñdê$n MQ>H$Z bjmV ¶oV
‘hÎd bjmV AmUyZ {Xbo. Agë¶m‘wio H«$m§Vr H$aUo eŠ¶ hmoVo.
• ˶mMr hr Ñï>r ‘mŠg©dmX àJë^ d {dH${gV H$aʶmV • CXm. a{e¶m Am{U MrZ‘ܶo ZmJar g‘mO ApñVËdmV
‘mobmMr ‘mZbr Jobr. Zgë¶m‘wio H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Ambr. gmå¶dmXr H«$m§VrMo
• ˶mZo Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmVrb ¶m§{ÌH$VoÀ¶m OmJr {dûcofU H$aʶmgmR>r Am{U {VMo ñdê$n OmUyZ
gO©Zerb ‘mZdmMr gm‘y{hH$ H¥$Vr, àJë^ d KoʶmgmR>r J«m‘Mr amÁ¶mMo dJuH$aU H$aVmo.
• {dñVmarV Om{Udm§Mo ‘hÎd AYmoaopIV Ho$bo. • J«m‘Mr amÁ¶mMo amOH$s¶ g‘mO Am{U ZmJar
• J«m‘MrÀ¶m ¶m ¶moJXmZm‘wio Zd‘mŠg©dmXr {dMmad§VmV g‘mO ¶m XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mOZ H$aVmo. amOH$s¶
˶m§Mo ñWmZ ’$ma daÀ¶m XOm©Mo ‘mZbo OmVo. g‘mO g§H$ënZoV nmo{bgr ì¶dñWm, g¡Ý¶Xb Am{U
H$m¶Xoera ì¶dñWm ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe H$aVmo Va ZmJar
J«m‘MrMo amÁ¶gÎmo{df¶rMo {dMma - g‘mO g§H$ënZoV Hw$Qw>§~, {ejUì¶dñWm Am{U
• ‘mŠg© Am{U Z§VaÀ¶m H$mimV bo{ZZ ¶m§Zr H$m‘Jma g§KQ>Zm ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe H$aVmo.
amÁ¶g§ñWobm emofH$ g§ñWoMm XOm© {Xbm Amho. • J«m‘Mr amOgÎmobm amOH$s¶ g‘mO Am{U ZmJar

By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932

 g‘mO ¶m§À¶mVrb g§VwbZ R>odUmar EH$ ¶§ÌUm ‘mZVmo g§ñWoMr Bï>m{Zð>Vm R>a{dVmZm amÁ¶mbm ~mX
na§Vw Z§VaÀ¶m H$mimV Amnbr ^y{‘H$m ~XbyZ ZmJar R>a{dʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aVmV.
g‘mO Am{U amÁ¶ dmñVdmV EH$M Amho Ago ‘V • AmYw{ZH$ ^m§S>dbemhr amÁ¶ì¶dñWoV ^m§S>dbXma
춺$ H$aVmo. n{ü‘r amOgÎmo{df¶r {bImU H$aVmZm dJ© amÁ¶g§ñWoÛmam Am{W©H$ {Z¶§ÌU àñWm{nV H$aV
˶m§À¶m ^mfoV Q>moH$XmanUm àH$fm©Zo OmUdVmo. AgVmo. amÁ¶g§ñWoH$S>o Agboë¶m X§S>eº$sMm dmna
• Vmo amOgÎmo{df¶r åhUVmo H$s, ‘Vr EH$ Aer Imob H$ê$Z ZmJar Am{U amOH$s¶ g‘mOmMr g§‘Vr
Xar Amho H$s {OÀ¶m nmR>rer AUHw$MrXma Aem {‘idV AgVmo åhUOoM ^m§S>dbXma dJ© H$moU˶mhr
dñVw§Mr EH$ na§nam C^r Amho. ‘ à˶oH$ gm‘m{OH$ àH$maMr à˶j H¥$Vr ñdV… Z H$aVm amÁ¶gÎmoÛmam
àUmbrV EH$ Am{W©H$ ‘mZdmMo ApñVËd AmT>iyZ Amnbo Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§Y gmܶ H$aV AgVmo.
