TRANSFORTATION MANAGEMENT

TRAVEL AND TOURISM (WEEK2) FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF TOURISM

-Tourism has inevitably grown from a rather limited -Movement is one prime reason for the transformation of
aristocratic activity to a common phenomenon in human beings from the early days of secluded,
modern society animal-like beings to the modern social lifestyle humans
-During this evolution, the phenomenon has passed a enjoy today.
number of milestones, transforming itself into a modern form -Movement turns into travel when it is across a certain
which permeates deep into the social life of almost all distance (though there is no accepted specific distance
societies in the world. This multifaceted phenomenon has for movement to be considered travel).The nature, style,
already demonstrated its persuasive economic significance, mode, speed, comfort and safety when traveling has
irresistibly luring both private developers and governments transformed over time, surpassing many milestones.
to hastily promote it. -In usual contexts, travel is also referred to as a journey
-Domestic tourism contributes greatly to wider from one place to another. A journey can also be made
redistribution of income, international tourism is more to visit a place. It means that travel can be for various
important to the industry as it generates foreign currency purposes, which include visiting too. Visiting entails
through transactions of “invisibles” with consumers from travel, and some of those who take part in visiting are
abroad. called tourists based on certain parameters accepted
-United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), internationally.
receipts from international tourists’ spending on -This denotes that tourism involves visiting a place of
accommodation, food and drink, entertainment, shopping,othe interest, and is essentially a result of travel from one
services and goods reached an estimated US $ 1,220 billion place to another.The following extract from the UNWTO
2016 (UNWTO, 2017) clarifies the relationship:
- On the one hand, tourist destinations and -1. Travel refers to the activity of travelers. A traveler is
governments are engaged in developing and someone who moves between different geographic
promoting tourism rigorously, while people, on the locations, for any purpose and any duration. The visitor
other hand, are being persuaded to visit and is a particular type of traveler and consequently tourism
experience tourism. is a subset of travel. (UNWTO, n.d.)
- The “travel propensity” has already permeated -The above extract makes it clear that there are many
almost all societies in the world. types of travel, and with different purposes, but travel for
-The surging travel propensity and the consequential growth visiting can be considered tourism. All visitors are not
in the demand for services have invigorated the worldwide considered tourists. The reasons are discussed in the
expansion of the tourism sector. following paragraphs. All tourists are visitors and all
-Of late, tourist destination countries are facing intense visitors are travelers. However, all travelers are not
competition in attracting tourists, thus increasing the visitors and all travelers are not tourists.
dynamism and innovation in the tourism sector.
-Tourists therefore get more options, not only in what they TOURISM CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
see, but also in their experience. As commonly 1. Tourism involves movement of people from one
predicted, tourism is poised to grow further, and will place to another.
remain a very competitive sector, particularly in 2. The travel takes place due to physical or
terms of economic and social contributions. psychological reasons, or both.
3. The movement has to be from the place of
residence and/ or work to a distant place.
4. The visit has to take place in a different
environment from the usual, day-to-day life
environment.
5. A minimum stay of one day (24 hours) in the
place visited is required.
6. The stay should not extend beyond one year,
consecutively.

