A Homeowner’s Guide to a

WaterSmart Landscape
 This guide is intended to be used for general
informational purposes; the guide does not take the place
of professional advice. Please consult with appropriate
landscape professionals for site-specific advice prior to
making changes to your landscape or irrigation systems.

© 2019 San Diego County Water Authority

Partial funding provided by a grant from:

This guide was developed and designed by:

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Table of Contents
Getting Started: A Step by Step Process...........................................................................1

What is a WaterSmart Landscape?.....................................................................................3

Your Path to a WaterSmart Landscape..............................................................................4

Step 1. Identify Your Landscape Target............................................................................6

Step 2. Create a Basic Plot Plan...........................................................................................9

Step 3. Evaluate Your Site.................................................................................................. 10

Step 4. Design Your WaterSmart Landscape................................................................. 13

Step 5. Implement Your Plan............................................................................................ 21

Step 6. Care for your WaterSmart Landscape............................................................... 24

Appendix A - WaterSmart Resources............................................................................. 28

Appendix B - Definitions.................................................................................................. 31

Appendix C - Soil Test Instructions................................................................................ 33

Appendix D - WaterSmart Plant Lists............................................................................ 35

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4
Getting Started

A Step-by-Step Process
to a Beautiful and Water Efficient Landscape

We’re All in this Together WaterSmart Landscape

Using water efficiently is a way of life and an important Makeover Program
responsibility that comes along with the benefits of
The WaterSmart Landscape Makeover Program is
living in a beautiful, Mediterranean climate like San
an award-winning educational program developed
Diego County. WaterSmart landscaping is all about
in 2012 by the San Diego County Water Authority,
rethinking the way we use our limited water resources,
it's 24 member agencies and local community college
and making smart choices to reduce outdoor water
experts. The program empowers homeowners with the
use. But saving water isn’t the only reason to get
skills and knowledge necessary to convert a turf area
excited about a WaterSmart garden.
into a WaterSmart landscape.

WaterSmart landscapes are attractive and in balance If you’re reading this guide and attending one of the
with our environment and climate. They incorporate makeover program classes, then you’re one step closer
elements of sustainable landscaping such as healthy, to a better way to beautiful. You’re on your way to
living soils, climate-appropriate plants, high-efficiency being WaterSmart!
irrigation and rainwater harvesting, and generate many
environmental and community benefits.

Working together we can all help ensure a reliable

water supply and keep San Diego County vibrant,
healthy and naturally beautiful now, and for
generations to come.

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 Beautify Your Protect Natural
Property Resources and the
A well-designed WaterSmart landscape Environment
enhances the appearance of your WaterSmart landscapes generate many
property, transforming it into a vibrant environmental and community benefits
neighborhood showcase.
Bougainvillea sp./ such as lower water use, less green waste and Ceanothus sp./California
Bougainvillea (low water use) reduced stormwater runoff and pollution. Lilac (low water use)

Euryops pectinatus ‘viridis’ Aeonium sp./Canary

/ (low water use)
Save Water Reduce Maintenance Island Rose (low water use)

WaterSmart landscaping uses less water Well-designed irrigation systems and

than traditional landscaping, which can plants appropriate to San Diego County’s
save you money on your water bill. climate often require less-frequent care
and maintenance.

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What can you do with a

WaterSmart Landscape?
Outside!
Saving water isn’t the only reason to get excited about a
WaterSmart garden. The idea is to have a garden to live
in as well as look at – to create outdoor rooms for your
favorite activities. Adding outdoor living space makes
even the smallest home feel open.

Rediscover Your Front Yard

The front yard is making a comeback across the
country in developments focused on sustainable
living. Most San Diego County homes have a garage
out front, but we can redesign our front yards to be
the new American front porch, where we connect
with neighbors and create the kind of street we always
wanted to live on.

Create a Sense of Place

Restoring regional authenticity and incorporating it
in new development is the hot trend today. What’s
exciting is that authentic also means sustainable. Plants
native to Mediterranean climate zones love it here as
much as you do.

Meet New Plants and People

Gardening is one of those activities, like painting,
cooking or golf, where you never stop learning. Think
of your garden as one big experiment and take a trial-
and-error approach to every idea. San Diego is full of
gardeners who will share their knowledge, show you
how, tell you what to buy, and introduce you to design
ideas that you can’t wait to try.

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 Your
Path WaterSmar to a

Creating a WaterSmart landscape

requires careful planning and
implementation, but the many
benefits you will derive – which
include improving the beauty
of your property, reducing
maintenance, minimizing
water pollution due to
runoff, and conserving
water – are well
worth the effort. WaterSmart
landscapes are an upgrade,
not a compromise!

1
Identify Your
3
Landscape Evaluate

2
Target Your Site

Create a Basic
Plot Plan

4
4
rt Landscape

5
4
Implement Your
Plan

Design Your
WaterSmart
Landscape
6
Care for Your
WaterSmart
Landscape

WaterSmart Landscape Makeover

Videos On Demand
Our entertaining and informative
video series covers many of the topics
discussed in this guide. These videos
take you step-by-step through the
process of creating your very own
beautiful, water-efficient landscape.
Watch them anytime at
watersmartsd.org.

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 5

 1 Identify Your Why is turf the main target for saving water? Just look
around. Grass requires more water to keep it green than
Landscape Target most other plants -- about four times the amount of
rain our region gets annually! But saving water isn’t the
only reason to get rid of your lawn. If you’re like many
homeowners, the only traffic your turf gets is the gardener
As a homeowner, you have the power to significantly and the neighbor’s dog.
improve your water efficiency. The first step is to determine
what type of landscape will meet your needs and maximize Whether you want to create space for entertaining, limit
your water savings potential. Our WaterSmart Matrix will landscape maintenance or maintain some turf for children
help you select the combination of plants and irrigation that and pets, you can reach your water-saving goals and create
will meet your water efficiency goals. Every star represents an outdoor space to live in. WaterSmart landscapes are an
water savings potential. upgrade, not a compromise.

*Case Study
A low to moderate water use garden. A low water use garden. A very low water use garden.

Planting
Low to moderate Low water use plants Very low
water use plants water use plants
A low to moderate water use garden A low water use garden has no A very low water use garden has a
has some moderate water use more than 10% high water use mix of very low and low water use
accent plants and up to 10% high plants. plants.
water use plants.
45% low water use 90% low water use 50% very low water use
45% moderate water use 10% high water use 50% low water use
10% high water use

Irrigation
Low efficiency irrigation Moderate efficiency High efficiency irrigation
(not WaterSmart) irrigation
Conventional spray irrigation: Rotating nozzles: Best Drip emitters and inline emitters: Drip
Conventional spray heads apply suited for spaces 15 to 70 irrigation is the most efficient way to
water faster than most soils can feet wide. water perennials, shrubs, trees, and new
absorb it, and they produce smaller Low precipitation sprays: turf. Drip systems apply water slowly so
water droplets that are susceptible Best suited for areas 5 to 30 runoff is not an issue. You can leave the
to wind. feet wide. water on long enough to reach the deep
Impact rotors: Impact rotors are roots of shrubs and trees. Pressure-
one of the least efficient methods compensating inline drip: Best for low-
of irrigation. They are quickly maintenance. Pressure-compensating
being replaced by higher efficiency point source drip: efficient distribution
1

options. when properly maintained.

| Step

Bubblers: Best suited for trees and large

shrub.
Micro-spray: Best suited for tree and
shrub areas of smaller size.

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WaterSmart Matrix

Low efficiency Moderate efficiency High efficiency

Irrigation
irrigation irrigation irrigation
Conventional Rotating Nozzles Drip Emitters Select your preferred
Sprinklers combination of
Bubblers
Low Precipitation plants and irrigation
Impact Rotors Micro Spray
Sprays to determine your
Planting IE = 0.55* IE = 0.75* IE = 0.81* WaterSmart star
rating.
Low to moderate
water use plants
not IE=irrigation efficiency
45% Low water use WaterSmart PF= plant factor
45% Moderate water use
10% High water use
average PF = 0.40*

Low water use

plants
not
90% Low water use WaterSmart
10% High water use Note: This matrix is
average PF = 0.26* based on the State
Model Water Efficient
Landscape Ordinance
water use calculations
Very low water use for a 1,000 to 3,000
plants square foot size
not landscape, and is
50% Very Low water use WaterSmart provided as a simple
50% Low water use rule of thumb for sites in
average PF = 0.15* San Diego County.

WaterSmart Star Rating

Some water Maximum water
savings potential. savings potential.
Congratulations!

Potential Water Savings Landscape Target

Converting cool season turf to WaterSmart planting
can have a big impact on water use in the warmer
My WaterSmart landscape target is:
microclimates of San Diego County:
High-water-use cool Low-water-use
season turf plants
( Select to WaterSmart landscape)
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vs.
Now that you have identified your ideal planting style and
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46-50 gallons per 9-12 gallons per the type of irrigation required to achieve your desired water
square foot per year square foot per year savings, it’s time to review the steps you’ll need to take to
make your landscape upgrade a reality.

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 7

 Case Study - From Turf To WaterSmart
The following case study is an example of a San Diego residence that converted approximately 625 square
feet of turf to a WaterSmart landscape. Follow this case study through the guide as it illustrates the steps to a
WaterSmart landscape.

Existing Shrubs Existing Agave Plants Existing 4’ High

(Flax and Agave) in Clay Pots Garden Wall
n
tio

i re c
Sun D

Concrete
Existing Walkway Edge of
Turf Driveway

4’-0”
Existing Public Sidewalk

Existing Street
22’-0” 5’-0” 6’-0”

Plot Plan planning

not to scale . A little upfront site
ap er .
Put it on p e whole project easier
th
will make
Notes:
Soil Condition - Light Brown Color, Seemed to
be loam soil. Will need a soil texture analysis
to determine.

Drainage - 2” per hour

Total Landscape Area - 625 square feet

Target Landscape Type - WaterSmart

landscape with Low water use plants and micro-
spray irrigation.

Potential Water Savings - 5865 Gallons/year

(per Water Use Calculation worksheet Appendix A)
plan
to crea te a plot
all distances
Measure

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 2 Create a Basic 5. Use a ruler to draw your shapes and keep your scale
accurate.
Plot Plan 6. Take note of natural drainage features. Preserving these
and limiting the use of impermeable surfaces in your
landscape will minimize runoff and maximize site
Your landscape makeover starts with observing and
water infiltration.
recording your property as it exists today. Think of it as a
bird’s eye view, or satellite map, that shows the boundaries 7. Add compass directions so you can understand
and physical features of your property. This will become the sun’s shade effects as it moves across your yard.
the basis of all your planning. South-facing exposures are sunny and hot while
north-facing exposures can be cool and shady.
All you need to draw
your own plot plan is a 8. Locate views that should be preserved and areas you
tape measure for accurate want hidden from view, like your neighbor’s garbage
measurements, a ruler to cans.
measure and draw straight
9. Locate features on your house such as windows, doors
lines, a clipboard, a pencil
and other openings. Indicate their height off the
and paper, preferably ¼” grid
ground.
graph paper.
10. Locate utilities like the water meter, electrical boxes
Here are the steps to create a basic plot plan:
and overhead power lines.
1. Start at the corner of your property.
11. Note your existing irrigation heads. You’ll need to
2. Measure across to the edge of your drive or sidewalk know where these area later when designing your new
to your property line. Say, for example, the distance irrigation plan.
from the corner of your lot to the driveway is 28 feet 8
Now you have a road map of your landscape. This is the
inches. Using the scale ¼ = 1 foot, you would use 28
document from which your future plans will evolve.
and a half squares for the space on your graph paper.
3. Next, measure the depth of your property to the Take A Walk in the Sunshine
sidewalk or curb. Use this approach to locate property Walk around your property during the day and note
lines, walkways, trees, driveways, easements, and your areas that are sunny or shady in the morning and areas
2

home. that are sunny or shady in the afternoon. When you

| Step

start choosing your plants make sure to select those

4. Measure and mark any existing hardscape or landscape
that are appropriate to the sunlight patterns of your
you want to save such as walkways, mature trees and
garden.
shrubs.
A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 9
 3 Evaluate
Your Site
San Diego is a unique place with a diverse range of habitats.
Your landscape is in one of sixteen watersheds in the
county. The watershed approach to landscaping considers
every garden as a mini-watershed, holding onto or cleaning
the water that falls on it and nurturing a diverse habitat of
plants and insects. Each mini-watershed can be controlled
by the people who steward it. The result is that our
collective actions restore our greater watersheds.
Every landscape has unique opportunities and constraints.
A thorough evaluation will help you identify them and
inform your planting and design choices. Spend time in
your yard and make notes about it. Identify site elements
that will help you make decisions as you start the design
process. Note your home's architectural style and materials,
good and bad views, slopes, and plants and trees that you
want to protect. Locate utilities and major irrigation items
such as your water meter, controller and valves.