¶oVo Am{U Vmo ˶m gm‘m{OH$ àUmbrMm EH$ ^mJ dm • H$m‘Jma g§KQ>Zm, OZ{චamOH$s¶ nj Am{U ZmJar
CnO AgVmo. g‘mOmÀ¶m H¥$Vrda {Z¶§ÌU R>odʶmgmR>rXoIrb
• CXm. àmMrZ H$mimV ^maVr¶ g‘mOmV Aëng§Vwï> ¶m g§ñWoMm dmna H$arV AgVmo; åhUyZ AmYw{ZH$
AgUo ho gm‘m{OH$ àUmbrMo à‘wI d¡{eï²>¶ hmoVo. ˶m amOHw$‘ma dm H«$m§{VH$mar amOH$s¶ njmZo H$m‘Jma
d¡{eï²>¶mV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUʶmgmR>r g‘mOmZr dJm©‘ܶo O¡{dH$ {dMmad§Vm§À¶m ‘XVrZo dJ©OmUrd
‘mZdmMr OS>UKS>U H$aUo ho VËH$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$ {dH${gV H$amdr Am{U ZmJar g‘mOmV n¶m©¶r
OrdZmMo C{Ôï²>¶ dm An˶ ‘mZbo Jobo. YwarUËd {dH${gV H$amdo.
• Am{W©H$ g§aMZm Am{U amOgÎmoVrb Agboë¶m g§~§YmV • H«$m§{VH$mar amOH$s¶ njmZo amOH$s¶ Midir Am{U
gm§JVmo H$s, Am{W©H$ g§aMZm Am{U X§S>eº$s¶wº$ H$m‘Jma AmKmS>çm§À¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ H$m‘Jmam§Mr n¶m©¶r
amÁ¶gÎmm ¶m§À¶m V§VmoV§V ‘ܶo ZmJ[aH$ C^m AgVmo. ZmJar g§ñH¥$Vr {Z‘m©U H$amdr, n[adV©ZdmXr eº$sMm
amÁ¶g§ñWm ho gmYZ Amho H$s Oo ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Am{W©H$ EH$ ‘ãbm°H$’ V¶ma H$ê$Z H$m‘Jma dJm©Mr gm‘m{OH$
g§aMZoÀ¶m ñdê$nmV ~XbV AgVo qH$dm ˶m VmH$X dmT>dmdr Am{U amÁ¶gÎmoda l{‘H$m§Zr Amnbo
g§aMZoÀ¶m AZwê$n ~ZdrV Ag ¶mMm AW© amÁ¶gÎmm dM©ñd àñWm{nV H$amdo qH$dm n¶m©¶r ZmJar g‘mOmMr
ZmJ[aH$m§Zr Am{W©H$ g§aMZoÀ¶m nyaH$ H$m¶© H$amdo {Z{‘©Vr H$ê$Z amÁ¶gÎmo{déÕ H«$m§Vr H$ê$Z hr g§ñWm
åhUyZ V¶ma H$aV AgVo åhUyZ J«m‘Mrbm Ago dmQ>Vo Amnë¶m Vmã¶mV ¿¶mdr Ago J«m‘MrMo ‘V hmoVo.
H$s, Am{W©H$ g§aMZoV n[adV©ZmMm AmJ«h YaUmè¶m ’°${gñQ>m§‘Yrb amÁ¶gÎmm nyOH$ g§ñH¥$Vrbm J«m‘Mr
n[adV©ZdmXr dJmªZr amÁ¶gÎmoda Amnbo dM©ñd {damoY H$aVmo.
àñWm{nV H$amdo AWm©V hr Jmoï>r BVH$s gmYrgmonr • H«$m§VrZ§Va H$m‘Jma dJm©Mm H«$m§{VH$mar amOH$s¶
dm ghO Zmhr ¶mMr OmUrd ˶mbm hmoVr. nj {eñVàYmZ dm {Z¶‘mda MmbUmè¶m ZmJar
• ~yÁ¶m© dJm©H$Sy>Z amÁ¶gÎmoda Amnbo dM©ñd {Q>H$dyZ g‘mOmMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aʶmMo B{VhmgXÎm H$m¶© nma
R>odʶmgmR>r àMma Am{U AZwZ¶ ¶m ‘mJmªMm Adb§~ nmS>Vrb Am{U ˶mVyZ nyU© {dH${gV Pmboë¶m
Ho$bm. àMmambm ~ir nSy>Z ZmJar g‘mO amÁ¶gÎmobm ZmJar g‘mOmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoB©b. ¶m g‘mOmV à˶oH$
Ano{jV Am{W©H$ g§aMZobm nmqR>~m XoVmo. àMma Am{U 춺$sbm j‘Voà‘mUo H$m‘ Am{U Xm‘ {‘iob.
