Non- ug unus s eluo maaht fotenh a and Cruupt a Gaugs
X = X==
elchomagnthc poetal fuld veckrs wu
B Cul A
E ad t-
e
hm eO s. A and f cletemine B and E undqun.
cho the feldl
vecrs B aE ha
fr ag A nd 4, ea
Cy valu
DIv B Cu A .VXA)
e freld edorr do not dokamint
Honne ve convense is not hrue
he
he pokentaltA f Cmpky B
uslll be any nu
a
thre an
Mehe, Can be
a qen E and
nhile
numbes As Ps.
alu, vans ka4
We k now that, Cul 9tadeun ay
can 6e wni as
ddenteally dlance,A
Xa' At ad
be
gadf- (Aad A)
d (9- 3)-
So, ue make the hransiomabm r b G),
also pla
4
hiw
Cunl (A' Jrad A) Cunl t a s n =
B=Cul A
Cuws A
E - n a d -
a d- qtad A
yad- grad t
394 ot
E vecrs suHu the
Cml
u
ulld
d
pokntal
olla the
tt
t euhamputé
ule
So, KAmselo are N6n-Uruyul
(A, f ) .
set
(A)
ecls uju
theu
ield
aold
domu u m tlev
translomatms mo h o r
The
A+ nAd S
A
Cunl rad s
Cuns A
u r t ( A)
CuntA10
'
i
/B' CuntA huue us no chang
means
his
/8=B maj nstihud if eio .
AA.
Let s Couu d
E gnad p- A
E had p A + ads
-
E' gad '
3
Dt - d
E - gad ( 2E)
Lt w say
- ) A
ad t
+ 2A
grad t Ot
aus Auud ansrmd
e both
e d as au
2
Lowan Cagt NaxwUs
held quahers ms
Th
elcrmanuhe pokenhals a
v-e A
hon h O 4 uy
A+Me o ,
Jtenheal unnyed
b u m L
Crulkon
LoAsuba
ke
alls Thy
Ties ug
is ay
rayuurumt p p r l
torbul
This scalan
po
netr
the Larua Gay
hAin
sse
uddu
uurs
s
k a r m
hors
Held cgpehors
Held ge
Cmdiiea
cmditisn
Lorink
ueh LoMar
So,
Se,
'A-M6 -
Sandend w m
Me
that
knm
d oe &e
Theu
-
A = D Ambutev
D' -
euahnh
are
whmotAsNAs 4tmluL
umls
,
vey
estar Cyia hms
Aemb
knnsn as
b
ejurs
pazs5rm
trboduury
ApShaaa Aubshhue
kunh mA . A hme" 4
do(gdn) +46 )-
2
euahn e
Ie Lne
alo saf efuaton
A 'ull
ndu hn ndul
v
UVamant undu Hou
ndhan puncherns au
Lonn h
farisy
hanfamatend wahn.
n
quwe
u e emy
L
goluhons e
eah
eask
A undpendint
ndtpendirt #
A s f
th euakns gr
maku
heat A o
* *
94 A
ott. whus
ejuatons whuk heat 4 s
wave
equatona
puads Jo
the to0dinake
(2)
(a) uivalen pr
a d
ndepended Cmtiduahong
whith is
Cnupt whiuk i
tmcapt ma
a iuo
4 nakally
(3 so nakwall
Chore
uem
T h a ns v O u ANUuJt
oulmb laaus Condenud maleu phais
unwm meokanies as nne a aheo danu
an ay coudhm.
onael
VA= d u A = .
»o Th poknhal an se exfrterd n tumy
hyuhis fdenkus.
ns/ankanerus
valus feld
mase wunage
be
Cenliio myl
gauge
Coulonb
Coulrb
tnhon
uge
Lwulonb
lruk. Covenia t
hot
a
pokenkal
e l ng
)= - J -
n
The
aue e
a d (divA +
The
yA M
-
(awA~ut)- -
vi-ut-
u +dvn)+ eg. ,
duA
dv A = o
C
p oLsDd
is un
4/ht)-
vo lum eli mant
pot then veerr
oknhal
A sran ans nn
stan
SCalar.
Thus, a th ams
Culmb potnka
Curlermbg* r e c m pokenhalA
Coulmb augi,
Aeduua
VA u e A
ot
dvt) sealasA & vehs
hstds
Sme, Porssom's ah
ft)
-r
d'| = - E
T-r
J.+ J = t a verhr pot
Nln T (7,E) =
Can nontain2 ampennbr
lengutudrul tmpbmut
I 7pansveru opnuns
VIlv) d
4 x Dx du'
d v
v - u(J) +HE D
Si)dv!
r-r'
Cmtuiby
/z vIvA
(74) + P (ve)
=
T AITt)
Arm e
Y-
-+T+T
angu _age
wan eg
hed rsomt 7
7hi
n d d a k sR
auss ansren
r a n s r e n u e J.
J
nlmb
g . 7
Tha exprasnes
a n g r e sh e
p pokntal
o k n t l
fe
s ea
allu
u
be
con he
A Elnahoshakc
hat
potenhal e
adrantagL
hL
u e hag
he
s0unea anl JisMA.
f-gsad
Lmogr
tha
Aahxhis
SA
?-o
Kn