Get to Know Your Soil

There’s so much more to soil than most of us know. Soil
is the growing medium for plants. Its nutrients support
healthy plant growth. Knowing and working with your
soil’s composition is a powerful strategy to maximize water
efficiency. Healthy soil controls the behavior of water, how
it moves through the soil and how long it holds on to it. In
other words, healthy soil is essential to irrigation efficiency
and plant health.
3
| Step

Get to know your soil and how to care for it and you will be rewarded
with healthier soil and easier maintenance.

1010
Before we figure out how to build better soil, we need to
figure out what kind of soil we have. Clay, silt and sand are
Organic Matter is Structural
the basic soil types. The smallest particles create clay soil Organic matter is bits of leaves and twigs that function like
and the largest makes sandy soil, with loam (an equal blend rock particles, and feeds microbes living in the soil that
of sand, silt and clay) considered ideal. make soil fluffy (think about bread rising because of yeast.)
In general, sandy soil drains faster than clay soils. Soil Our job in garden renovation is to continuously feed as
structure is also vitally important - lifeless, compacted much organic matter as possible to the landscape -- first
sandy soil will not absorb water, while healthy clay soil can with compost and mulch, and eventually by just letting the
behave more sponge-like, holding and releasing water when plants feed themselves with their own leaf litter.
necessary.

What's Your Soil Type?

Determine your soil type using the jar test in
Appendix C.

Build Great Soil

Great soil consists of elements we don’t typically think of as
soil at all. In fact, one of the most important aspects of soil
is the space between the particles!
Soil space results from a process called aggregation. Under
the right conditions, solid matter will aggregate forming
space between the masses. This allows air and water to fill
this area. Rain or irrigation water percolates through the
soil and aggregate spaces hold it like a storage tank. When
Compost is a soil amendment. It looks like soil and it's
you have more space, you can store more water and irrigate
hard to tell what it once was. That is because it is food
less frequently.
scraps, landscape debris and/or manure from livestock,
Check your soil aggregation by looking at the soil you dig or biosolids (human manure) and other organic matter
out during a drainage test. Does it have nice clumps or is it that already has been partially consumed and mostly
condensed and compacted? decomposed by micro-organisms. Good compost brings
Compaction is a common problem, especially in areas oxygen, water and life in one package.
where grading has been done, foot traffic is heavy, or years
of chemical use have killed the soil microbes. Compaction
occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing
pore space. Reduced pore space keeps air away from plant
roots and stops water from infiltrating and draining.
Here’s how to tell if you soil is compacted. Take a turning
fork and plunge it slowly but firmly into the ground. If
your garden has a foot or more of penetrable soil, your
compaction is minimal. New roots will grow with ease and
water will effectively penetrate and drain. Anything less and
you probably have some soil compaction.
Using a turning fork, an aerator, or a tilling machine, you
can create gaps in the soil to loosen compaction. Because
it breaks up the fungal connections, it should only be done
3

once to prepare your planting beds. Do-It-Yourself Soil Tests

Get up close and personal with your soil by conducting
| Step

Follow all of these activities with a layer of compost to feed

the soil food web that will help build the aggregate spaces. a soil test! Flip to Appendix C for several ways to check
Mulch can also feed the soil and help loosen compaction out your soil’s health.
over time.
A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 11
 Compost can be store-bought or homemade. The Composted material, especially coarse composts, also
compost-making process, or composting, involves can be used as mulch. Artificial and inorganic mulches
creating optimal conditions for the microbes to do their (decomposed granite, gravel, rubber chips, other rubble)
transformative work. When compost looks like soil, it can are primarily decorative, since they do not contribute
be worked directly into the soil. The more coarse or visible to soil life or plant health. They may be used in limited
the bits of the compost are, the more likely it is to be used applications such as pathways.
as mulch on top of the soil rather than as an incorporated
amendment. Rainwater as a Resource
Compost works its magic in several ways. First, the During the rainy season, run-off from non-permeable
compost itself contains particles that improve soil structure. surfaces such as roofs and patios can be directed into your
Next, as compost decomposes in soil it encourages the landscape instead of into storm drains and the ocean. Water
formation of soil macroaggregates. These resulting mac- stored in your soil means less additional water is needed
roaggregates are composed of existing soil particles and during dry months.
decomposed organic matter, which combine to create a
‰‰ Your yard is a mini-watershed. Look at your
more stable and better functioning soil structure.
yard as a mini-watershed. Water that runs off your
Mulch is a soil topping. Mulch may be organic or inorganic roof or hardscape can be channeled into basins or dry
material that covers soil and looks like the recycled debris streams on your property. Contour your landscape to
that it is. Mulch can be made from organic debris (grass slow it, store it, spread it and sink the water into your
clippings, leaf litter, and shredded wood trimmings) or soil.
inorganic materials such as gravel or decomposed granite.
‰‰ Where does water flow from? Evaluate how
The microbes in healthy, biologically diverse mulch water flows across your property. How can you divert its
structure and “knit” the organic matter together, forming flow into a shallow basin or a dry stream bed and allow
a thick blanket. This cover protects soil and plant roots it to be retained long enough to sink into your soil? And
from temperature change, keeps moisture in by slowing think about how much water you will need to detain.
evaporation from the surface of the soil and keeps weeds Every 1,000 square feet of non-permeable surfaces like
from sprouting by reducing sunlight penetration to the soil roofs or paving will generate 620 gallons of stormwater
surface. runoff. That’s 83 cubic feet for every 1” of rainfall. To
calculate how much water you can capture, see the
appendix "Capture First Flush".
‰‰ Where can that much water be retained?
Create a shallow basin in your landscape to hold
water long enough so it can soak into the soil. The
basin should be at least 5’ from foundations, 3’ from
hardscape and 10’ from neighboring buildings. A
detention basin that is just 14’ wide, 20’ long and 4”
deep will hold stormwater from a 1,000 square foot
non-permeable surface. Add some plants to the basin
with mulch around them to resemble a natural creekbed
that captures and cleans stormwater.

Shredded bark mulch

Catch the Rain
Mulch always stays on top of the soil, and is never worked To learn about ways
in. Recycled organic debris is the most effective type to capture rainwater,
3

of mulch, because it builds soil structure over time and watch our WaterSmart
provides a durable, protective surface barrier. The smaller Landscape Makeover
| Step

the debris and the more mixed leaves with wood chips, the Videos On Demand at
faster it decomposes. When building soil, small and mixed watersmartsd.org
is best.
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 4
Design Your groundcover and mulch, or permeable hardscape like gravel

WaterSmart
or decomposed granite paving wherever possible. If an area
of turf is important, especially for active play, utilize a more

Landscape drought tolerant variety of grass in the warm season turf

category.
When designing your WaterSmart landscape, you How much can I spend? Keep your budget in mind
want your new outdoor space to fit your house, your when making choices about the different elements in your
neighborhood, and your lifestyle. Finding that fit begins by landscape. See the case study budget and tips at the end of
asking a few basic questions. this section.
How do I want to use my space? You have the
power to significantly improve your home’s water efficiency Planting Design
and meet your lifestyle needs at the same time. For example, Before you start selecting plants, envision your overall
you may want to use less water yet maintain some turf for planting design. Determine your landscape style and
your children and pets. Using a combination of low and think in terms of plant size and characteristic (i.e. large
moderate water use plan and leaving a small area of turf background shrub, small colorful accent shrub, etc.)before
supported by high efficiency irrigation, you can achieve a moving into actual plant selection.
WaterSmart landscape.
‰‰ Landscape theme. Take some time to consider
Maybe your goal is to lower your water use while creating the style of landscape you find appealing, that fits your
an outdoor space for entertaining. Using mostly low water home’s architecture, your neighborhood, and your
plants, a water feature and a moderate efficiency irrigation lifestyle. A heavy tropical look is often desirable, but
system, you can also achieve a WaterSmart landscape. requires careful low-water-use plant selection for our
What if you’re looking to reduce water use, minimize arid region. There are many palettes to choose with
maintenance and create a landscape that will be the envy of plants from our region or areas of the world with a
your neighbors? Using a combination of very low and low similar climate. A selection of plant palettes, including
water use plants and a highly efficient irrigation system, you Mediterranean, Contemporary, Native, Dry Shade,
too can achieve a WaterSmart landscape. Asian and Tropical are included in the appendix.
‰‰ Design for views and access. Plants can be
Are there alternatives to traditional turf
used to screen views and direct access. Are there any
grass? Yes! Consider alternatives such as low-water-use
blank walls or fences that would look better with a nice

4
| Step

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 13

 Case Study - Planting Design

Planting Legend Planting Plan

Shrubs Botanical / Common Name Water Use Mature Size Not to scale
(H x W)
Agave attenuata / Agave Low 3’ x 3’

Aeonium canariense /Canary Low 2’ x 2’

Island Aeonium
Aeonium ‘Mint Saucer’ / Green Aeonium Low 2’ x 2’

Arctostaphylos densiflora ‘Howard Low 6’ x 6’

McMinn’ / Howard McMinn Manzanita
Callistemon viminalis ‘Little John’ / Moderate 3’ x 3’
Dwarf Weeping Bottlebrush

Ceanothus `Concha` / California Lilac Very Low 6’ x 6’

Iris douglasiana / Douglas Iris Moderate 2’ x 2’

Othonna capensis/ Little Pickles Low 1’ x 2’
Salvia greggii / Autumn Sage Low 3’ x 3’
Senecio barbertonicus / Low 4’ x 4’
Succulent Bush Senecio
Tetraneuris acaulis / Angelita Daisy Low 1’ x 1’
art
r WaterSm
Yucca pallida / Twistleaf Yucca Low 2’ x 2’ to u pgr ade to you a nts that
re apes and pl
ote: A s you prepa of la n d sc
Very Low N os
Existing Shrub collect phot ur design.
landscape, el p guide yo
u to h
Low 2’ x 1’ inspire yo
Dymondia margeratae / Dymondia