AZwZ¶mÀ¶m ‘mJm©Zo H$m¶©^mJ gmYbm Jobm Zmhr Va • 춺$s ñd{Z¶§ÌUmÀ¶m AmYmamda g‘mOì¶dñWoV
~bà¶moJmÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ amÁ¶gÎmm ZmJar g‘mOmMm dmJob åhUyZ X§S>eº$s dm ~bà¶moJmMr Amdí¶H$Vm
nmqR>~m {‘idV AgVo. amhUma Zmhr åhUyZ amÁ¶ {dê$Z OmB©b qH$dm ‘mŠg©Zo
• amÁ¶gÎmoH$Sy>Z Ho$ë¶m OmUmè¶m X§S>eº$s dm Ano{jV Ho$bobr amÁ¶{da{hV g‘mOmMr g§H$ënZm
~bà¶moJmÀ¶m dmnam‘wio gmå¶dmXr {dMmad§V ¶m gmܶ hmoB©b hm AmemdmX J«m‘Mr 춺$ H$aVmo.
g§ñWo{df¶r gme§H$Vm 춺$ H$aVmV. amÁ¶ • J«m‘MrÀ¶m amÁ¶{df¶H$ {dMmam§da H$mb© ‘mŠg© Am{U
By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932
 bo{ZZÀ¶m {dMmam§Mm à^md {XgyZ ¶oVmo. ˶m§À¶m • J«m‘MrÀ¶m ‘Vo gwde H«$m§Vr hr ^m§S>dbemhrÀ¶m
amÁ¶{df¶H$ {dMmam§V ñnï>VoMm A^md AmT>iyZ dM©ñddmXr eº$s¨Zm ~iH$Q>r XoʶmMo H$m‘ H$aV
¶oV Agbm Var g‘H$mbrZ Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$, AgVo. l{‘H$ MidirVrb amOH$s¶ Ame¶mMo
gm§ñH¥${VH$ g‘ñ¶m§Mo AmH$bZ H$aʶmgmR>r Am{U ‘hÎd H$‘r H$ê$Z {Vbm Am{W©H$ ‘mJʶm§À¶m
˶m§À¶m gmoS>dUwH$sgmR>r AmYma KoVbobm {XgVmo. ñdê$nmV ê$nm§V[aV H$aV AgVo. l{‘H$ dJm©À¶m
• ’°${gP‘À¶m CX¶mMr H$maU‘r‘m§gm Am{U ‘mJʶm ‘mݶ H$ê$Z MidirMr A{Y‘mݶVm X~©b
^m§S>dbemhr ì¶dñWoÀ¶m ApñVËdmV AgʶmMo H$aV AgVo. ^m§S>dbXma dJm©Mo YwarUËd nwZ…
{deofU H$aʶmgmR>r amÁ¶gÎmo{df¶rÀ¶m {dMmam§Mr àñWm{nV H$aʶmgmR>r hr H«$m§Vr ¶mo½¶ ‘mZbr OmVo.
‘m§S>Ur Ho$bobr Amho. J«m‘MrZo amÁ¶{df¶H$
{dMmam§À¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ nma§n[aH$ ‘mŠg©dmXr na§naoVrb 2. ¶wÕpñWVr dm g§Kf©aV H«$m§Vr (War of Position) -
amÁ¶{df¶H$ {dMmam§Mm {dñVma KS>dyZ AmUbobm • War of Position dm ¶wÕpñWVr åhUOo gmV˶mZo
{XgVmo Am{U amÁ¶{da{hV g‘mOmMr g§H$ënZm g§Kf©aV amhÿZ Amnbr H«$m§{VH$maH$ eº$s dmT>dV
à˶jmV AmUʶmgmR>r AmœmgH$ {dMma‘§WZ Ho$bobo ZoUo hmo¶. l{‘H$ dJm©V MQ>H$Z dJ©OmUrd {Z‘m©U
{XgVo ¶mVM J«m‘MrÀ¶m {dMmam§Mr ¶WmW©Vm bjmV H$ê$Z H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUUo. CXm. bo{ZZZo KS>dyZ
¶oVo. AmUbobr a{e¶Z amÁ¶H«$m§Vr na§Vw J«m‘MrÀ¶m ‘Vo
H«$m§Vr Pmbr Voìhm a{e¶m hm A{dH${gV hmoVm.
