INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

To Study The Effect Of Mobile Radiation

On Human Body

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Ms. MANISHA RATH

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

RABINDRA VIDYA NIKETAN, NH-46, KEONJHAR, ODISHA

Name: RAINA BANERJEE Class: XII SCI

Roll No.:
 CERTIFICATE

Name: RAINA BANERJEE Class: XII SCI

Roll No.:

Institution: Rabindra Vidya Niketan, Keonjhar, Odisha

This is certified to be the bonafide project work entitled “TO STUDY THE
EFFECTS OF MOBILE RADIATION ON HUMAN BODY”, in the subject of BIOLOGY
has been done by Raina Banerjee, class XII under the guidance and supervision
of Ms. Manisha Rath, during the academic year 2024-2025 ,and submitted to
AISSCE examination conducted by CBSE at Rabindra Vidya Niketan school,
Keonjhar.
She has carried out the project completely under my supervision and guidance. I
certify that the project work on biology contains all the required information
needed along with the meeting of standards and demands of the CBSE rules and
guidelines.

Signature of the guide Signature of the external examiner

Signature of the principal

Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my respected teacher

Ms. Manisha Rath, who gave me the golden opportunity to do the wonderful
project “To Study The Effects Of Mobile Radiation On The Human Body”. This
experiment has given me many new insights regarding how mobile radiations
impact our body and our functioning overall. I would like to thank my school for
providing me with facilities required to do my project.
Secondly I would like to thank my parents and dear friends who helped me a lot
in preparing for my assignment within the limited time frame. My thanks and
appreciation also goes to my fellow classmates and to the people who have
willingly helped me out with the best of their abilities.

With best regards

RAINA BANEREE
CLASS-XII
AISSCE ROLL NO.-
 INDEX
SL. NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1. Mobile phones 5
2. What is radiation? 7
3. What is electromagnetic radiation? 8
4. How base stations work? 9
5. Health hazards of base stations 10
6. Mobile radiation and health 11
7. Effects of mobile radiation on living tissue 14
8. Can mobile radiations cause cancer? 17
9. Tips for reducing effect of mobile radiation 18
10. Conclusion 19
11. Bibliography 19
 MOBILE PHONES
A mobile phone is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link
while moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network
provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By
contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base
station. The first hand-held cell phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin
Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 4.4 pounds (2 kg). In 1983, the
DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially available. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide
mobile phone subscriptions grew from zero to over 7 billion, penetrating 100 % of the global
population and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid. In 2014, the top cell phone
manufacturers were Samsung, Nokia, Apple, and LG.
Early cellphones were just for talking. Gradually, features like voicemail were added, but the
main purpose was talk. Eventually, cell phone manufacturers began to realize that they could
integrate other technologies into their phone and expand its features. The earliest smart
phones let users access email, and use the phone as a fax machine, pager, and address
book.
Just in recent years, cellphone designs have actually started to become larger and simpler,
making room for a larger screen and less buttons. Because phones have become mobile
media devices, the most desirable aspect is a large, clear, high-definition screen for optimal
web viewing. Even the keyboard is being taken away, replaced by a touch screen keyboard
that only comes out when you need it.
Some Common Features to All Mobile Handsets
The common components found on all phones are:
 A battery, providing the power source for the phone functions.
 An input mechanism to allow the user to interact with the phone.
 The most common input mechanism is a keypad, but touch screens are also found in
most smart phones.
 A screen which echoes the user's typing, displays text messages, contacts and more.
 Basic mobile phone services to allow users to make calls and send text messages.
 All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an account to be swapped among devices.
Some CDMA devices also have a similar card called a R-UIM.
 Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some satellite phone devices are uniquely identified
by an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number
 WHAT IS RADIATION?

Radiation is a form of energy on the move. Radiation is electromagnetic in nature, i.e., it

consists of waves of electric and magnetic energy moving together through Space at the
speed of light. We live in a radiant world and are exposed to both natural and man-made
radiation. Every second of our life, we are exposed to all forms of radiation such as
ultraviolet light from the sun and radio waves from radio and television broadcasts. When we
go for a chest x-ray examination, we are exposed to x-rays.
There are two types of radiation:
 Ionizing radiation

It contains enough energy to cause ionization.

Ionization is a process by which electrons are stripped from atoms and molecules. Its
interaction with matter can change chemical reactions in the body that leads to
damage in biological tissues including effects on DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – the
genetic material. Gamma rays and x-rays are two forms of ionizing Radiation.
 Non-ionizing radiation (NIR)

It does not have sufficient energy to cause ionization in living matter. It causes some
heating effect, but usually not enough to cause any kind of long-term damage to
tissues. Radiofrequency energy, visible light and mobile radiation which are made up of
electromagnetic radiation are considered non-ionizing.
 WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION ?