14
 looking shrub in front of them? You might want to
frame the view out a window but you probably don’t
want a large shrub in front of the window blocking
the view. Is access from the side of the house needed to
bring out the garbage cans to the curb? If so, make sure
you accommodate that in your design.
‰‰ Tree placement. Typically a planting design will
include a tree or two for shade. Placing a deciduous tree Ceanothus spp./California Lilac Gaillardia grand./Blanket Flower
on the south or west side of your home will shade your
house during the summer to keep it cool, and allow
more light and sun exposure in the winter. Keep trees
at least 10’ from foundations. In fire hazard areas, trees
should be placed so the mature canopy is at least 10 feet
away from any structures.
‰‰ Shrub placement. Shrub and groundcover planting
is typically designed with a variety of heights. Medium Grevillea ‘Moonlight’/Grevillea Salvia spp./Sage
size (3 to 4 foot) shrubs are usually placed closer to the
house to create a “foundation” or back drop. Smaller
shrubs are then placed in front of the foundation
planting and low groundcovers in the area closest to
the sidewalk or street. Accent shrubs that provide a
special texture, color or flowers should be placed so
they provide interest and focus views on locations in the
landscape. Highlight your entrance walk with special
accent plants. This places a higher emphasis on your Cistus x purp./Orchid Rockrose Achillea spp./Yarrow

entry, which is where you want visitors to be directed

to. Be bold and have fun. Don’t be afraid to express your
individual tastes.
‰‰ Water features and higher water use plants
in the garden. Water has been a precious resource
throughout history in arid regions of the world. This
perspective has been integrated into Mediterranean
landscapes by utilizing water only in the areas that are Heteromeles arbutifolia / Toyon Leonotis leonurus / Lion’s Tail
the most important. If you have some high water use
plants that you particularly want to include, they can
be used. However, as a general rule of thumb, your total
landscape should include no more than 10% high water
use plants or water features. Don’t forget that any higher
water use plants should be on a separate irrigation valve
so that you can water them differently than the rest of
the garden. Water features were also historically used
Romneya coulteri/Matilija Poppy Callistemon spp./Bottlebrush
in Mediterranean landscapes as the sound of water is
pleasant and calming. The water area of the fountain
will lose water at about the same rate as cool season turf
grass or another high water use plant. Minimize the
4

square footage of open water, and a water feature can fit

well into the WaterSmart landscape.
| Step

Penstemon spp./Beard tongue Rosemary officinalis/Rosemary

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 15

 Plant Selection Low to Moderate Water Use Planting

From your WaterSmart landscape target identified in Step

1, select plants that fit within that plant water use category
to ensure you meet your WaterSmart water conservation
goals.
‰‰ Select WaterSmart plants. Select plants that
are locally native or from similar climatic regions. See
the garden ideas on these two pages for examples of
WaterSmart California landscapes.
‰‰ Design for mature plant size. Allow enough
space for the plants you select to grow to their full size
to avoid overcrowding or the need for excessive pruning.
‰‰ Growing conditions. Select plants suited for your
Low to moderate water use plants category should
microclimate, soil type, and soil drainage to achieve include a mix of low and moderate water use plants with
optimum plant growth. no more than 10% turf or other high water use plants.
‰‰ Minimize turf. Limit the amount of turf in your
45% 45% 10%
design as much as possible. If you choose to incorporate
turf, consider a warm season turf that uses less water Low water use Moderate water use High water use
than a traditional cool season turf. Warm season turf
such as Hybrid Bermuda or UC Verde Buffalo Grass Mediterranean Effect
thrive in the hot months of the year and naturally go Botanical Name/Common Name Water Use
dormant in winter. Another less thirsty grass to consider Trees
is Carex praegracilis/ California Field Sedge. Low
Arbutus ‘Marina’/Marina Strawberry Tree
Moderate
Chamaerops humilis/Mediterranean Fan Palm
‰‰ Group plants according to their water use. Low
Laurus nobilis/Sweet Bay
If you choose to include plants that are not classified Olea europaea ‘Swan Hill’/Fruitless Olive
Low
as very low or low water use, be sure to group these
moderate or high water use plants together. Grouping Shrubs
Low
Agave attenuata/Agave
plants of similar water use together, known as planting Low
Aloe striata/Coral Aloe
in hydrozones, makes it easier to irrigate efficiently by Low
Bougainvillea ‘Crimson Jewel’/Bougainvillea
letting you concentrate additional water only where it is Distictis buccinatoria/Blood-red Trumpet Vine
Moderate
needed. Feijoa sellowiana/Pineapple Guava
Low
Low
Lavandula a. ‘Munstead’/English Lavender
Low
Rosmarinus officinalis/Upright Rosemary
Low
Salvia leucantha/Mexican Sage

Groundcover
Rosmarinus officinalis ‘Prostratus’/ Low
Trailing Rosemary
Low
Senecio mandraliscae/Blue Chalk Sticks
Moderate
Thymus serpyllum
High
Turf

Low to moderate water use plants with:

4
| Step

Low efficiency Moderate efficiency High efficiency

irrigation irrigation irrigation

Ceanothus sp./California Lilac (low water use) No Stars

16
Low Water Use Planting Very Low Water Use Planting

*Case Study

Low water use plants category should include Very low water use plants category should include
predominantly low water use plants with no more than a mix of low and very low water use plants, such as
10% turf or other high water use plants. California native plants or succulents.

90% 10% 50% 50%

Low water use High water use Very low water use Low water use

Contemporary Effect Native Garden Effect

Botanical Name/Common Name Water Use Botanical Name/Common Name Water Use
Trees Trees
Agonis flexuosa ‘After Dark’/Peppermint Willow Low Chilopsis linearis/Desert Willow Very low
Cercidium x ‘Desert Museum’/ Very low Quercus agrifolia/Coast Live Oak Low
Desert Museum Palo Verde
Shrubs
Shrubs Agave shawii/Shaw’s Agave Low
Agave attenuata/Agave Low Arctostaphylos ‘Sunset’/Sunset Manzanita Low
Aeonium ‘Mint Saucer’/Green Aeonium Low Ceanothus ‘Concha’/California Lilac Low
Arctostaphylos densiflora ‘Howard McMinn’/ Low Dudleya brittonii/Giant Chalk Dudleya Very low
Howard McMinn Manzanita
Encelia californica/California Encelia Very low
Ceanothus ‘Concha’/California Lilac Very low
Galvezia speciosa/Island Snapdragon Very low
Euphorbia tirucalli ‘Sticks on Fire’/ Very low
Pencil Tree Heteromeles arbutifolia /Toyon Very low
Othonna capensis/Little Pickles Low Muhlenbergia rigens/Deer Grass Low
Phormium tenax/New Zealand Flax Low Rhus integrifolia/Lemonade Berry Very ow
Salvia greggii/Autumn Sage Low Salvia clevelandii/Cleveland Sage Very low
Senecio barbertonicus/Succulent Bush Senecio Low
Low Shrubs and Groundcover
Tetraneuris acaulis/Angelita Daisy Low
Baccharis pilularis ‘Pigeon Point’/ Low
Yucca pallida/Twistleaf Yucca Low Dwarf Coyote Brush
Ceanothus g. horizontalis/Carmel Creeper Very low
Groundcover
Dymondia margaretae/Dymondia Low
Turf High

Low water use plants with: Very low water use plants with:
4
| Step

Low efficiency Moderate efficiency High efficiency Low efficiency Moderate efficiency High efficiency
irrigation irrigation irrigation irrigation irrigation irrigation
No Stars No Stars

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 17

 Irrigation Design ‰‰ High efficiency irrigation. The most efficient
method to deliver water to plants is low flow irrigation
Start by reviewing the target irrigation type you identified which delivers water from the valve through a filter and
in Step 1. This will help you decide which irrigation type to then through a network of lateral pipes, and sometimes
use. Whether you are working with a professional designer, flexible tubing, to the individual emission devices such
or are doing the project yourself, the following checklist as drip emitters, in-line drip emitters or bubblers.
will help you keep track of the main design decisions Pressure compensating devices are always the most
involved in irrigation design. efficient option. Low flow irrigation is a good choice
‰‰ Water pressure. Check your available water for trees and shrub areas and should be used in any
pressure to ensure that you are maximizing the efficiency landscape areas next to hardscape and in areas less than
of your system and to choose the right irrigation 8 feet wide to prevent runoff from overspray. When
equipment for your home. To determine your water using drip emitters, reduce maintenance and ensure long
pressure, follow one of these two steps: term durability by selecting good quality tubing and
(1) Contact your local water agency and request a designing for at least two emitters per shrub.
pressure reading. (2) Check your pressure with a gauge ‰‰ Moderate efficiency irrigation. The next most
(available at your local landscape supply store) at a hose efficient types of irrigation include rotating or low-
bib. If your house has a hose bib located on the water precipitation (typically for spaces 8 to 30 feet in size).
line before the line enters the house, the pressure at These nozzles are a better choice than conventional
that location may be the available pressure after water spray heads for watering turf because they have a lower
passes through a pressure regulator for the house. It application rate - they water slowly. Your watering times
is important to identify your available water pressure will increase but these sprinklers do not produce mist
so you can select equipment that is optimized for that and they apply water at a rate at which turf can absorb
operating pressure. If your pressure is high (above 70 it, reducing runoff.
psi), a pressure regulator for the house and irrigation
‰‰ Low efficiency irrigation. The least efficient types
system may be needed to avoid misting and irrigation
of automatic irrigation include conventional spray
system damage. If your pressure is low (under 30 psi),
irrigation and impact rotors. These types of high
drip irrigation would be the ideal choice as it has a lower
precipitation irrigation distribution systems generally
operating pressure.
apply water faster than the soil can absorb it. Installing
‰‰ Existing conditions. Evaluate your existing a new system with low efficiency irrigation is not
irrigation system and determine if it can be maintained recommended, but if you have an existing conventional
in its current condition or if you need to upgrade the spray system, you can easily retrofit with new low
system. Some irrigation systems can be upgraded by precipitation nozzles as noted above.
simply changing nozzles, converting to drip emitters, or
adding a smart controller, while others may need to be Note: To compare the features of each irrigation type shown
completely redesigned. The following is a summary of in bold above, see the definitions in the appendix.
the range of irrigation options you can consider.
4
| Step

Drip irrigation can be installed at grade or a few inches below the surface of the soil.

18
 Verify Your New Landscape Water
Use
Now that you have designed your WaterSmart landscape,
it is important to double check to make sure your design
meets the target landscape water use you set in Step 1.
If necessary, adjust the design to meet your target to
maximize water savings.

‰‰ Verify your overall plant water use. Review

your planting design and determine, based on area,
Weather-based controllers often have a sensor that should be mounted what percentage of shrubs are very low, low, moderate,
outside, free of obstructions, and be connected back to the controller. or high water use. If the planting you selected does not
‰‰ Smart controller. Upgrade to a smart controller fit exactly into one of the categories below, adjust the
(often called a weather-based controller), which is an plant selection so that it does, or select the category that
automatic controller (also called a timer or clock) that represents the higher water use category.
is either weather-based or has historic weather data ‰‰ Verify your overall irrigation efficiency.
included as a reference. Some systems allow for the Review your irrigation design and note below what type
addition of a weather sensor or moisture detection of irrigation you selected.
system that automatically adjusts your watering
schedule in response to current weather or soil moisture
level. Smart controllers have the ability to turn off your
Irrigation
sprinklers when it rains and increase the frequency and/ Low Moderate High
or duration of watering in hotter weather. Locate the efficiency efficiency efficiency
controller in a place that is easy for you to access, such irrigation irrigation irrigation
as the garage. Planting
‰‰ Irrigation layout. The goal of WaterSmart landscape Low to
irrigation is to apply water as efficiently as possible. moderate not
WaterSmart
This means using low flow drip or bubblers whenever water use
possible and in areas with overhead sprays, provide the plants
correct pressure and equipment layout to ensure even
coverage to maximize efficiency. Low
not
water use
Once you have determined what type of irrigation you WaterSmart
would like to use, divide your yard into zones and note plants
what type of irrigation you plan to use in each zone.
Contact some of the major irrigation manufacturers Very low
to obtain an irrigation design guide which will help water use not
you with the specifics of your irrigation layout. Some plants
WaterSmart
irrigation manufacturers even offer free irrigation
design services.
WaterSmart Star Rating
Layout Tips
For bigger projects it can be advantageous to use more
than one type of irrigation (i.e. large rotors on a back
slope, and drip irrigation in all other areas). Important:
If you use more than one type of irrigation, do not mix
different sprinkler types in one zone.
4

Other key elements to locate on your layout plan are

the locations of mainline pipes (pressurized) and lateral
| Step

line pipes (non-pressurized, except when valves are

open), connection to your household water supply, and
backflow preventer, if required.

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 19

 Case Study - Budget
Below is an overview of the budget used for the San Diego residence in our case study. Note that costs will vary depending
on the size of the site, type of materials, and level of craftsmanship employed.
The following example is based on 2015 unit costs and represents costs for material and labor to install each item.