J«m‘MrMo H«$m§Vr~m~VMo {dMma - • a{e¶mV ZmJar g‘mOmMo ApñVËd Zgë¶m‘wio

• amÁ¶g§ñWoÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ gm‘m{OH$ d amOH$s¶ bo{ZZbm PQ>nQ> geó H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUVm Ambr.
gÎmmg§~§YmV g‘Vmob {Q>H${dʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. n{ü‘ ¶wamonmV ZmJar g‘mOmMr ^¸$‘ nm¶mda C^maUr
YwarUËdmÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ AmnmoAmn AmkmnmbZ Pmbobr Agë¶m‘wio a{e¶Z aUZrVr ¶eñdr hmoUma
bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z {‘i{dVm ¶oVo. na§Vw, amÁ¶g§ñWoZo Zmhr. n{ü‘ ¶wamonmV H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUʶmgmR>r
{Z‘m©U Ho$bobo YwarUËd H$m¶‘ñdê$nr ZgVo. Vo ñdV§Ì aUZrVr AmIʶmMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. n{ü‘
{Q>H${dʶmgmR>r gmV˶mZo à¶ËZ H$amdo bmJVmV. ¶wamonmV H«$m§{VH$maH$ ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUʶmgmR>r
nwT>rb VrZ àH$maÀ¶m H«$m§VrÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ YwarUËd ZmJar g‘mOmV ‘yb^yV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUUo
{Z‘m©U H$aVm ¶oVo. Amdí¶H$ Agob.
• OZVoÀ¶m ‘yb^yV OrdZmer g§~§{YV {d{dY joÌmVrb
1. gwde H«$m§Vr - (Passive Movement) - {df¶m§da Midir H$ê$Z OZVoV OmJ¥Vr {Z‘m©U
• gwde H«$m§Vr åhUOo gÎmmYmar dJm©Zo {damoYr njmMo H$amì¶m bmJVrb. amOH$s¶ joÌmgmo~V gm‘m{OH$
bmoH${චH$m¶©H«$‘, YmoaUo Am{U ¶moOZm ¶m§Mr Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmV H$m¶©aV Agboë¶m g§ñWm§‘ܶo
A§‘b~OmdUr H$ê$Z ˶mg nmqR>~m XoUmè¶m dJm©Mm ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUʶmgmR>r dm°a Am°’$ nmo{PeZMo
nmqR>~m {‘i{dʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aUo hmo¶. CXm. YmoaU A§‘bmV AmUyZ A§VJ©V ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUbo
n§{S>V Zohê$ ¶m§Zr H$m±J«ogÀ¶m AmdS>r A{YdoeZmV OmVrb.
bmoH$emhr g‘mOdmXr H$m¶©H«$‘mMr KmofUm H$aUo • g‘mOmVrb gm‘m{OH$ g§VwbZ l{‘H$m§À¶m {XeoZo
{damoYr njmÀ¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mMm Amnë¶m njmÀ¶m MwH${dʶmgmR>r doiàg§Jr qhgmË‘H$ ‘mJmªMmXoIrb
H$m¶©H«$‘mV g‘mdoe H$ê$Z ˶m§Zm H$m¶©H«$‘{dhrZ dmna H$amdm bmJob. ^m§S>dbXma dJ© Amnbo
~Z{dUo Am{U ¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mda ^º$s AgUmè¶m§Zm ApñVËd {Q>H${dʶmgmR>r ~imMm dmna H$aʶmMr
Amnë¶mH$S>o di{dUo ho XmoÝhr CÔoe gwde H«$m§VrÀ¶m eŠ¶Vm Amho. gm‘m{OH$ eº$s S>mì¶m ~mOyH$S>o
‘mܶ‘mVyZ gmܶ H$aVm ¶oVmV. PwH$md¶mg COì¶m eº$sH$Sy>Z hmoUmao à{VH«$m§VrMo

By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932

 Amho. H$mb© ‘mŠg©À¶m {ddoMZmV amOH$s¶ njmÀ¶m
à¶ËZ Wm§~Vrb.
H«$m§VrVrb ¶moJXmZm~Ôb ’$mago boIZ Ho$bobo Zgbo
3. gmå¶dmXr H«$m§Vr - Var ˶m§Mo CÎmam{YH$mar bo{ZZ Am{U ‘mAmoMr ‘Xma
• gmå¶dmXr H«$m§VrMm àdmg VrZ AdñWm§‘YyZ hmoB©b.
gwg§K{Q>V H$å¶w{ZñQ> njmMr C^maUr H$ê$Z amÁ¶H«$m§Vr
gd©àW‘ bmoH$emhrdmXr H«$m§Vr Ho$br OmB©b. ¶m KS>dyZ AmUʶmMr hmoVr.
