《英语周报》高考二轮复习——语法项目讲解与练习

构词法
英语构词法主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。

一、合成

合成词是由两个或两个以上的词结合起来的复合词。有的用连字符“-”连接，有的直接连写在一起，还有的由

分开的词构成。合成法可用以构成任何词类，但多为名词和形容词。

1. 名词复合词

名词+名词：wallpaper, hunter-gatherer

形容词+名词：blackboard, superman

名词+动词：waterfall, headache

动词-ing 形式+名词：reading room, cleaning woman

名词+动词-ing 形式：handwriting, sightseeing

动词+名词：pickpocket, flashlight, workroom

动词+副词：readout, take-away

其它形式：good-for-nothing, go-between

2. 形容词复合词

形容词/数词+名词：old-style, first-rate

名词+过去分词：hand-made, weather-beaten

名词+形容词：airsick, duty-free

名词+动词-ing 形式：breathtaking, record-breaking

形容词+动词-ing 形式：hard-working, easy-going

形容词/副词+过去分词：wide-spread, dry-cleaned, so-called, outdated

其它形式：up-to-date, face-to-face

二、转化

转化是指一个单词的词形不经过任何变化而由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性。

1. 动词转化为名词

有些词在转化过程中词义变化不大，如 try, kiss。有些动词转化为名词时意义有一定的变化，如 feed（v. 喂养 →

n. 饲料），draw（v. 画画，抽，拉 → n. 平局）等。

2. 名词转化为动词：ship（n. 船 → v. 运送）。

3. 形容词转化为动词、名词或副词

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1）有些形容词可以转化为动词。如：calm（adj. 冷静的 → v. 使平静）。

2）有些形容词可以转化为名词。如：daily（adj. 每日的 → n. 日报）。

3）有些形容词可以转化为副词。如：clear, low, high, cheap, close 等。

4. 介词转化为名词：the ups and downs of life

5. 连词转化为名词：no ifs, ands, or buts

6. 一些其它情况的转化。如：

They forwarded his mail to his new address. （adv. → v.）

The people are walking north. （n. → adv.）

三、派生

派生是指通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀构成另一个词。

1. 常见前缀：

in-, il-, im-, ir-, un-, non-, dis- （ 表 否 定 或 反 义 ） : incomplete, illegal, impossible, irresponsible, unfair, non-smoker,

disappear

mis- （表错误，不好）: mislead, misunderstand, mismatch

over-, super-, under- （表程度）: overeat, superpower, underprovided

fore-, trans-, inter- （表位置）: foreleg, transplant, international

re-, pre-, post- （表顺序、时间）: rebuild, pre-school, post-war

bi-, multi-, semi- （表数量）: bicycle, multicultural, semicircle

a-, en- （转化词类）: asleep, enlarge

2. 常见后缀：

1）名词后辍

-ery, -ry （表场所、性质）: nursery, slavery

-hood （表身份、性质）: boyhood, childhood

-ism （表主义、行为）: materialism, optimism

-ship （表性质、关系）: membership, hardship

-er （表具有特征之人或用于……之物）: Londoner, thinker

-ess （表女性）: actress, waitress

-ee （表受事者）: employee, trainee

-er, -or （表施事者）: employer, instructor

-ist （表主义者、从事某种职业）: communist, scientist

-al （表行为、结果）: arrival, refusal

-ment （表结果）: arrangement, equipment

-ty, -ity, -ness （形容词转名词）: safety, activity, happiness

2）形容词后缀

-ed （表具有）: excited, gifted

-ful （表充满）: useful, successful

-ish （表类似）: bookish, selfish

-less （表没有）: careless, harmless

-like （表“像”）: womanlike, manlike

-ly （表特色或者“每”）: motherly, daily

-y （表具有……特征）: sandy, hairy

-able, -ive （附在动词后构成形容词）: changeable, productive

-etic （附在名词后构成形容词）: sympathetic, apologetic

-al, -ial, -ical （表具有……特点，与……有关）: original, material, psychological

3）副词后缀

-ly: personally, calmly

4）动词后缀

-en, -ify, -ize: widen, simplify, publicize

高考链接

用括号内单词的正确形式填空。

1. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ________ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills

and get good running shoes.

（2018 全国卷 I）

2. Running is cheap, easy and it’s always ________ (energy).

（2018 全国卷 I）

3. This switch has decreased ________ (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer

for people.

（2018 全国卷 II）

4. A taste for meat is ________ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and

cattle.
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 （2018 全国卷 II）

5. According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total ________ (globe) fertilizer consumption.

（2018 全国卷 II）

6. I’m a ________ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.

（2018 全国卷 III）

7. The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ________ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.