Cost Estimate, 2015

Demolition/Soil Preparation Quantity Unit Price Total
Clear and Grub 630 Square Feet $0.50 $315.00
Soil Test 1 Each $95.00 $95.00
Soil Amendments/Fine Grading 3 Cubic Yard $140.00 $420.00
Subtotal $810.00

Hardscape Quantity Unit Price Total

Install Boulder Accents 3 Each $400.00 $1,200.00
Install Flagstone Paving on Concrete Base 70 Square Feet $30.00 $2,100.00
Subtotal $3,300.00

Irrigation Quantity Unit Price Total

High Efficiency Irrigation Upgrade 555 Square Feet $2.50 $1,387.50

(includes 50 micro-spray heads, 200 linear

feet of PVC pipe, 50 swing joints with
fittings, 20 pipe fittings, 3 above ground
atmospheric vacuum breaker valves, and
1 isolation ball valve)
Smart Controller, Weather-based 1 Each $300.00 $300.00

(includes 18 gauge multi-strand wiring from

controller to valves, waterproof wire nuts,
and rain shutoff device)
Subtotal $1,687.50

Landscaping Quantity Unit Price Total

1 Gallon Shrubs 94 Each $12.00 $1,128.00
5 Gallon Shrubs 9 Each $35.00 $315.00
Flats of Groundcover 2 Each $30.00 $60.00
Mulch 3.5 Cubic Yards $75.00 $262.50
Subtotal $1,765.50
Total $7,563.00

Note: Prices include materials and labor.

Budget Tip: In the case study cost estimate, the homeowners designed and will maintain the landscape
themselves, so the cost of design and maintenance is not included. If you plan to hire a professional for
any services, be sure to budget for those costs and account for any available rebates as well.

20
 5 Implement
Your Plan
Now it is time to begin the physical construction work
of upgrading your landscape.

Demolition
Remove existing turf or other materials from the areas that
you plan to renovate. Reclaiming an area of unwanted turf
requires diligence. No matter what method of turf removal
used, weeding and/or herbicide application may be needed
every two weeks for the first three months for more the
more-difficult-to eradicate warm-season turf types.

‰‰ Natural turf removal. A natural way to remove turf

and preserve the soil’s ecology is to strip the turf, and for
the next two weeks, water the area to encourage grass to
re-sprout, and hand pull all new growth.
‰‰ Sheet mulching. Rather than removing turf and
taking it to the landfill you can compost it in place.
Begin by removing several inches of turf and soil from
the edges near your hardscape. Wet the turf area and
cover with several layers of newspaper. Water again and
cover with cardboard. Water again and cover with three
inches of shredded mulch. The optimal approach is to
allow several months for the soil microbes to decompose
the turf and turn it into friable soil for plants.
‰‰ Solarization. Another natural alternative is
solarization, which works best in the spring or summer.
This involves covering the turf with rolls of plastic and
allowing the sun to heat up the soil to levels that will kill
the turf and weed seeds. The cover must be airtight with
no holes and left in place for six to eight weeks. Apply
compost to restore soil biology.
‰‰ Turf removal with herbicide. If you choose to use
an herbicide, consult with your local landscape supply
store and read the manufacturer's label for best use
practices and safety considerations. Since Bermuda grass
and some other grasses are dormant in the winter, they
must be treated when they are actively growing in the
remainder of the year (May to October).

Shredded Mulch: 3” Depth

Cardboard
Newspaper

Grass: Dead or Alive

Sheet mulching is a natural turf removal option. 21
 Case Study – Installation

on
Rock P Installati
laceme
nt Irrigation

Plant P on
laceme Installati
nt Planting

22
Grading 4. If you are using drip irrigation, note that often drip
emitters are not installed until after planting is complete.
‰‰ Grading. Set the soil level so that it will direct water When installing the emitters, be sure to place them at
away from the house. To help slow down water runoff least 6 inches away from the stem of the plant to prevent
from your garden, try creating small depressions away rot.
from structures, walls or paving where water is allowed
to pool and slowly percolate into the soil. The more you 5. Consult your local irrigation supply store or some of
slow the water down or hold it on site, the more you the major irrigation manufacturers for more detailed
improve water quality in your area, and downstream at installation guides.
local beaches.
Planting Installation
‰‰ Reduce runoff. Runoff carries with it soil particles
and pollutants. Reduce runoff by using mulch. With the irrigation in place, you can get started on the
plant installation. Review the following tips to help you
Soil Preparation through the plant placement and installation process.
Now that you have removed unwanted vegetation, it is time 1. Use a garden hose to outline groundcover areas to help
to condition your soil. you visualize the design before you start installation.
‰‰ Soil amendments. Amendments should be selected 2. Set the plants, while still in their containers, in their
based on your soil analysis recommendations and should approximate location per your planting design plan,
be tilled into the top layer of soil. Compost (15-30% by stand back and review. Make any adjustments to the
volume), gypsum and fertilizer are typical amendments design at this time to avoid having to dig up and relocate
in arid climates. The goal is to achieve healthy soil any plants. Many drought tolerant landscapes look
containing microbes which feed plants, improve sparse for the first few years but will fill in over time. Be
drainage, and increase the natural water holding capacity sure to allow proper spacing to allow each plant to grow
of the soil. to its full size.

Irrigation Installation 3. Dig plant holes twice the width of the plant root ball,
and just deep enough to bury the roots. Water the hole
Now that you have selected your irrigation equipment, before placing the plant. When planted, the top of the
drawn a plan showing the layout, and amended the soil, you root ball should be even with or slightly above soil level.
can start to implement the design.
4. Once in the hole, the plant should be packed firmly into
1. Read the instructions from the manufacturer and place with the original, compost-amended soil from the
familiarize yourself with the parts. hole. Extra soil can be used to create a berm around the
2. Starting from the main connection to the water line, dig plant to hold water.
trenches for all the pipes according to your irrigation 5. Cover the planting area with a 2 or 3 inch deep layer
plan. Ideally, the main connection to the water line of mulch. Keep a few inches clear of mulch around the
will be downstream of the water meter and upstream plant stems to prevent rot. Mulch has many benefits. It
of the connection to the house. If you tie into a rear can help suppress weeds, enrich the soils, protect plant
yard hose bib, be aware that the water pressure will be roots from compaction, provide a finished look to your
lower because the water for your house is regulated by a garden, and conserve water!
separate pressure regulator.
6. Monitor your garden to ensure it receives adequate
3. Lay an extra pipe sleeve or two under any new hardscape water. Even natives and drought tolerant plants need
elements just in case you need to add pipes or wires in water to get established. To minimize watering needs
the future. Be sure to cover the ends of the pipe with during establishment, install your landscape in the fall
duct tape before covering and mark the location on your before the rains.
5

landscape plan.
| Step

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 23

 6
Care For Your
WaterSmart
Landscape
Whether you install a new WaterSmart landscape or are just
looking for tips on how to conserve water in your existing
landscape, the following section can help you make an
immediate impact on your landscape water savings.
‰‰ Plan ahead. Keep a copy of the plant legend,
irrigation plan and runtime schedule to make it easy to Rotator nozzles throw streams of water with larger water droplets which helps to
prevent misting and runoff, but each nozzle still needs to be checked periodically
buy replacement plants and parts or find pipes to make to ensure it is running correctly.
repairs or adjustments if needed in the future.
water. If possible, schedule your irrigation system to
‰‰ Monitor and minimize watering. When set run in the early morning. It is best to avoid watering
up correctly, your smart controller will automatically at night as some plants develop fungus and mildew
adjust watering times to respond to changes in weather. problems from night time watering. Avoid watering
To maximize water savings, you should program your mid-day to eliminate excessive evaporation.
controller to apply only the amount of water needed for
‰‰ Check irrigation equipment. Because irrigation
each zone. A good rule of thumb is to water only when
is typically run in the early morning, you may not
the top inch of soil is dry. If you see runoff before the
witness the system running. Be sure to manually turn
end of the irrigation cycle, adjust the schedule to run
the system on seasonally and after severe weather
several times with a shorter duration each time. This will
changes to check for potential problems. Check drip
allow water to infiltrate the soil between cycles. In order
systems to ensure emitters are working and clean out
to schedule your irrigation properly you will need to
filters as needed. Over time, drip emitter locations
know your equipment type, plant water use, soil texture
may need to be shifted to the outer edge of the plant
and watering zone. Use the Watering Calculator on
root balls as your plants grow. Adjust spray sprinklers
bewaterwise.com to create a basic watering schedule
to prevent overspray and runoff onto roads, sidewalks,
for your property. Then observe your plants and adjust
driveways and patios and repair any problems.
watering as needed for optimum plant growth and water
efficiency. ‰‰ Fertilize smart. Use an organic fertilizer or
‰‰ Water at appropriate times. Consult your local compost. This can be store-bought or made from
water agency to determine the hours you are allowed to products from around the home. Compost can be
6
| Step

24
 made from garden waste and some kitchen waste to insecticidal soap, or using compost tea. Also consider
continually enrich your soil. For more information replacing pest-prone plants with an alternative species.
and recipes for do-it-yourself compost, see the Water See our eGuide for more information on natural
Authority’s eGuide to a WaterSmart Lifestyle. pestcontrol and compost tea. If deciding to use chemical
‰‰ Weed smart. Weed naturally whenever possible. control, always follow the manufacturer's dosage,
The common use of herbicides can be costly and, if application and safety information.
not properly applied, can be very damaging to the ‰‰ Mulch. Maintain a 2 to 3 inch layer of mulch. Replace
environment. Designing and maintaining a healthy the mulch as needed.
landscape can be the best defense against weeds. To stop
the spread of weeds, hand pull any weeds that come up ‰‰ Make a clean sweep. Use a broom or blower
in your garden every few weeks. Be sure to pull them instead of a hose to clean driveways and sidewalks.
before they go to seed. You may also want to monitor ‰‰ Make a plant maintenance checklist. Keep
and remove weeds from nearby landscapes to prevent a copy of your plant list and make a checklist of
weed seeds from blowing onto your property. maintenance requirements for each plant.
‰‰ Manage pests. The key to controlling pests and ‰‰ Find incentives. Take advantage of financial
diseases is to maintain healthy soil and select plant incentives offered by the San Diego County Water
species that are not prone to pest problems. Consider Authority and other local water agencies.
following Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
practices and use chemical control only as a last resort.
Try spraying pests with a blast of water, releasing
beneficial bugs (ladybugs and lacewings), spraying

Maintain a 2 to 3 inch layer of mulch.

‰‰ Monitor. Monitor monthly costs and water use on an

ongoing basis.
‰‰ Celebrate! Enjoy the peace of mind that comes
6

from knowing you did your part to protect our natural

resources and the environment.
| Step

‰‰ Learn more. Visit watersmartsd.org.

Create a maintenance calendar.

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 25

 Case Study - Finished WaterSmart Garden

E
BEFOR

AFTER
(one year
after insta
llation)

26
Review of the steps to a

WaterSmart Landscape
Your WaterSmart landscape is a key part of our region’s water efficiency goals. By converting your yard to a WaterSmart
landscape, you not only have the potential to beautify your property, save money, and reduce maintenance, but you also
help protect, and even improve, the health of our natural environment. Below is a summary of the key steps involved in
completing a WaterSmart landscape renovation:

Step Identify your landscape target. Identify Step Implement your plan. When implementing
1 your target plant and irrigation types in the 5 your plan, take your time. Hire a professional if
beginning to guide you through the design. needed -- get it right the first time.
Step Create a basic plot plan. Making a plan Step Care for your WaterSmart landscape.
2 of your existing landscape will help you visualize 6 Learn the best practices for maintaining your
your future landscape. landscape and consider creating a maintenance
Step Evaluate your site. Evaluate site elements schedule to help you keep on track. You can even
3 such as soil, drainage, sun exposure, and views to use these maintenance techniques to help you save
money in existing landscape areas that have not
identify opportunities and constraints that will
help you make design decisions as you start the been upgraded.
design process. Pay special attention to how you
can retain stormwater.
Step Design your WaterSmart landscape.
4 Even if you don’t plan to install the whole project
at one time, lay out the master plan for your
landscape so you can verify that the final product
will be unified. Include a WaterSmart planting
and irrigation design. Verify your planned water
use before you start construction, and adjust if it
doesn’t meet your original landscape target.