H«$m§VrV ga§Om‘r Adeofm§Mm Zme H$ê$Z ga§Om‘emhr • gwg§K{Q>V H$å¶w{ZñQ> njmÀ¶m ‘XVrZo ˶m§Zr
g§ñH¥$VrnmgyZ OZVoMr gwQ>H$m H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm AmnAmnë¶m XoemV gmå¶dmXr H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUbr
OmB©b. Xþgar AdñWm g‘mOdmXr H«$m§VrMr Agob. ˶m‘wio ‘mŠg©dmXr {ddoMZmV amOH$s¶ njm~Ôb
• ¶m AdñWoV gmå¶dmXr njmÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ CËnmXZ
AZoH$m§Zr {dMma‘§WZ Ho$bobo Amho. J«m‘MrZoXoIrb
gmYZmMo amï´>r¶rH$aU H$ê$Z à˶oH$mbm Hw$dVrà‘mUo amOH$s¶ njm~Ôb {dMma 춺$ Ho$bobo AmhoV.
H$m‘ d H$m‘mà‘mUo ¶mo½¶ doVZ {Xbo OmB©b. CËnmXZ • J«m‘MrZo amOH$s¶ njmÀ¶m g§X^m©V ‘amOHw$‘ma’ dm
eº$sV dmT> Pmë¶mZ§Va g‘mOdmXr AdñWoMo ‘Modern Prince’ hm amOoemhrVrb g§~§{YV
gmå¶dmXr AdñWoV ê$nm§Va H$aʶmMr à{H«$¶m Mmby eãX dmnabobm Amho. H$å¶w{ZñQ> njmÀ¶m g§X^m©V
Ho$br OmB©b. amOHw$‘ma eãX dmnabobm Amho. ‘°{H$¶mìh°brÀ¶m
• ¶m AdñWoV JaOoà‘mUo à˶oH$mbm dñVy CnbãY
à^mdmVyZ ˶mZo ¶m eãXmMm dmna Ho$bobm AmT>iVmoM.
H$ê$Z {Xë¶m OmVrb. nañna ghH$m¶m©da AmYm[aV • BQ>m{b¶Z {dMmad§V ‘°{H$¶mìh°br hm BQ>brÀ¶m
g‘mOmMr C^maUr H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm OmB©b. nwZOm©JaU MidirMm H$Å>a g‘W©H$ hmoVm Am{U hr
˶m‘wio amÁ¶g§ñWoMr X§S>eº$s {dê$Z OmB©b. ZmJar Midi amï´>r¶ amOoemhrÀ¶m ñWmnZo{edm¶ geº$
g‘mO Am{U Hw$Qw>§~ g§ñWoV A§V©~mø ~Xb H$ê$Z hmoUma Zmhr ¶m ^y{‘Ho$VyZ Vmo amOoemhrMo g‘W©Z
ñd¶§{Z¶§ÌUmda AmYm[aV ñd¶§em{gV amÁ¶{dhrZ H$aVmo. ˶mÀ¶m {ddoMZmMm J«m‘Mrda à^md nS>bobm
AdñWoMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoB©b. Amho. gmå¶dmXr H«$m§Vr hr ’$º$ gÎmm~XbmMr
• ZmJar g‘mOmMm {dH$mg Z Pmboë¶m A{dH${gV
PQ>nQ> hmoUmar H¥$Vr ZgyZ EH$ àJë^, OmJ¥V Am{U
XoemV g‘mOdmXr H«$m§Vr Pmë¶mg amÁ¶mMr gÎmm H«$m§{VH$mar H$m‘Jmam§Mr H¥$Vr Amho.