By:Mehludi
 TRANSFORTATION MANAGEMENT

7.The tourist visiting a place may have to take part in certain beach vendors, relevant government offices, NGOs,
activities, such as sightseeing. and educational establishments. Moreover, the tourist
8.The tourist, during the entire process of travel, should not ultimately has a single need, which can be satisfied
directly take part in any activity that would only when all the industrial elements concerned provide
enable him or her to earn money as remuneration. quality services/ products. Although there are industries
Throughout the travel process (from departure from usual that produce products of varying nature, the industry in
residence until return to the same), the traveler will have a total exists to generate an experience that is on par with
variety of needs, all of which will constitute the elements that or better than the expectations of the tourist.
contribute to the tourist experiences. -Generating a good “tourist experience” is
9. Different businesses offer services and products that the ultimate objective of the tourism industry, though
satisfy those various needs. The traveler spends money to each element has similar objectives in accordance with
buy those services and products offered, and this constitutes its product.
economic activity. - It can be achieved only when all the elements in the
10. During the travel process, the tourist will interact with industry aim at providing quality services and products.
different groups of people ranging from To put it simply, tourist satisfaction is attained only when
service providers to local community members. the tourist gets the expected level of service and
11.The tourism-related businesses and facilities use a variety products from the entire tourism industry. Most of the
resources, both natural and artificial, in order to cater for the industries in it have specific characteristics, though they
requirements of tourists. Consequently, tourists become the have a number of similar characteristics as well.
consumers of those resources directly or indirectly.
12.During the process of provision of services and products The industry has some common characteristics
to tourists as well as the consumption by them, a range of that are unique to some extent, including the
benefits as well as consequences will be generated on the following significant characteristics:
environment, society,culture and the economy. -Service orientation
13. Tourism takes place in an open environment and the -High fixed costs of service operations
external environment influences it in different ways. -People orientation
-Heterogeneity
TOURISM INDUSTRY -Geographical fragmentation of the industry
-As tourism has progressed, so has the industry, which -Dominant role of intermediaries
is now one of the largest in the world. It ultimately attempts to -Labor-intensive
satisfy the needs and wants of the tourists during the course -Seasonality and fluctuating demand
of their journey, which includes onward journey, intra- and -Immovability
inter-destination travel,return journey, stay, and the various -High level of interdependence Rigidity of supply
activities that form part of the visit. Leiper has defined it as
“the range of businesses and organizations involved in -The tourism industry predominantly consists of
delivering tourism products” (Leiper, 1990). This also points industries with service orientation. Transport services
to the diversity involved in the entity called the tourism and the hospitality industry, the two major industry
industry. elements, are classified as service sectors. Most of the
-The tourism industry is not a single industry or an tourism products also possess the characteristics of the
independent one. Instead it is a combination, an amalgam of service products, which include intangibility,
diverse industries. This diverse sector with different elements perishability and inseparability. Many are performed
provides different products that can satisfy different needs of rather than manufactured/ produced, as in the case of
the same consumer at different phases of their journey. goods.
-According to Riley et al. (2002), the tourism industry in -The tourist gains a total experience and each of the
general can include the hotel sector, transport, tour operators services sold contribute to it. Moreover, the product is
travel agencies, tourist attractions, conference businesses, produced and consumed simultaneously, and the
tour guides, tourist information services, souvenir shops, personnel who are with the service firms have some
consumer contact and are seen by the customer. The
performance of the personnel also matters in the tourist

By:Mehludi
 TRANSFORTATION MANAGEMENT

experience. The products have a time span and hence they tourists from their place of residence to their final
cannot be stored for future sale. It doesn’t mean that all the destination and on to various attractions.
products are intangible, perishable and inseparable. -Transport connects the markets in tourism generating
-There are also products with characteristics of “goods”. regions to destinations and facilitates the internal movement
Most of the tourism industries are characterized by high fixed of visitors between components of the tourist experience
costs and low variable costs. Fixed costs do not vary (e.g. attractions,accommodation, commercial services, etc.),
according to output level or sales revenue, and include rent, and can be a major element of the attraction or an
buildings, machinery, etc. A firm which has a large proportion experience in their own right (e.g.Queen Mary II, the Orient
fixed costs in comparison with the total cost is said to have Express, world heritage listed Semmering Railway).
high fixed costs. Hotels, especially upmarket hotels, have -The location, capacity, efficiency and connectivity of
high fixed costs. transport can therefore play an important role in how a
- The initial expenses for the buildings and arranging the destination physically develops, and significantly influence
required facilities are very high. This provides an opportunity the mobility of visitors and the connectivity of tourist
to offer flexible pricing. The “breakeven” point of all these experiences within destinations. (OECD,2016)
organizations with high fixed costs is usually at a much
higher level of output. Also, they require a longer period inTravel was one of the earliest human activities; even in
order to break even. the ancient era people used to travel using different
-Tourism, one of the largest industries and fastest growing modes of transport:
economic activities, has evolved through centuries to -Evolution of modern transport began sometime towards the
become a common social phenomenon that can be end of the eighteenth century when mechanized forms of
accessed by a large section of the societies around the transport options started to emerge.
world -Before then, animals and wind power were used for long
-In fact, all the social, cultural, technological and journeys. Public transport was limited and to a certain extent
economic developments which occurred after the end of transport wasn’t comfortable, safe or smooth.
the Second World War spurred the growth of tourism into -However, international travel occurred over land and sea,
its modern form. People engage in tourism with a wide mainly for the purpose of trade.
variety of purposes. -Once industrialization began, the stage was set for
transformation in transport technology as well. The
TRANSPORT AND TOURISM (WEEK3) emergence of mechanized forms of transport was an after
TRANSPORTATION effect of industrialization and it continued into the following
-The act of transporting, enables the movement of centuries.
people or goods from one location to another. It needs -Transportation then began only by providing necessary
an efficient system with necessary facilities, means and transport services for people and goods to move to other
equipment to transport people and/ or cargo. Transportation places.
is certainly the prime means and facilitator of growing -Advancements in transport technology were made and
spatial interaction the world over. roads were then improved.
-The very purpose of efficient transport is to ensure the -Railway-, canal- and steamship-based transport began in
smooth, safe and rapid movement of people and goods from this era.
place to place for various reasons. -More common carriers emerged and more scheduled
-The evolution and growth of tourism in a destination has an services began. The overall development in society led to
indispensable dependence on transport. Moreover, more motivation and more money to travel.
transport plays other key roles. -By the nineteenth century, rail travel had become the
-The Organization for Economic Cooperation and backbone of transport in Europe; in America it
Development(OECD) policy document on transport and was sooner.
tourism summarizes the role of transport with regard to -Organized tourism also began in this era when Thomas
tourism in the following way: Cook organized a trip using rail services from Leicester to
-Transport is a key enabler of tourism and plays a Loughborough in 1841.
vital role in moving -The technology advanced further, which resulted in faster,
safer and more comfortable travel.