A
A Homeowner’s
Homeowner’s Guide
Guide to
to aa WaterSmart
WaterSmart Landscape
Landscape 27
 Appendix A

WaterSmart
Ready for Wildfire readyforwildfire.org/
Sustainable and Fire Safe Landscapes
ucanr.org/sites/SAFELandscapes/
Resources Fire, Plants, Defensible Space and You
sandiegocounty.gov/pds/docs/DPLU199.pdf

Design Turf Maintenance and Removal Advice

Solarization Techniques ipm.ucanr.edu/
Garden Magazines, Tours, Shows and Classes Bermuda grass eradication ipm.ucanr.edu
San Diego Native Garden Tour UC Riverside sheet mulching instructions
cnpssd.org/events/gardentour2019 ucanr.edu/sites/sacmg/files/163135.pdf
San Diego Horticultural Society Spring Garden Tour
sdhort.org/event-3161812 Integrated Pest Management
Encinitas Garden Festival and Tour http://www2.ipm.ucanr.edu/WhatIsIPM/
Encinitasgardenfestival.org
Coronado Flower Show coronadoflowershow.com Plant Choices
California Native Plant Society cnpssd.org Arboretum All-Stars
Mediterranean Garden Society arboretum.ucdavis.edu/arboretum_all_stars.aspx
mediterraneangardensociety.org California Native Plant Library
Pacific Horticulture pacifichorticulture.org theodorepayne.org/nativeplantdatabase
Sunset Magazine sunset.com/garden California plants database calflora.org/
Gardening With California Native Plants
cnpssd.org/gardening-and-landscaping-with-california-
Landscape Makeover Videos On Demand native-plants
This instructor-lead series of short lessons for homeowners Monrovia Nursery Plantfinder Monrovia.com
on landscaping essentials is based on A Homeowners Nifty Fifty List of Plants for California-Friendly
Landscapes watersmartsd.org
Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape. Learn how to:
Searchable Water Use Classification (WUCOLS)
• Build healthy soil waterwonk.us/
• Shape outdoor spaces WaterSmart Landscaping in San Diego County
A - WaterSmart Resources

• Create curb appeal watersmartsdlandscaping.org

• Irrigate like a pro
Available 24/7 – whenever and wherever you are! Find San Diego County Plant Finder
them online at landscapemakeover.watersmartsd.org. If you’re looking to upgrade your landscape or just
love gardens, thenwatersmartsdlandscaping.org
is for you. Our WaterSmart landscaping website
has thousands of
pictures of plants and
Landscape Design garden designs that
A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape
are well-suited to our
watersmartsd.org
Mediterranean climate.
Planning Pictures are organized
DIG Alert Dial 811 digalert.org by landscape category
to make them easy to find. Explore galleries of ideas
Plants for back yards, front yards, hillsides, patios, planters
Fire Protection Landscaping and other outdoor living areas.
Fire Resistive Plant List watersmartsd.org
| Appendix

Fire-Safe Landscaping Can Save your Home

sandiegocounty.gov/dplu/docs/Fire-Guidelines.pdf Invasive Plants
Will you be prepared for the next wildfire? California Invasive Plants Council cal-ipc.org
readysandiego.org Don’t Plant A Pest cal-ipc.org/
Native Plant Landscaping to Reduce Wildfire Risk wp-content/uploads/2018/05/
tinyurl.com/y2lnshuw InvasivePlantChecklistforCaliforniaLandscaping.pdf
Plant Right! Avoid Invasive Plants plantright.org
28
Appendix A
WaterSmart
Mission Hills Nursery missionhillsnursery.com
Summers Past Farms summerspastfarms.com

Resources South Bay

Recon Native Plants reconnativeplants.com
Terra Bella Nursery terrabellanursery.com

Trees Soil
San Diego Regional Urban Forests Council
http://sdrufc.com/treewatering/ Carbon Storage in Soil
Select the Right Tree selectree.calpoly.edu ars.usda.gov/is/ar/archive/sep02/soil0902.htm
Tree of Life Plant Re-specifier Mulch and Compost
californianativeplants.com/plants/planning-tools/plant- El Corazon Oceanside Resident Program
respecifier/ ci.oceanside.ca.us/gov/water/services_programs/
USDA Plants Database plants.usda.gov/java recycling/guidelines/compost.asp
Miramar Greenery sandiego.gov/environmental-
Turf Maintenance and Removal Advice services/miramar/greenery/index.shtml
Solarization Techniques ipm.ucanr.edu/ San Diego Tree Care sandiegotreecare.com/freemulch.
Bermuda grass eradication ipm.ucanr.edu htm
UC Riverside sheet mulching instructions San Pasqual Valley Soils spvsoils.com
ucanr.edu/sites/sacmg/files/163135.pdf The Forestry Group theforestrygroup.com/mulch-
program
Nurseries and Garden Centers Atlas Tree Service atlastree.com/mulch.php
Armstrong Garden Centers armstronggarden.com
Evergreen Nursery evergreennursery.com Water
Grangettos Farm and Garden Supply grangettos.com
Home Depot homedepot.com
Lowe’s lowes.com WaterSmart Resources
Village Nurseries villagenurseries.com* watersmartsd.org is your online source for water-use
efficiency programs,
North County Coastal incentives, tools

A - WaterSmart Resources
Anderson’s La Costa Nursery and more. Use
andersonslacostanursery.com
our interactive
Sunshine Gardens sunshinegardensencinitas.
wordpress.com locator tool to find
Barrels And Branches barrelsandbranches.com information specific
Gardens By The Sea gardensbytheseanursery.com to your local water
Glorious Gardens agloriousgarden.com agency.
Solana Succulents solanasucculents.com

North County Inland Irrigation

Briggs Tree Nursery briggstree.com A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape
Green Meadow Growers greenmeadowgrowers.com watersmartsd.org
Waterwise Botanicals waterwisebotanicals.com Irrigation Tutorials irrigationtutorials.com
Walter Andersen walterandersen.com Landscape Watering Calculator (City of San Diego)
Oasis Water Efficient Gardens oasis-plants.com apps.sandiego.gov/landcalc
Moosa Creek Nursery moosacreeknursery.com WUCOLS ucanr.edu/sites/WUCOLS
California Irrigation Management Information System
Central (CIMIS) cimis.water.ca.gov
Walter Andersen walterandersen.com
| Appendix

City Farmers cityfarmersnursery.com Rainwater Capture

Mission Hills Nursery missionhillsnursery.com American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association
Green Gardens greengardenssd.com arcsa.org

East County Water Conservation

Bonita Creek Nursery bonitafruittrees.com San Diego County Water Authority watersmartsd.org

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 29

 Be Water Wise (MWD) bewaterwise.com
SoCal Water$mart rebates socalwatersmart.com
Do It Yourself or Hire a
Water Use it Wiselywateruseitwisely.com Professional?
If you choose to design, implement and/or maintain your
Water Quality landscape yourself, this guide can help you through
Project Clean Water ProjectCleanWater.org each step. If you’re interested in hiring a professional,
Think Blue San Diego sandiego.gov/thinkblue you can use this guide as a reference to help
understand the steps that will be involved, and give you
Integrated Pest Management the tools you need to work through the project with your
http://www2.ipm.ucanr.edu/WhatIsIPM/ professional. Here’s how a professional can help:

Landscape Architect. A professional, licensed by

the State of California, who can design and develop

WaterSmart Gardens detailed construction plans and specifications.

A Landscape Architect is not licensed to provide
installation/construction services. For more information,
There’s nothing like experiencing the beauty, texture
visit the American Society of Landscape Architects
and scents of WaterSmart gardens in person. Several website (www.asla-sandiego.org) and the State
neighborhood nurseries and regional gardens across Licensing Board website (latc.ca.gov/consumers/
San Diego County are dedicated to showcasing license_verification.shtml).
climate appropriate plants and landscapes. Take
advantage of tours, classes and one-on-one design Landscape Designer. A person who provides
consultations offered by these resources. Great places landscape design and horticulture services, such
to start are: as design concepts, planting plans, and selection of
materials. For more information, visit the California
‰‰ The Water Conservation Garden at Cuyamaca Association of Professional Landscape Designers
College TheGarden.org website (apldca.org).

‰‰ San Diego Botanic Garden SDBGarden.org

Landscape Contractor. A professional, licensed by
‰‰ South Bay Botanic Garden at Southwestern
A - WaterSmart Resources

the State of California, to install/construct and maintain

College swccd.edu/swc-community/ landscapes. If a Landscape Contractor installs a project,
south-bay-botanic-garden/ they can also design it. For more information, visit the
California Contractors Association website
(www.clcasandiego.org) and the State Licensing
Board website (cslb.ca.gov/Consumers/
Hire_A_Contractor/).

eGuide to a WaterSmart
QWEL (Qualified Water Efficient
Lifestyle Landscaper) qwel.watersmartsd.org/
Trained in water-wise landscape practices including
The digital magazine, plant selection, irrigation system design and water
e
San Die

to a W Guid
go Co
unty Wa

“eGuide to a WaterSmart
ter Au

management, a QWEL graduate will help meet your

thority

aterSm esty landscape needs while keeping your outdoor water use
Lifestyle,” is your go-to art Life
le

resource for water- in check.

efficient living in
San Diego County. Irrigation Designer. A person who provides irrigation
Visit the eGuide at design services. Irrigation designers may achieve
WaterSmartSD. certification with the Irrigation Association. Visit their
website for more information (www.irrigation.org).
org/residential-guide for
| Appendix

inspirational plant and garden photos,

Tips on Hiring a Professional
landscape ideas, helpful videos, plant finders, design
Refer to our eGuide to a WaterSmart Lifestyle for
tools, garden calculators, links to certified landscape
additional information at WaterSmartSD.org.
professionals and much more.

30
Appendix B
Definitions
Aggregation. Aggregation is the arrangement of primary Evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration (ET) is the
soil particles (sand, silt, clay) around soil organic matter process by which water is transferred from the land to the
and through particle associations. Aggregate stability is a atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces
good indicator of soil health. When you pick up a handful and by transpiration from plants. ET is a key descriptive
of soil, and it breaks apart into little pieces, you are looking element of climate in a particular area.
at soil aggregates.
Hydrozoning. Hydrozoning is the practice of grouping
Bubblers. Bubblers are emission devices that flow from plants with similar water needs. Through hydrozoning, it
one point source and can have a full or a multi stream is possible to customize irrigation schedules for each area’s
pattern. For typical landscape projects a low flow model needs, improving efficiency and avoiding overwatering and
should be selected; this will help water infiltrate the soil underwatering plants.
and prevent runoff.
Impact rotors. Impact rotors are one of the least
Compaction. Soil compaction occurs when the air efficient methods of automatic irrigation which throw
pockets between soil components collapse. Common causes rotating streams of water and have the distinct sound when
of compaction include commercial grading and heavy foot it throws busts of water across the landscape. Impact rotors
or machinery traffic. For plants, compacted soil means their are quickly being replaced by gear rotors and other types of
roots have to work harder to grow into soil, resulting in irrigation which are quieter. They have a spray range of 20
fewer roots to take up nutrients and water. to 40 feet.
Compost. Compost is used when planting to condition Impermeable. On your property, impermeable surfaces
the soil. It is a deep, rich brown and should have a pleasant, such as sidewalks, patios and driveways are solid surfaces
earthy smell. Mix up to 30% into backfill soil when that don’t allow rainwater to penetrate, forcing it to run
planting. Use about half that amount when planting very off. Permeable surfaces such as soil, grass, gravel and pavers
low water use succulents or native plants in disturbed, allow rainwater to percolate into the ground and nourish
urban soil. If soil is untouched, no amendment is plant roots.
recommended for natives.
In-line emitters. In-line drip emitters are one of the
Conventional spray irrigation. Conventional spray most efficient ways to deliver water to your garden. They
irrigation is one of the least efficient types of irrigation. It is convey water through drip tubing with low flow emitters
a type of fixed overhead spray with a fan shaped pattern of which are installed at regular intervals along the tubing.
water and a spray range of 4 to 20 feet. The drip tubing can be installed at grade or just beneath
the surface. The most efficient systems incorporate pressure
Drip emitters. Drip emitters are one of the most
compensating devices, and all drip systems should be
efficient ways to deliver water to your garden. They convey

B - Definitions
installed with a filter.
water through low flow emission devices to each plant. The
most efficient systems incorporate pressure compensating Integrated Pest Management (IPM). IPM is an
devices, and all drip systems should be installed with a filter. ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on the long-term
prevention of pests or their damage through a combination
Filters. Filters are used with drip systems to remove
of techniques such a biological control, habitat
organic and inorganic debris from water that could
manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of
potentially clog the emission devices.
resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring
First flush. The first inch of rain after a dry spell. indicates they are needed according to established
Gear rotors. Rotors are classified as moderately efficient, guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of
| Appendix

high-flow overhead irrigation. Multiple rotating streams removing on the target organism. Pest control materials are
distribute water evenly, but rotors typically have a spray selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to
range of 25 feet and larger, so are best suited to large areas. human health, beneficial and non-target organisms and the
environment.