H$m‘Jma dJm©H$Sy>Z Mmb{dbr OmB©b. g‘mOdmXr • Zdo g‘mOdmXr amÁ¶ ñWmnZ H$aʶmgmR>r amOH$s¶
H«$m§VrMo gmå¶dmXr H«$m§VrV ê$nm§Va H$aʶmgmR>r ñdV§Ì Imbrb Jmoï>r H$aʶmda ^a {Xbm nm{hOo. H$å¶w{ZñQ>
CnH«$‘ hmVmV KoD$Z ZmJar g‘mOmMr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br njmZo H$m‘Jma dJm©Mo YwarUËd {Z‘m©U H$aUo,
OmB©b. gd©gmYmaU OZVm d {dMmad§V ¶m§À¶mV Xþdm åhUyZ
• Aem nÕVrZo J«m‘Mr ¶m§Zr H«$m§Vr~Ôb ‘mJ©Xe©Z
^y{‘H$m nma nmS>Uo, ^m§S>dbXma dJ{Z gwê$ Ho$boë¶m
Ho$bobo Amho. na§Vw, H«$m§Vr{df¶r Ho$bobo ‘mJ©Xe©Z gwde H«$m§VrMm {damoY H$aUo, {d{dY {df¶m§da
A§{V‘ ñdê$nmMo ‘mZbobo Zmhr. à˶oH$ g‘mOmZo amOH$s¶ bVo C^maUo, OZMidirVyZ Amnë¶m
Amnë¶mbm Ambobo AZw^d, B{Vhmg, à{V^m njmMm nm¶m é§XmdV ZoUo, ZmJar g§KQ>ZoV bT>mD$
Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§naoÀ¶m AmYmamda doJio ‘mJ© ~mUm {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z amÁ¶g§ñWoda dM©ñd {Z‘m©U
MmoImiʶmg haH$V Zmhr AgoXoIrb Z‘yX Ho$bobo H$aUo B˶mXr H$m¶© H$å¶w{ZñQ> njmZo H«$m§Vrer H$aUo
Amho. JaOoMo Amho. ho H$m¶© H$aVmZm H$å¶w{ZñQ> njmZo
• J«m‘MrMo amOH$s¶ njm~ÔbMo {dMma ‘mŠg©dmXr
ZmoH$aemhr EodOr bmoH$emhr nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z
qMVZmV n[adV©ZdmXr H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUʶmV ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda MmbUmè¶m Miditer OmoSy>Z
amOH$s¶ njmÀ¶m (H$å¶w{ZñQ> nj) ¶moJXmZmbm KoVbo nm{hOo.
bo{ZZ, ñQ>°{bZ Am{U ‘mAmoZo ‘hÎdnyU© ñWmZ {Xbobo • bmoH$emhr YVuda nj g§KQ>Z C^o H$ê$Z ñWm{ZH$
nj g§KQ>Zm§Zm ñdm¶ÎmVm ~hmb H$aUo Amdí¶H$
By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932
 Amho. J«m‘Mrbm H«$m§{VH$m¶m©V l{‘H$m§Mm OZg‘yh dJ©, OmUrd {dH${gV H$amdr. ˶mgmR>r H$å¶w{ZñQ>
amOH$s¶ OrdZmV PmoHy$Z XoUo Ano{jV hmoVo. H$m‘Jma njmZo gmå¶dmXr {dMmam§À¶m OmoaXma àMma Am{U
dJm©Mm g§Kf© ^m§S>dbXmam§er Amho. hm bT>m {Zìdi àgma Ho$bm nm{hOo. ¶m {dMmam§Mr g‘mOmV à{Vð>m
dJu¶ ZgyZ gm§ñH¥${VH$XoIrb Amho. {Z‘m©U H$aʶmgmR>r njmZo AJ«oga ^y{‘H$m ~Omdbr
• ^m§S>dbemhrÀ¶m {damoYmV dJu¶ bT>çmgmo~V amï´>r¶ nm{hOo.
Am{U bmoH$g§‘V àýmZo g‘mOdmX VÎdmer ‘oi • Aem àH$mao J«m‘MrZo amOH$s¶ njm~Ôb {dMma 춺$
KmVbm nm{hOo. ˶mgmR>r {d{dY gm‘m{OH$ eº$ser Ho$bobo Amho. gmå¶dmXr qMVZmV amOH$s¶ njm§À¶m
AmKmS>çm ~ZdyZ bT>m Mmb{dbm nm{hOo. bmoH$emhr ^y{‘Ho$~Ôb {d{dY àH$maMo {dMma‘§WZ {d{dY
H$m¶©H«$‘m§Zm Amnë¶m njmÀ¶m H$m¶©H«$‘m§V g‘m{dï> {dMmad§Vm§Zr Ho$bobo Amho. J«m‘MrZo ¶m {ddoMZmV
Ho$bo nm{hOo. ‘mobmMr ^a Q>mH$ʶmMo H$m¶© Ho$bobo Amho VgoM
• amOH$s¶ njmZo n[adV©ZdmXr eº$s¨Mm ‘ãbm°H$’ V¶ma ‘mŠg©dmXr AmH$bZmVyZ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmX
H$ê$Z H$m‘Jma dJm©Mr gm‘m{OH$ VmH$X dmT>{dʶmda {gÕm§VmZwgma ^m§S>dbemhrÀ¶m {dH$mgmVyZ AmnmoAmn
^a Úmdm. H«$m§Vr H$aʶmgmR>r ¶mo½¶ nmœ©^y‘r V¶ma dm {ZgJ©{Z¶‘mZwgma H«$m§Vr hmoB©b ¶m ^m{H$VmMo
H$aʶmgmR>r ì¶{º${Zð> Am{U dñVw{Zð> àoaUm EH$Ì {dûcofU H$aVmo Am{U H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUʶmgmR>r
¶oUo JaOoMo AgVo Aem àoaUm§À¶m EH$ÌrH$aUmbm Vmo H$å¶w{ZñQ> njmZo H$moUVo V§Ì Adb§{~bo nm{hOo
‘historical block’ Ago åhUVmo. Am{U H$moU˶m ‘mJmªMm dmna Ho$bm nm{hOo ¶m~m~V
• ˶mVyZ nm¶m Am{U B‘ë¶mMo ghH$m¶© {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmo.