（浙江 2018）

Key: 1. strengthen 2. energetic 3. pollution 4. actually

5. global 6. scientist 7. affordable

构词法专项练习
在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

1. His great ________ (achieve) is to make all the players into a united team.

2. The weatherman said there is a strong ________ (possible) of rain today.

3. Being ________ (employ) is the worst thing that can happen to someone.

4. I ________ (honest) think that there’s no point in arguing with him. Just ignore him.

5. The course helps school-leavers ________ (broad) their knowledge of the world of work.

6. Don’t be afraid of the dog. He’s absolutely __________ (harm).

7. It took us quite a long time to get to the Art Gallery. It was a(n) _________ (三小时的) journey.

8. This bike is ________ (二手的) but it’s still in good condition.

During 1. ________ (adolescent), we often develop important friendships. However, the learning experience

continues well into 2. ________ (adult). Making friends is a gift that some 3. ________ (luck) people seem to be born with,

while for others it is a skill that has to be acquired through practice and hard work. It is, however, comforting to know that

most skills, 4. ________ (particular) social skills, can be learnt in whatever environment you find yourself in the future. It is

possible to make yourself more popular and even to be the centre of 5. ________ (attend) at parties. If someone makes a

mistake, try to avoid being critical of them. Instead, pretend you haven’t noticed the mistake or say something 6. ________

(encourage). We all get depressed at times and most people are willing to listen sympathetically but it does get a bit 7.

________ (annoy) hearing someone grumble (发牢骚) all the time. Being 8. ________ (cheer) helps!

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参考答案

构词法专项练习

A. 1. achievement 2. possibility 3. unemployed 4. honestly

5. broaden 6. harmless 7. three-hour 8. second-hand

B. 1. adolescence 2. adulthood 3. lucky 4. particularly

5. attention 6. encouraging 7. annoyed 8. cheerful

综合语法练习
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Here are some 1. ________ (profession) development skills, or as we like to call it, “Modern skills” that today’s

teachers should possess.

Adaptability

In this modern, digital age, teachers need to be flexible and be able to adapt 2. ________ whatever is thrown their

way. New technologies 3. ________ (develop) every day, which can change the way students learn, and the way teachers

teach. Being able to adapt is a skill 4. ________ every modern teacher must have.

Communication

Being able to communicate with not only your students but with parents and staff 5. ________ (be) an essential skill.

Almost all of a teacher’s day is spent 6. ________ (communicate) with students and colleagues so 7. ________ is crucial to

be able to talk clearly and concisely (简洁地) in order to get your point across.

Continuous Learner

Teaching is a lifelong learning process. The world is 8. ________ (constant) changing, along with the curriculum and

educational technology, so it’s up to you, the teacher, to keep up with it.

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Imagination

The most effective tool a teacher can use is their imagination. Teachers need to be creative and think of unique 9.

________ (way) to keep their students engaged in learning.

Leadership

An effective teacher is a mentor (良师) and knows how 10. ________ (guide) her students in the right direction. She

leads by example and is a good role model. She encourages students and leads them to a place of success.

Organized, well-structured youth sports and on-going physical activities can provide many 1. ________ (benefit) for

children and adolescents. Positive experiences that sports and an active lifestyle bring play 2. ________ important role in a

young person’s life.

Playing a sport requires a lot of time and energy. Some people may think this would distract student-athletes from

schoolwork. However, the opposite is true. Sports require memorization, repetition and learning-skill sets that 3. ________

(be) directly relevant to class work. Also, the determination and goal-setting skills a sport requires can be transferred (使迁

移) to the classroom.

Fighting 4. ________ a common goal with a group of players and coaches teaches you 5. ________ to build teamwork

and effectively communicate to solve problems. This experience is helpful when 6. ________ (face) problems at work or at

home.

7. ________ (clear), sports can help you reach your fitness goals and maintain a healthy weight. However, they also

encourage healthy decision-making such as not smoking and not drinking. Sports also have 8. ________ (hide) health

benefits such as lowering the chance of osteoporosis or breast cancer later in life.

Exercising is a(n) 9. ________ (nature) way to loosen up and let go of stress. You can also make new friends who can

be there for you as a support system. When you feel stressed, 10. ________ (call) up a teammate, head to the gym and

work out.

Every day we need to drink 2.5 litres of water. The human body can resist only several days without water but without

food we can survive a little 1. ________ (long)!

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 Our bodies 2. ________ (make) up of water: this is why water is so important for us. Lack of water or liquids for just a

few days can have 3. _________ serious effect on our health.

That’s why 4. ________ is really important to drink regularly or at least consume foodstuffs that contain a lot of water,

like fruit or milk. Water is a truly 5. ________ (amaze) substance that nature offers us absolutely free of charge and it is

water that allows our body 6. ________ (carry) out all its major functions.

The quality of water is 7. ________ (extreme) important for the health and well being of all living creatures. In some

countries, good quality drinking water comes from the taps in our homes. However, in other countries people have to get

water 8. ________ other sources, like local wells or rivers. In these 9. ________ (case), we have to make sure that the

water is safe to drink otherwise we risk 10. ________ (pick) up dangerous diseases.

参考答案

综合语法练习

A. 1. professional 2. to 3. are developed 4. that / which

5. is 6. communicating 7. it 8. constantly

9. ways 10. to guide

B. 1. benefits 2. an 3. are 4. for

5. how 6. facing 7. Clearly 8. hidden

9. natural 10. call

C. 1. longer 2. are made 3. a 4. it

5. amazing 6. to carry 7. extremely 8. from

9. cases 10. picking

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