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 31

 Microclimate. A microclimate is a local set of Smart controller. A smart controller has a timer
atmospheric conditions that differ from those in the or clock and is either weather-based or has a moisture
surrounding areas, often with a slight difference but detection system that automatically adjusts watering times
sometimes with a substantial one. in response to environmental changes. Smart controllers
respond to the climate by increasing irrigation in dry
Micro-spray. Micro spray is a type of low flow spray
months and reducing irrigation during wet months.
irrigation. It has a spray range of up to 6 feet, so is best
suited to small areas. Solarization. Soil solarization is a nonchemical method
for controlling soilborne pests using high temperatures
Mulch. Mulch is used to cover the soil surface after
produced by capturing radiant energy from the sun. The
planting. Shredded mulch provides food for beneficial soil
method involves heating the soil by covering it with a clear
microorganisms which feed plants, improve pest resistance,
plastic tarp for 4 to 6 weeks during a hot period of the year
and create healthy, living soil. Use shredded mulch to
when the soil will receive the most direct sunlight.
provide the best environment for your plants and for you.
Mulch reduces weeds, evaporation and runoff, and allows Stormwater runoff. Stormwater runoff is rainfall that
the soil to retain moisture. Shredded mulch will stay on flows over the ground surface. It is created when rain falls
hillsides and resist high winds. Always leave several inches on roads, driveways, parking lots, rooftops and other paved
of unmulched area around the crown of the plant. As a rule surfaces that do not allow water to soak into the ground.
of thumb, 1 cubic yard of mulch will cover 100 square feet Swale. A swale is a shallow trench dug along the land’s
3” thick. contour, with a berm on the downhill side. A swale is an
Pressure compensating devices. These devices important tool for irrigating your landscape, mitigating
regulate pressure either at the valve or at the emitter and stormwater runoff, and reducing erosion. Catching
maintain a constant flow regardless of incoming pressure. rainwater in the landscape can be an efficient way to irrigate
and improve soil quality at the same time.
Plant factor. Plant factors (PF) categorize each plant’s
water requirement. This is determined by gathering WaterSmart. WaterSmart is where our San Diego
information about that plant and comparing it to the lifestyle and water efficiency meet. A WaterSmart landscape
amount of water needed by cool season grass in your incorporates smart choices to reduce outdoor water use
climate zone. with beautiful, climate-appropriate plants and efficient
irrigation.
Reference evapotranspiration (ETo). ETo is a
baseline against which all plant water needs are measured.
ETo is the locally calculated amount of water in inches over
some period of time required by a reference plot of cool
B - Definitions

season turfgrass.
Rotating nozzles. Rotary nozzles are the most water
efficient type of overhead spray for areas 10 to 30 feet in
width. Rotary nozzles throw water with multiple rotating
streams similar to gear rotors, but the advantage is that
the nozzles are small enough to fit on conventional spray
bodies. Compared to conventional spray nozzles, rotary
nozzles throw larger water droplets at a slower rate which
helps to prevent misting and runoff.
| Appendix

Sheet mulching. Sheet mulching is a layered mulch

system that nurtures the soil and replaces existing lawns or
other vegetation, eliminating the need to remove unwanted
plant material.

32
Appendix C
Soil Tests
Soil is essential to a healthy landscape and efficient water use. Get to know your soil and how to care for it and you will be
rewarded with easier maintenance, a healthier environment, and a more beautiful landscape. Here are some simple tests to
help you evaluate your soil:
Evaluate your results based on drainage rate.
Drainage Test
‰‰ Drainage less than 1” per hour. Drainage
Here’s a simple way to evaluate your soil drainage. is considered poor. This may be due to high clay
content or soil compaction. Add compost to the
1. DIG A HOLE soil before planting to improve soil aggregation and
water infiltration. Select plants that can tolerate poor
drainage or consider using raised beds or mounds.
Regular surface applications of shredded mulch may be
helpful for long term management. Irrigation should be
scheduled for short cycles and long soak periods to meet
plant water demand and
avoid runoff.
Dig a hole 12 inches wide x 12 inches deep, putting the
‰‰ Drainage is between 1” and 3” per hour. Your
soil to the side to be used for the Squeeze Test and the
drainage is considered acceptable.
Worm Test.
‰‰ Drainage is greater than 3” per hour. Water
moves too quickly through your soil. Add compost
2. FILL WITH WATER before planting to hold the water in the root zone longer
and select plants tolerant of fast drainage. Regular
surface applications of shredded mulch may be helpful
for long term management. Irrigation scheduling may
require longer watering times to ensure plants have
enough available water at the root zone.

Fill the hole with water and let it drain overnight. Soil Health: The Worm Test
A worm test provides insight into the health of your soil
biology and is as simple as counting the number of worms
3. FILL WITH WATER AGAIN
in your soil. Sift through the soil from your drainage test

C - Soil Tests
hole. If you can’t find at least ten earthworms, your soil
is low on organics and will benefit from the addition
of compost when planting. Use shredded mulch after
planting to continue to feed the beneficial organisms.
Worms help reduce soil compaction, allowing water and air
to move into the
soil to provide
Use a stick to span the hole from the top of the stick to
healthy growing
the bottom of the pit. Measure the distance again in one
conditions
| Appendix

hour.
and maximize
efficient water
usage.

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 33

 What Type Is Your Soil: What Type Is Your Soil:
The Squeeze Test The Jar Test
The squeeze test can help you determine the texture of your 1. Use a 1-quart size glass container.
soil. Start by taking a handful of moistened (but not wet)
2. Add 1 cup of soil from the garden. Select one area per
soil and squeeze it firmly. Open your hand and determine container, or take samples from several holes and blend
which of the following it most resembles: them together.
‰‰ High sand content soil. Ball of soil falls apart 3. Add 3 cups of distilled water.
when you open your hand.
4. Shake until all solids are suspended in water.
5. Place container on a shelf and wait 24 hours.
6. If the container is cloudy, then wait another 24 hours.
7. After 48 hours, the layers should be settled: sand on the
bottom, silt in the middle, and clay on top.
8. Measure the layers in proportion to each other.
9. Use the graphic to determine your soil type based on
Sand is quick draining but has a limited ability to retain the proportions of sand, silt and clay.
nutrients and moisture. Sandy soils often benefit from
the addition of organic matter.

‰‰ Loamy soil. Ball of soil holds its shape, but crumbles

when you poke it lightly.

Loam is generally considered to be ideal soil because it 10. Refer to the USDA soil triangle to with the soil
retains moisture and nutrients but doesn’t stay soggy.
separation percentages to determine your toil
texture.
‰‰ High clay content soil. Holds its shape and does
C - Soil Tests

not crumble when you poke it lightly.

| Appendix

Clay is typically nutrient rich, but has poor drainage.

Drainage can sometimes be improved by deep cultivation
which breaks up the hard layer of soil.

34
Appendix D
WaterSmart Plant Lists
The following five plant themes are an inspirational guide of plants appropriate to our region. Refer to the WUCOLS
(Water Use Characteristics of Landscape Species) rating system as a resource to identify water use for other plants that are
not included in these sample plant lists.
http://ucanr.edu/sites/WUCOLS/Plant_Search/

WaterSmart Landcape
MAKEOVER SERIES
WaterSmart Asian Effect:
Type Scientific Name Common Name Mature Size WUCOLS Design
3 4 6 Feature

Coastal

Desert
Inland
HT x WIDTH

D - WaterSmart Plant Lists

Tree Agonis flexuosa Peppermint Tree 25‐40' x 15‐25' L M / EV
Albizia julibrissin Silk Tree 30' x 30' M M M FL
Cercis canadensis 'Forest Pansy' Eastern Redbud 20' x 25' M M / FL
x Chitalpa tashkentensis Chitalpa 20‐25' x 20‐25' L L M FL
Gleditsia triacanthos 'Moraine' Thornless Honeylocast 40' x 40‐45' M L L FA
Koelreuteria paniculata Golden Rain Tree 20‐30' x 25‐35' L L M FL
Lagerstroemia indica Crape Myrtle 15‐20' x 15' M M M FL
Prunus ilicifolia Holly Leaf Cherry 15‐25' x 10‐15' VL VL / EV
Vitex agnus‐castus Chaste Tree 12‐16' x 10‐15' L M M FL
Zelkova serrata Saw Leaf Zelkova 50' x 50' L M M FA

Large Dodonaea v. 'Purpurea' Purple Hopseed Bush 12' x 6‐8' L M M FA

Shrub Elaegnus pungens 'Fruitlandii' Silverberry 12‐15' x 15‐18' L L L FL
Hibiscus syriacus Rose of Sharon 8‐12' x 6‐10' M M M FL
Pittosporum t. 'Silver Sheen' Silver Sheen Kohuhu 12‐16' x 6‐8' M M / EV
Nandina domestica Heavenly Bamboo 6‐8' x 3' L M M FA
| Appendix

Medium Grevillea r. 'Scarlet Sprite' Scarlet Sprite Grevillea 4‐5' x 6‐8' L L M FL

Shrub Juniperus sabina Savin Juniper 4‐6' x 5‐10' L M M EV
Myrsine africana African Boxwood 6‐8' x 4‐5' L M / EV
Rhaphiolepis indica 'Clara' Clara Indian Hawthorn 4‐5' x 4‐5' M M M FL
Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry 4‐5' x 4‐5' L L / FR

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 35

 WaterSmart Landcape
MAKEOVER SERIES
WaterSmart Asian Effect:
Type Scientific Name Common Name Mature Size WUCOLS Design
3 4 6 Feature

Coastal

Desert
Inland
HT x WIDTH
Small Berberis t. 'Crimson Pigmy' Dwarf Japanese Barberry 2' x 3' L L M AC
Shrub Grevillea 'Cherry Royal' Cherry Royal Grevillea 2‐3' x 3‐4' L L M FL
Jasminum floridum Showy Jasmine 3‐4' x 4‐5' M M M FL
Myrtus communis 'Compacta' Dwarf Myrtle 2‐3' x 2‐3' L M M EV
Nandina domestica 'Gulf Stream' Heavenly Bamboo 3' x 3' L M M FA
Pittosporum t. 'Wheeler's Dwarf' Dwarf Mock Orange 3‐4' x 4‐5' M M M EV
D - WaterSmart Plant Lists

Vine Clematis lasiantha Pipestem Clematis 20‐30' tall VL L / FL

Lonicera j. 'Halliana' Hall's Honeysuckle 15' tall L L M FL :(
Wisteria sinensis Chinese Wisteria 25' tall M M M FL