^m¡{VH$dmXr Am{U VÎddmXr eº$sMr ¶wVr AgVo
Am{U B{Vhmg KS>ʶmMm dm H«$m§Vr hmoʶmMm H$mi J«m‘MrMo àOmVm§{ÌH$ ì¶dñWo{df¶r
AgVmo ho gd© KS>dyZ AmUʶmMr O~m~Xmar amOH$s¶ {dMma -
njmH$S>o gmon{dVmo. Vmo emo{fV dJm©À¶m JQ>mbm • ‘mŠg©Mm àOmV§Ì ì¶dñWoda dm bmoH$emhr ì¶dñWoda
pñW˶§VaH$mar (g~-AmbmZ©) hr g§km dmnaVmo. {dœmg ZìhVm. àOmVm§{ÌH$ ì¶dñWm g‘mOdmX
• g~-AmbmZ© hm à^wËdembr Am{U dM©ñdembr ñWmnZ H$aʶmÀ¶m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Cn¶wº$ Zmhr.
JQ>mbm nam^yV H$ê$ eH$Vmo; åhUyZ ¶m JQ>mbm EH$ àOmVm§{ÌH$ ì¶dñWm ^m§S>dbdmXmMr OZH$ Amho. ¶m
~m¡{ÕH$ JQ> Agmdm Ago J«m‘Mrbm dmQ>Vo hm ~m¡{ÕH$ ì¶dñWoV dJm©À¶m Agboë¶m ApñVËdm‘wio dJ©g§Kf©
JQ> åhUOo Xþgao {Vgao H$moUr ZgyZ gwg§K{Q>V amOH$s¶ Zï> hmoUo AeŠ¶ Amho.
nj dm H$å¶w{ZñQ> nj Agob Omo l{‘H$m§Mo ~m¡{ÕH$ • VgoM ¶m ì¶dñWoV Am{W©H$ VmH$XrÀ¶m Omoamda ~yÁ¶m©
ZoV¥Ëd H$aob Am{U ˶m§À¶mV dJ©OmUrd {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z dJ© gÎmm MmbdV AgVmo. ‘mŠg©Mr àOmV§Ìm{df¶rMr
à{VYwarUËd {dH${gV H$aob. YmaUm J«m‘Mrbm ‘mݶ Zmhr. ‘mŠg©dmXr H$m‘Jmam§À¶m
• J«m‘MrZo amOH$s¶ nj, dJ© Am{U amOgÎmm ¶m§À¶mVrb hþHy$‘emhrÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ g‘mOdmX AmUʶmMr
^{dî¶H$mbrZ g§Kfm©Mo EH$ AmXe©dmXr dm ñdßZdV ^mfm H$aVmV. qhgo{edm¶ g‘mOdmX AeŠ¶ Amho
{MÌ a§J{dbobo Amho. ‘mŠg©dmXr qMVZmVrb Ago ‘V 춺$ H$aVmV. dJ©{dhrZ ì¶dñWm {Z‘m©U
njm§VJ©V ZmoH$aemhrÀ¶m g§H$ënZoMm {damoY H$aVmo. H$aʶmgmR>r dJ©g§Kf© An[ahm¶© Amho Am{U ¶m
˶m§À¶m ‘Vo, amOH$s¶ nj hm Am˶§{VH$ à~i g§Kfm©V qhgo{edm¶ VaUmonm¶ Zmhr Aer ‘m§S>Ur
Aem EH$OwQ>rZo ~m§Ybm Agbm nm{hOo. ¶m njmV H$aVmV.