By:Mehludi
 TRANSFORTATION MANAGEMENT

-The twentieth century has witnessed dramatic changes in 2.THE TERMINAL

transport. -Provides the access for the passengers. It is usually
-Modern aviation began in its early years, and towards the a built structure with varied facilities and services
end of the century it became a huge sector transporting more provided as part of the terminal. Terminals are places
than a billion passengers and employing millions of people. where the mode of transport can also be changed. For
-The automobile sector was also born and grew during this instance, a passenger arriving in a car can change their
same era. mode of transport into air transport at an airport.
-The introduction of the Model T car by Henry Ford in 1908 -Bus stations, railway stations, seaports and airports
marked one of the most important milestones in the history are examples of terminals. Earlier, terminals were
of travel. Within a couple of decades, the automobile sector simple structures that provided access to another mode
had set a tremendous pace. of transport. Now, the scope and functions of terminals
-In between, rail transport lost its prominence, particularly are being expanded. For instance, airports are now
the West, and ship-based passenger transport, especially in turning into mini cities with almost all the facilities and
the second half of twentieth century, lost ground. services of a city available within them.Privatization is in
-The introduction of jet engines in aircraft was another vogue in the airport sector as well.
milestone in the history of travel:aircraft could carry more
passengers and cargo at greatly improved speeds. 3.THE MOTIVE POWER
-Wide-body jet aircraft were commercially used from 1970, -Enables the carrying units to move and it is
and thus mass tourism philosophy began. fundamental to ensuring the speed, range and capacity
-After the formation of OPEC and the rise in oil prices in the of vehicles. Over the last two centuries, revolutionary
1970s, land and air transport was set back for a short period. advancements have taken place in the area of motive
-The introduction of deregulation in the US changed the fate power, which has resulted in much smoother, speedier
of air transport. and safer transport in short and long distance travels.
-Within a decade, air transport became a popular transport Since industrialization, motive power has advanced
mode. Air transport continued to grow and is still in a growth regularly and consistently.
trajectory as its influence spreads to more communities -On the basis of the medium in which the transportation
across the world. activities take place, transportation is classified into
three groups: land-based, air-based and water based.
Transport, Types, Linkages and Elements Each form has its own relevance and importance in the
- Transport represents not just the means of reaching places; tourism sector. A large variety of land-based transport
is a combination of different elements. The movement of forms are found in the tourism sector. Road
people and goods can be possible with the involvement of all transportation is one of the most important forms of
of them. All elements are interlinked. Each element has tourism transportation, and in the last century it has
different sub-elements as well. Cooper et al. (2000) identified grown tremendously. A wide variety of modes are
four basic physical elements involved in road transportation.