GC Convolvulus mauritanicus Ground Morning Glory 1' x 1 1/2‐3' L L M FL

Cotoneaster d. 'Coral Beauty' Bearberry Cotoneaster 1' x 6‐8' M M M EV
Juniperus conferta 'Blue Pacific' Shore Juniper 1' x 6‐8' L M M EV
Juniperus horizontalis 'Wiltonii' Creeping Juniper 6" x 6‐8' L M M EV
Juniperus s. 'Tamariscifolia' Tamarix Juniper 18‐30" x 10' L M M EV
Ophiopogon japonicus Mondo Grass 12‐15" x 12‐15" M M M GRS

Design Feature Key

AC = Accent
EV = Evergreen
FA = Fall Color
FDN = Foundation
FL = Flower
| Appendix

FR = Fruit
GRS = Ornamental Grass

Website: landscapemakeover.watersmartsd.org/ | Contact: landscapemakeover@sdcwa.org

36
 WaterSmart Landcape
MAKEOVER SERIES
WaterSmart Contemporary Effect:
Type Scientific Name Common Name Mature Size WUCOLS Design
3 4 6 Feature

Coastal

Desert
Inland
HT x WIDTH
Tree Agonis flexuosa ‘After Dark’ Peppermint Willow 15‐25’ x 10‐15’ L L L AC
Cercidium x 'Desert Museum' Desert Museum Palo Verde 25' x 25' VL L L FL
Chorisia speciosa Floss Silk Tree 40‐60' x 20‐40' L L M AC
Dracaena draco Dragon Tree 15‐25' x 15‐25' VL L / AC
X Chitalpa tashkentensis Chitalpa 20‐30' x 20‐30' L L M FL

Large Agave a. v. attenuata Agave 4‐5’ x 6‐8’ L L L AC

Shrub Agave weberi Weber Agave 5' x 6‐10' L L L AC

D - WaterSmart Plant Lists

Arctostaphylos ‘H. McMann’ Manzanita 6‐10’ x 6‐12’ L L / EV
Caesalpinea gilliesii Desert Bird of Paradise 10' x 8' L L M FL
Euphorbia tirucalli Sticks on Fire 4‐8’ x 3‐5’ VL / L AC
Hesperaloe funifera Giant Hesperaloe 6' x 6' VL L L AC
Leonotis leonurus Lion's Tail 4‐8' x 4‐6' L L M FL

Medium Artemisia ludoviciana Prairie Sagebrush 3' x 6' L L L AC

Shrub Dasylirion texanum Green Desert Spoon 5' x 5' L L L AC
Eremophila m. brevifolia Spotted Emu Bush 2‐4' x 2‐4' L L L FL
Helictotrichon sempervirens Blue Oat Grass 1‐2' x 1‐2' M M M GRS
Hesperaloe parviflora Red Yucca 3‐4' x 2‐4' VL L L AC
Leucophyllum f. 'Compacta' Compact Texas Ranger 5' x 5' L L L FL
Leymus c. 'Canyon Prince' Wild Rye 2‐3' x 2‐3' M M ? GRS
Nolina macrocarpa Bear Grass 3' x 4' VL VL L AC
Phormium 'Evening Glow' New Zealand Flax 3' x 4‐6' M M M AC
Salvia gregii Autumn Sage 2‐4’ x 2‐3’ L L M FL
| Appendix

Website: landscape makeover.watersmartsd.org | Contact: lanscapemakeover@sdcwa.org

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 37

 WaterSmart Landcape
MAKEOVER SERIES
WaterSmart Contemporary Effect:
Type Scientific Name Common Name Mature Size WUCOLS Design
3 4 6 Feature

Coastal

Desert
Inland
HT x WIDTH
Small Aloe x 'Blue Elf' Coral Aloe 18" x 2' L L L FL
Shrub Bulbine frutescens Stalked Bulbine 12" x 18" L L L FL
Hesperaloe p. 'Perpa' Breaklights Red Yucca 2' x 2' VL L L FL
Kalanchoe thyrsiflora Paddle Plant 12‐18" x 12‐18" L L M AC
Sisyrinchium bellum Blue‐eyed Grass 12‐18" x 12‐18" L L M GRS
Yucca rupicola Twisted Leaf Yucca 2' x 2‐3' L L L AC

Vine Passiflora caerulea Blue Passion Vine 10‐15' tall M M M FL

D - WaterSmart Plant Lists

Distictis buccinatoria Blood Red Trumpet Vine 30' tall M M M FL

GC Dalea greggii Trailing Indigo Bush 2' x 6‐8' L L L AC

Dymondia margaretae Dymondia 2‐3" x 20" L L / EV
Echeveria imbricata Blue Rose Echeveria 12" x 12" L L M AC
Festuca glauca Blue Fescue 12" x 12" M M M GRS
Othonna capensis Little Pickles 2” x 1’ L ? ? AC
Sedum reflexum 'Blue Spruce' Blue Spruce Stonecrop 3" x 10" L L L AC
Sedum spathulifolium Stonecrop 2‐4" x 24" L L L AC
Sempervivum 'Black' Black Hens and Chicks 4‐6" x 12" L L L AC

Design Feature Key

AC = Accent
EV = Evergreen
FA = Fall Color
FDN = Foundation
FL = Flower
FR = Fruit
| Appendix

GRS = Ornamental Grass

Website: landscape makeover.watersmartsd.org | Contact: lanscapemakeover@sdcwa.org

38
 WaterSmart Landcape
MAKEOVER SERIES
WaterSmart Mediterranean Effect:
Type Scientific Name Common Name Mature Size WUCOLS Design
3 4 6 Feature

Coastal

Desert
Inland
HT x WIDTH
Tree Arbutus ’Marina’ Marina Strawberry Tree 20‐30' x 20‐30’ L L M FR
Brahea armata Blue Hesper Palm 25‐40' x 6‐8' L L L AC
Chamaerops humilis Mediterranean Fan Palm 8‐12' x 10‐15' M M M AC
Cupressus sempervirens Italian Cypress 40‐60' x 8‐12' L L M AC
Laurus nobilis Sweet Bay 20‐30' x 10‐20' L L M EV
Olea europaea 'Swan Hill' Swan Hill European Olive 15‐25' x 15‐20' L L M EV
Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine 50‐60' x 60‐80' L L L EV

D - WaterSmart Plant Lists

Large Agave attenuata Foxtail Agave 2‐5' x 3‐5’ L L L AC
Shrub Carpenteria californica Bush Anemone 6‐8' x 4‐5' L M / FL
Cistus ladanifer Crimson‐spot Rockrose 4‐5' x 4‐5' L L L FL
Rhaphiolepis indica Indian Hawthorn 4‐5' x 4‐5' L M M FDN
Feijoa sellowiana Pineapple Guava 12‐20' x 10‐15' L L M FL
Westringia 'Wynyabbie Gem' Coast Rosemary 6‐8' x 4‐6' L L M FDN

Medium Cistus x purpureus Purple Rockrose 4' x 4‐6' L L L FL

Shrub Correa 'Ivory Bells' Australian Fuchsia 4‐5' x 4‐5' L L M FL
Rosmarinus o. 'Blue Spires' Blue Spires Rosemary 4‐5' x 2‐3' L L M FDN
Salvia leucantha Mexican Sage 3‐4' x 4‐6' L L M FL
| Appendix

Website: landscape makeover.watersmartsd.org | Contact: lanscapemakeover@sdcwa.org

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 39

 WaterSmart Landcape
MAKEOVER SERIES
WaterSmart Mediterranean Effect:
Type Scientific Name Common Name Mature Size WUCOLS Design
3 4 6 Feature
WaterSmart Tropical Effect:

Coastal

Desert
Inland
Type Scientific Name Common Name Mature Size WUCOLS Design
HT x WIDTH
3 4 6 Feature
Small Agave parryi Artichoke Agave 2‐4' x 2‐4' L L L AC

Coastal

Desert
Inland
Shrub Aloe striata Coral Aloe 1‐2' x 2‐3' L L L AC
Convolvulus cneorum Bush Morning Glory HT xxWIDTH
2‐4' 2‐4' L L L FL
Small Correa
Aeonium'Dusky Bells'
canarience Australian
Giant VelvetFuchsia
Rose 1‐2'
1‐2'x x2‐3'
2‐3' LL LL ML FL
AC
Shrub Lavandula a. 'Munstead'
Anigozanthos viridis 'Phar Lap' English Lavender Paw
Green Kangaroo 1‐2'
1‐2'x x1‐2'
1‐2' LL LL MM FL
AC
Myrtus communis ' Compacta'
Clivia miniata Dwarf Myrtle
Kaffir Lily 2‐3'
1‐2'x x2‐3'
1‐2' LL MM MM FDN
FL
Salvia greggii
Coreopsis 'Furman's
auriculata Red'
'Nana' Autumn Sage
Dwarf Coreopsis 2‐4' x 2‐3'
6‐8" x 2' LL LL MM FL
FL
D - WaterSmart Plant Lists

Euphorbia rigida Silver Spurge 1‐2' x 2‐3' VL L L AC

Vine Bougainvillea var. Bougainvillea 20‐30' tall L L M FL
Vine Distictis buccinatoria
Bougainvillea spectabilis Blood‐red Trumpet Vine
Bougainvillea 20‐30'
20‐30'tall
tall ML ML MM FL
FL
Pyrostegia
Macfadyena venusta
unguis‐cati Flame Vine Vine
Cat's Claw 20‐30'
20‐30'tall
tall ML ML ML FL
FL
Passiflora j. 'Coral Seas' Coral Seas Passion Flower 15‐20' tall M M M FL
GC Cistus 'Sunset'
Pyrostegia venusta Magenta
Flame VineRockrose 1‐2' X 6‐8'
20‐30' tall LM LM LM FL
FL
Juniperus c. 'Blue Pacific' Shore Juniper 1' x 6‐8' L L M EV
GC Myroporum p. 'Pink'
Crassula capitera 'Campfire' Pink Myoporum
Campfire Crassula 1'6"x 4‐5'
x 2‐3' LL LL ML EV
AC
Rosmarinus o. 'Prostratus'
Fragaria chiloensis Trailing Rosemary
Sand Strawberry 1' x 5'x 3‐6'
8‐12" LM LM MM EV
EV
Sedum
Lantanareflexum
montevidensis Sedum
Trailing Lantana 6‐10"
8‐12"x x24"
3‐6' LL LL LM AC
FL
Senecio
Sedum mandraliscae
s. 'Cape Blanco' Blue
CapeChalksticks
Blanco Stonecrop 1‐2'
2‐4"x 2‐3'
x 24" LL ML ML AC
AC
Thymus
Sedum serpyllum
makinoi 'Limelight' Creeping
JapaneseThyme
Stonecrop 1‐2"
2‐4"x 12‐15"
x 8‐12" ML ML ML FL
AC

Design
DesignFeature
FeatureKey
Key
AC
AC==Accent
Accent
EV
EV==Evergreen
Evergreen
FA
FA==Fall
FallColor
Color
| Appendix

FDN = Foundation
FDN = Foundation
FL
FL==Flower
Flower
FR = Fruit
FR = Fruit
Website: landscape makeover.watersmartsd.org | Contact: lanscapemakeover@sdcwa.orgGRS = Ornamental Grass

40 Website: landscape makeover.watersmartsd.org | Contact: lanscapemakeover@sdcwa.org

 WaterSmart Landcape
MAKEOVER SERIES
WaterSmart Native Garden Effect:
Type Scientific Name Common Name Mature Size WUCOLS Design
3 4 6 Feature

Coastal

Desert
Inland
HT x WIDTH
Tree Cercidium x ‘Desert Museum’ Desert Museum Palo Verde 25’ x 25' VL L L AC
Cercis occidentalis Western Redbud 12‐20' x 10‐15' L L / FL
Chilopsis linearis Desert Willow 30' x 25' VL L M FL
Myrica californica Pacific Wax Myrtle 20‐30' x 10‐20' L M / FL
Pinus torreyana Torrey Pine 40‐60' X 30‐50' L M / EV
Quercus agrifolia Coast Live Oak 40‐60' x 40‐50' L L M EV