eº$s Am{U g§‘Vr, gÎmm Am{U ZoV¥Ëd, qhgm Am{U • gmå¶dmXr H«$m§Vr dmñVdmV AmUUmao bo{ZZgmaIo
gä¶VoMo Ago ~o‘mby‘ Û§ÛmË‘H$ {‘lU Agbo nm{hOo. ‘mŠg©dmXr àOmV§Ì hr ~yÁ¶m© dJm©Zo {Z‘m©U Ho$bobr
• njmVrb gd© Wam§Zr EH$‘oH$m§‘ܶo {‘giyZ g§ñWm ‘mZVmV. ~yÁ¶m© dJm©Zo {Z‘m©U Ho$bobr g§ñWm
AZw^dm§Mr d¡Mm[aH$ & XodmUKodmU H$ê$Z gm‘y{hH$ l{‘H$ dJm©Zo ñdrH$maʶmMr Amdí¶H$Vm Zmhr.
By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932
 l{‘H$ dJm©Zo ~yÁ¶m© dJm©Zo {Z‘m©U Ho$boë¶m gd©
g§ñWm Zï> Ho$ë¶m nm{hOoV. ˶m§Mo Adeof XoIrb
{e„H$ amhÿ XoD$ Z¶o Ago bo{ZZ ‘V 춺$ H$aVmo.
bo{ZZ ¶m§Zr a{e¶mV Ho$boë¶m H«$m§VrMo ñQ>°{bZemhr
ê$nm§Va Pmë¶m‘wio H$m‘Jmam§À¶m hþHy$‘emhr{df¶r
Zì¶mZo {dMma H$aʶmMr Amdí¶H$Vm {Z‘m©U Pmbr.
àOmV§ÌmÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ g‘mOdmX àñWm{nV H$aVm
¶oUma Zmhr H$m? ¶mMm {dMma gwê$ Pmbm. ˶m~m~V
J«m‘Mr ¶m§Zr gH$mamË‘H$ {dMma ‘m§S>bobo AmhoV.
• àOmV§Ì ì¶dñWoV XoIrb g‘mOdmX {Z‘m©U H$aVm ¶oD$
eH$Vmo. àOmV§Ì ì¶dñWm CXma {dMmam§À¶m AmYmamda
H$m¶©aV Agob Am{U Vr ì¶dñWm Mmb{dUmao ~yÁŒd
dJ© CXma‘VdmXr Agob Va g‘mOdmX {Z‘m©U
hmoD$ eHo$b. ‘mZdr Moham Agboë¶m àOmV§ÌmV
g‘mOdmXmMr ñWmnZm hmoD$ eH$Vo.
• àOmV§Ì CXma Am{U ‘mZdVmdmXmÀ¶m AmYmamda
MmbV Agob Va dJm©dJmªVrb g§Kf© Zï> hmoD$
eH$VmV. àOmV§Ì Am{U ~yÁ¶m© dJm©Zo {Z‘m©U Ho$boë¶m
g§ñWm g‘mOdmXr g‘mO ñWmnZog gmhmæ¶H$ R>ê$
eH$VmV Agm AmemXm¶H$ {dMma 춺$ Ho$bobm
Amho.
• nma§n[aH$ ‘mŠg©dmXr àOmV§Ì ì¶dñWoV g‘mOdmX hr
eŠ¶Vm ZmH$maVmV Va J«m‘Mr ¶m eŠ¶Vobm ‘mݶVm
XoVmV. hmM ‘hÎdmMm ’$aH$ nma§n[aH$ ‘mŠg©dmXr
Am{U J«m‘Mr ‘mŠg©dmXr {ddoMZmV Amho. J«m‘Mr
¶m§Zr 춺$ Ho$boë¶m ‘VmMm à˶¶ B§½b§S>gma»¶m
àOmV§ÌmË‘H$ XoemV {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m g‘mOdmXr
g‘mOaMZoZo Iam Pmbm.
• ¶mCbQ>, ‘mŠg© {dMmam§Mo A{YH¥$V à{V‘mZ åhUyZ
{dH${gV Ho$bobo a{e¶mMo à{V‘mZ Ag’$b Pmbo.
¶mVyZM J«m‘MrÀ¶m àOmV§Ì{df¶H$ {dMmam§Mo ‘hÎd
bjmV ¶oVo.

By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932