Electromagnetic radiation consists of waves of electric and magnetic energy moving together
through space at the speed of light. Often the term ‘electromagnetic field’ or EMF is
used to indicate the presence of electromagnetic radiation.
Different forms of electromagnetic radiation are classified by their frequencies. The term
EMF is generally used to cover fields in the frequency range below 300 gigahertz (GHz). EMF
Includes electric and magnetic fields from the electricity supply at power frequencies, and
radio waves from TV, radio and mobile phones, radar and satellite communications. Many
home devices also transmit EMF such as cordless phones and radio-controlled toys.
 WHAT IS A BASE STATION ?

The term base station is used in the context of mobile telephones, wireless computer
networking and other wireless communications and in land surveying: In surveying it is a GPS
receiver at a known position, while in wireless communications it is a transceiver connecting
a number of other devices to one another and/or to a wider area. In mobile telephones it
provides the connection between mobile phones and the wider telephone network.
 HEALTH HAZARDS OF BASE STATIONS

Another area of concern is the radiation emitted by the fixed infrastructure used in mobile
telephony, such as base stations and their antennas, which provide the link to and from
mobile phones. This is because, in contrast to mobile handsets, it is emitted continuously
and is more powerful at close quarters. On the other hand, field intensities drop rapidly with
distance away from the base of transmitters because of the attenuation of power with the
square of distance.

One popular design of mobile phone antenna is the sector antenna, whose coverage is 120
degrees horizontally and about ∓5 degrees from the vertical. Because base stations operate
at less than 100 watts, the radiation at ground level is much weaker than a cell phone due
to the power relationship appropriate for that design of antenna. Base station emissions
must comply with safety guidelines. Some countries, however (such as South Africa, for
example), have no health regulations governing the placement of base stations.
 Mobile phone radiation and health

The effect of mobile phone radiation on human health is a subject of interest and study
worldwide, as a result of the increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world. As of
November 2011, there were more than 6 billion subscriptions worldwide. Mobile phones use
electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range. Other digital wireless systems, such as
data communication networks, produce similar radiation.
 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified mobile phone radiation as
Group 2B - possibly carcinogenic (not Group 2A - probably carcinogenic - nor the dangerous
Group 1). That means that there "could be some risk" of carcinogenicity, so additional
research into the long-term, heavy use of mobile phones needs to be conducted. The WHO
added that to date, no adverse health effects have been established as being caused by
mobile phone use". Some national radiation advisory authorities have recommended measures
to minimize exposure to their citizens as a precautionary approach.
Some of the Potential Side Effects Of Exposure To Electromagnetic
Radiation
 Blurry Vision
 Headaches
 Nausea
 Fatigue
 Neck Pain
 Memory Loss
 Leukemia
 Birth Defects
 Changes in Metabolism
 Increased Risk for Alzheimer’s disease
 Increased Risk for Heart Conditions
 Neurological Hormone Changes Linked Impaired Brain Function
 EFFECTS OF MOBILE RADIATION ON LIVING TISSUE

Radiation Absorption

Part of the radio waves emitted by a mobile telephone handset is absorbed by the body.
The radio waves emitted by a GSM handset are typically below a watt. The maximum power
output from a mobile phone is regulated by the mobile phone standard and by the regulatory
agencies in each country.
In most systems the cellphone and the base station check reception quality and signal
strength and the power level is increased or decreased automatically, within a certain span,
to accommodate different situations, such as inside or outside of buildings and vehicles.
The rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body is measured by the Specific
Absorption Rate (SAR), and its maximum levels for modern handsets have been set by
governmental regulating agencies in many countries.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has set a SAR limit of 1.6 W/kg, averaged
over a volume of 1 gram of tissue, for the head. In Europe, the limit is 2 W/kg, averaged
over a volume of 10 grams of tissue. SAR data for specific mobile phones, along with other
useful information, can be found directly on manufacturers' websites, as well as on third
party web sites. It is worth noting that thermal radiation is not comparable to ionizing
radiation in that it only increases the temperature in normal matter, it does not break
molecular bonds or release electrons from their atoms.
Thermal Effects
One well-understood effect of microwave radiation is dielectric heating, in which any
dielectric material (such as living tissue) is heated by rotations of polar molecules induced
by the electromagnetic field. In the case of a person using a cell phone, most of the
heating effect will occur at the surface of the head, causing its temperature to increase by
a fraction of a degree. In this case, the level of temperature increase is an order of
magnitude less than that obtained during the exposure of the head to direct sunlight. The
brain's blood circulation is capable of disposing of excess heat by increasing local blood
flow. However, the cornea of the eye does not have this temperature regulation mechanism
and exposure of 2–3 hours duration has been reported to produce cataracts in rabbits' eyes
at SAR values from 100–140 W/kg, which produced lenticular temperatures of 41°C. This has
known to cause premature cataract in humans.
Thermal effects have also known to cause harm to ear drum and impair hearing in the long
term.