Large Calliandra californica Baja Fairy Duster 6' x 6' VL L L FL

D - WaterSmart Plant Lists

Shrub Ceanothus 'Concha' California Lilac var. 6‐8' x 6‐12' VL L / FL
Heteromeles arbutifolia Toyon 15‐20’x15‐20’ VL L / EV
Rhus integrifolia Lemonade Berry 6‐10' x 10‐15' VL L / EV
Ribes speciosum Flowering Gooseberry 4‐8' x 4‐6' L M / FL
Rosa californica California Rose 5' x 5' L L / FL

Medium Arctostaphylos d. 'Sunset' Sunset Manzanita 3‐4' x 3‐4' L L / EV

Shrub Encelia californica Coast Sunflower 3‐4' x 3‐4' VL L L FL
Galvezia speciosa Island Snapdragon 3‐4' x 4'‐5' VL L M FL
Muhlenbergia rigens Deer Grass 4‐5' x 4‐6' L M M GRS
Salvia alpiana White Sage 4‐5' x 4‐5' VL VL L EV
Salvia clevelandii Cleveland Sage 4‐5' x 4‐5' VL VL L FL
Yucca whippelei Our Lord's Candle 2‐3' x 3‐4' L L L AC

Small Agave desertii Desert Agave 1‐2' x 2‐3' L L L AC

Shrub Agave shawii Shaw's Agave 2‐3' x 3‐4' L L L AC
Dudleya brittonii Chalk Liveforever 1‐ X 1‐2’ VL L / AC
Eriogonum g. rubescens Buckwheat 1‐2' x 2‐3' VL L L FL
| Appendix

Website: landscape makeover.watersmartsd.org | Contact: lanscapemakeover@sdcwa.org

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 41

 WaterSmart Landcape
MAKEOVER SERIES
WaterSmart Native Garden Effect:
Type Scientific Name Common Name Mature Size WUCOLS Design
3 4 6 Feature

Coastal

Desert
Inland
HT x WIDTH
Vine Clematis pauciflora Clematis 12' tall VL L ? FL
Lonicera subspicata Chaparral Honeysuckle 3‐8' tall L VL ? FL
Vitis californica California Wild Grape 30' tall VL L M FR

GC Achillea millefolium Yarrow 1‐2' x 2‐3' L L M FL

Arctostaphylos e. 'Carmel Sur' Carmel Sur Manzanita 1' x 10' L L / EV
Arctostaphylos 'Pacific Mist' Pacific Mist Manzanita 2‐3' x 6‐12' L L / EV
D - WaterSmart Plant Lists

Baccharis p. 'Pigeon Point' Dwarf Coyote Bush 2' x 8' L L / EV

Ceanothus g. horizontalis California Lilac var. 1‐2' x 10‐015' VL L / FL
Ceanothus 'Joyce Coulter' California Lilac var. 2‐3' x 10‐15' VL L / FL
Fragaria chiloensis Sand Strawberry 6"‐12" x 2' M M M EV
Mahonia repens Creeping Mahonia 18‐24" x 3‐4' L M / EV

Design Feature Key

AC = Accent
EV = Evergreen
FA = Fall Color
FDN = Foundation
FL = Flower
FR = Fruit
GRS = Ornamental Grass
| Appendix

Website: landscape makeover.watersmartsd.org | Contact: lanscapemakeover@sdcwa.org

42
 WaterSmart Landcape
MAKEOVER SERIES
WaterSmart Tropical Effect:
Type Scientific Name Common Name Mature Size WUCOLS Design
3 4 6 Feature

Coastal

Desert
Inland
HT x WIDTH
Tree Bauhinia x blakeana Hong Kong Orchid Tree 20' x 20' M M M FL
Brahea armata Blue Hesper Palm 25‐40' x 6’‐8’ L L L AC
Erythrina crista‐galli Cockspur Coral Tree 15‐20' x 15‐20' L L M FL
Cassia splendida 'Golden' Golden Wonder Senna 15‐18' x 15' L L L FL
Phoenix dactylifera Date Palm 80‐100' x 20' L L M AC
Strelitzia nicolai Giant Bird of Paradise 30' x 5‐7' M M M AC

D - WaterSmart Plant Lists

Large Alyogyne huegelii 'Monle' Blue Hibiscus 6' x 4' L L L FL
Shrub Anigozanthos 'Big Red' Big Red Kangaroo Paw 4‐6' x 2‐3' L L M AC
Aucuba japonica Aucuba 4‐6' x 4‐5' M M M EV
Cistus x purpureus Purple Rockrose 4‐6' x 4‐6' L M M AC
Lantana camara 'American Red' American Red Lantana 4‐6' x 4‐6' L L M FL
Phormium tenax New Zealand Flax 3‐8' x 3‐8' L M M AC
Teucrium fruiticans 'Asureum' Azure Bush Germander 4‐6' x 4‐6' L L M FL

Medium Acanthus mollis Bear's Breech 4' x 4' M M M AC

Shrub Anigozanthos 'Bush Gold' Bush Gold Kangaroo Paw 2‐3' x 1‐2' L L M AC
Bougainvillea 'Singapore White' Bougainvillea 3‐4' x 3‐4' L L M FL
Callistemon c. 'Little John' Dwarf Bottlebrush 3' x 5' L L M FL
Convolvulus cneorum Bush Morning Glory 2‐4' x 2‐4' L L L FL
Coreopsis gigantea Giant Coreopsis 3‐5' x 3‐5' VL L / FL
Strelitzia reginae Bird of Paradise 3‐5' x 3‐5' M M M AC
| Appendix

Website: landscape makeover.watersmartsd.org | Contact: lanscapemakeover@sdcwa.org

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 43

 WaterSmart Landcape
MAKEOVER SERIES
WaterSmart Tropical Effect:
Type Scientific Name Common Name Mature Size WUCOLS Design
3 4 6 Feature

Coastal

Desert
Inland
HT x WIDTH
Small Aeonium canarience Giant Velvet Rose 1‐2' x 2‐3' L L L AC
Shrub Anigozanthos viridis 'Phar Lap' Green Kangaroo Paw 1‐2' x 1‐2' L L M AC
Clivia miniata Kaffir Lily 1‐2' x 1‐2' L M M FL
Coreopsis auriculata 'Nana' Dwarf Coreopsis 6‐8" x 2' L L M FL
Euphorbia rigida Silver Spurge 1‐2' x 2‐3' VL L L AC

Vine Bougainvillea spectabilis Bougainvillea 20‐30' tall L L M FL

D - WaterSmart Plant Lists

Macfadyena unguis‐cati Cat's Claw Vine 20‐30' tall L L L FL

Passiflora j. 'Coral Seas' Coral Seas Passion Flower 15‐20' tall M M M FL
Pyrostegia venusta Flame Vine 20‐30' tall M M M FL

GC Crassula capitera 'Campfire' Campfire Crassula 6" x 2‐3' L L L AC

Fragaria chiloensis Sand Strawberry 8‐12" x 3‐6' M M M EV
Lantana montevidensis Trailing Lantana 8‐12" x 3‐6' L L M FL
Sedum s. 'Cape Blanco' Cape Blanco Stonecrop 2‐4" x 24" L L L AC
Sedum makinoi 'Limelight' Japanese Stonecrop 2‐4" x 8‐12" L L L AC

Design Feature Key

AC = Accent
EV = Evergreen
FA = Fall Color
FDN = Foundation
FL = Flower
FR = Fruit
| Appendix

GRS = Ornamental Grass

Website: landscape makeover.watersmartsd.org | Contact: lanscapemakeover@sdcwa.org

44
 WaterSmart Landcape
MAKEOVER SERIES
WaterSmart Dry Shade Plants:
Type Scientific Name Common Name Mature Size WUCOLS Design
3 4 6 Feature

Coastal

Desert
Inland
HT x WIDTH
Large Arbutus unedo Strawberry Tree 6-8' x 5-6' L L M FR
Shrub Arctostaphyllos d. ‘H. Mcminn’ Manzanita 6-10' x 6-12' L L / EV
Aucuba japonica Gold Dust Plant 6-10' x 6-10' M M M EV
Coprosma repens Mirror Plant 10’ x 6’ M M / EV
Frangula californica Coffeeberry 3-15' x 8' VL L M EV
Nandina domestica Heavenly Bamboo 6-8' x 3-4' L M M FA
Phormium tenax New Zealand Flax 9' x 5' L M M AC
Portulaca afra

D - WaterSmart Plant Lists

Elephant’s food 8-12' x 4-6' VL L L EV
Rhus integrifolia Lemonade Berry 6-10' x 10-15' VL L / EV
Rhus ovata Sugar Bush 4-10' x 4-10' VL L L EV

Medium Agapanthus africanus Lily of the Nile 3-4’ x 2-3’ M M M AC

Shrub Agave attenuata Foxtail Agave 4-5’ x 6-8’ L L L AC
Bromelia balansae Bromeliads 4’ x 4-6’ L ? ? FL
Crassula ovata Jade Plant 1-1.5’ x 3’ L L L EV
Muhlenbergia capillaris Pink Muhly Grass 3’ x 6’ L L M GRS
Myrtus communis Myrtle 5-6’ x 4-5’ L M M FDN
Rhus trilobata Basket bush 3-5’ x 5’ L L ? EV
Ribes viburnifolium Catalina Perfume 3-6’ x 12’ VL M ? FL
Rosa californica California Rose 5’ x 5’ L L / FL
Sansevieria trifasciata Snake Plant 4’ x 2’ L L M EV

Small Acanthus mollis Bear’s Breech 3-4' x 2-3' M M M AC

Shrub Aspidistra elatior Cast Iron Plant 2-3’ x 2-3' M M M EV
Carex tumulicola Berkeley Sedge 1.5' x 2' L L M GRS
| Appendix

Clivia miniata Kaffir Lily 1-2' x 1-2' L M M FL

Correa pulchella Australian Fuschia 2.5-5' x 8’ L L M FL

Website: landscapemakeover.watersmartsd.org/ | Contact: landscapemakeover@sdcwa.org

A Homeowner’s Guide to a WaterSmart Landscape 45

 WaterSmart Landcape
MAKEOVER SERIES
WaterSmart Dry Shade Plants:
Type Scientific Name Common Name Mature Size WUCOLS Design
3 4 6 Feature

Coastal

Desert
Inland
HT x WIDTH
Small Dianella revoluta Flax Lily 1-2’ x 2-3' L L ? GRS
Shrub Ilex vomitoria ‘Stokes’ Stokes Dwarf 3-4' x 3-4' M L M FDN
Iris douglasiana Douglas Iris 1-2’ x 2-3' L M ? FL
Mahonia repens Dwarf Mock Orange 1-2' x 3-4' L L / EV
Sedum dendroideum Stonecrop 1-3’ x 3-4’ L L / AC
Trachelospermum jasminoides Star Jasmine 2’ x 10’ M M M FL

Achillea tomentosa
D - WaterSmart Plant Lists

GC Wooly Yarrow 1-2’ x 2-3' L L M FL

Ajuga reptans Carpet bugle <1' x 2-3’ M M M EV
Arctostaphyllos u. ‘Pt. Reyes’ Point Reyes Manzanita 1-1.5' x 1.5’ L L / EV
Crassula multicava Fairy crassula 1-1.5’ x 3’ L L L FL
Cyclamen hederifolium Ivy Leaf Cyclamen 3-4” tall L L ? FL
Erigeron karvinskianus Sta. Barbara Daisy 10-20” x 3’ L M M FL
Fragaria chiloensis Sand Strawberry 4-8” tall VL L M FL
Geranium incanum Cranesbill 6-10” x 2' L L M FL
Heuchera sanguinea Coral bells 1-1.5’ x 10-12” M M M AC
Ruscus hypoglossum Butcher’s broom 1.5’ x1.5’ L L ? EV

Design Feature Key

AC = Accent
EV = Evergreen
FA = Fall Color
FDN = Foundation
FL = Flower
FR = Fruit
| Appendix

GRS = Ornamental Grass

Website: landscapemakeover.watersmartsd.org/ | Contact: landscapemakeover@sdcwa.org

46
 watersmartsd.org
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