THERMAL IMAGE OF RADIATION ABSORPTION IN THREE AGE GROUPS- 5 YEARS, 15 YEARS, AND ADULT
Blood–Brain Barrier Effects
There were many researches and hypothesis before stating that mobile radiations affect the
blood brain barrier. But recent studies and research found that non thermal radiofrequency
field does not hamper the permeability of the blood brain barrier in any way.
Until now there is no concrete evidence that mobile phone radiations hamper cerebral blood
flow.

Cognitive Effects
Studies were conducted to observe the effects of exposure of radiations emitted by
standard GSM phones on the cognitive functions of humans. It was found that right handed
people on exposure to the GSM radiations on the left side of the brain showed slower
responses than on left handed people exposed to right side. This confirms that mobile
radiations have harmful effects on the brain function of humans.
Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity
Some users of mobile phones have reported feeling several unspecific symptoms during and
after its use; ranging from burning and tingling sensations in the skin of the head and
extremities, fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness, loss of mental attention, reaction times
and memory retentiveness, headaches, malaise, tachycardia (heart palpitations), to
disturbances of the digestive system. Reports have noted that all of these symptoms can
also be attributed to stress.

Behavioral Effects
A study shows that exposure to excessive mobile radiation during pregnancy can cause a
risk of ADHD in children.
Sperm Count and Sperm Quality
Exposure to mobile radiation for long time for those men who keep the mobile phones in
their lower pockets for most of the time, increases the temperature of groin and the
radiation has known to cause considerable lowering of the sperm motility and vitality of
sperm.
 CAN MOBILE RADIATIONS CAUSE CANCER ?

Mobile phones have become an indispensable part of modern life. With their extensive
usage, concerns about potential health risks, particularly the risk of cancer due to radiation
exposure, have been a topic of significant debate and research.
Mobile phones emit radiofrequency (RF) radiation, a type of non-ionizing electromagnetic
radiation. Unlike ionizing radiation (e.g., X-rays), RF radiation lacks the energy to directly
damage DNA. However, prolonged exposure to RF radiation raises concerns about its potential
long-term effects on human health.
The key parameters include:
Frequency: Mobile phones operate between 0.7–2.7 GHz, classified as non-ionizing.
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): A measure of how much radiation is absorbed by the body.
Most mobile devices adhere to international SAR limits.

Research on mobile radiation and its link to cancer has produced mixed results. Some
findings are:
No Definitive Proof: The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for
Research on Cancer (IARC) have classified RF radiation as‚possibly carcinogenic to human‛
(Group 2B), meaning there’s limited evidence.
Studies Suggesting Risk: Long-term, high usage of mobile phones has been linked to gliomas
(a type of brain tumor) in some studies.
Children and Vulnerability: Since children’s skulls are thinner, they may absorb more RF
radiation, prompting concerns about their prolonged mobile usage.
Tips for Reducing Potential Harmful
Effects of Mobile Phone Radiation
 When on a call, use a wired headset or speakerphone mode. Use a Bluetooth
headset, which emits a smaller amount of radiation, only when talking. When not
using the headset, keep it off your body.
 Place the mobile phone away from your body when on a call.
 Do not carry mobile phones in pockets of pants or in shirts. Use a belt holster
designed to shield the body from radiation.
 Avoid using a mobile phone in a moving car, train, bus, or in rural areas at some
distance from a cell tower. Distance from a cell tower will increase the cell phone’s
radiation output.
 Turn the mobile phone off when you don't need to use it.
 Use a corded landline phone instead of a wireless phone, which also emits radiation.
 Avoid using mobile phone inside of buildings, particularly those with steel structures,
which increases the device's radiation output because signals are not as strong.
 Do not allow children, whose bodies are more vulnerable to absorbing radiation, to
sleep with a cell phone beneath their pillow or keep it at the bedside.
 Do not allow children under 18 to use a mobile phone except in emergencies.
 When making a call, do not hold the phone to your ear until after the person on
the other line answers. The device emits more radiation before a call goes through.
 CONCLUSION
The conclusion drawn from the investigatory project finally states the mobile radiation is
harmful to human health. The effects may not be noted almost immediately, but will be
causing adverse effects to the present as well the future.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 https://sahyadrihospital.com/blog/can-mobile-radiation-cause-cancer/
 https://www.scribd.com/search?query=Effect%20of%20Mobile%20radiation%20o
n%20Human%20Body%20&verbatim=true