1.THE WAY
-The medium of transport, can be both natural and
artificial. Roads and railways are examples of artificial media
on which transport is undertaken. Sea routes and airways
are natural media. In this modern era of transportation,
privatization has been used in the construction and
management of artificial ways as well, due to the increasing
requirement of heavy investment.
-Once, road and railway investment was done solely by
public sector agencies. The “build operate transfer” (BOT)
arrangement is common in this sector across the world.

By:Mehludi
 TRANSFORTATION MANAGEMENT

PROVIDING MOBILITY ACCESS WITHIN A Providing Mobility Within Tourist Attractions

DESTINATION (WEEK4) -Some of the attractions require travel options within
them. For instance, an industrial tourist destination
-Transport provides the means of traveling in and usually requires travel within it so that tourists can
around the destination after arriving. Once a tourist visit different parts of the site.
lands in a destination, he/ she has to move within the -In wildlife tourism, exclusive transport is provided
destination for various reasons. From the airport where in many cases to go into the forest and to see wild
a tourist may arrive, transfer is needed to reach the animals in their habitat.
accommodation center -The type of transport in an attraction may vary
-Sightseeing and visiting various attractions are based on the type of attraction.
the most important activities of a tourist when he/ she -Fragile tourist attractions need transport forms
is in the destination. Different attractions may be suitable for them, e.g. more eco-friendly. Industrial
situated in different locations. Also, for consuming sites may have different types of transport.
other products, the tourist needs to travel.
-The mobility of a tourist within a destination is thus Providing Recreational Travel Options
crucial, as the primary purpose of the tourist in -Recreational transport is offered in destinations to
engaging in tourism is to visit attractions and enhance the tourism experience. At times, unique
experience them. It’s crucial to ensure suitable transport options are provided along tourist circuits.
infrastructure and adequate means of transportation to There are recreational rail services linking a
facilitate the mobility of tourists. destination with nearby cities.
-Hop-on, hop-off city tours are common in established
Linking the Destination with Tourism Markets destinations around the world. Bicycle tourism and
-One of the primary features of tourism is that the bike tourism are centered on recreational trips using
destinations are away from the markets and the simple transport forms to rural destinations.
consumers have to travel distances to access the -The Grand Canyon railway in Arizona, the Royal
products and consume them. Scotsman, Scotland, Place on Wheels, India, etc. are
-This makes the role of transport so crucial in tourism. some examples of rail services which are unique and
As stated in the beginning, transport plays a vital role attractive. They play a key role in attracting tourists.
in moving tourists from their place of residence to their Pleasure boats and dhows are also part of tourism
final destination, and connects the markets in tourism parlance. Different vehicles are used for recreational
generating regions to destinations safaris as well.
-Transport provides the means of travel to the
destination from the tourist’s place of origin and back Acting as the Primary Attraction
again.Destinations need to be linked with different -In certain cases, transport is the primary attraction for
tourist markets, as tourists, particularly international visitors. Transport can be a main feature of a tourist
tourists,come from different nations located in different trip when the form of transport itself is one of the main
parts of the world. reasons for taking the trip.
-For a destination, source markets are different -The experience of travel has much more significance
countries.One destination receives tourists from a than the movement of tourists from the origin to the
number of foreign countries. All these market destination.
countries, also referred to as tourist generating -The vehicle involved in the travel must be unique,
countries/ regions, have to be linked with destinations, with facilities and services for recreation. Cruise
and efficient transport systems have to be there to voyages and the recreation onboard during the course
make the destination easily accessible. of the journey constitute the primary attraction for
cruise tourists. Here, the role of transport increases
and holds the role of travel facilitation as well as
attraction.

By:Mehludi
 TRANSFORTATION MANAGEMENT

-Cruise tourism is becoming more popular, with -Moreover, many transport forms themselves can lure
significant growth recorded. Modern cruise tourists. Availability of recreational transport forms,
operators are competing with one another on a wide accessibility, etc. certainly contribute to the
range of onboard services and facilities in attractiveness of a destination.
the hyper-competitive cruise tourism market.
Determinant in Destination Success
Linking Host Destinations -Certainly, quality of transport is a crucial element in
-In addition to linking the origin and destination, the success of a destination. The evolution of the
transport is required to link different destinations as destination is influenced by the growth of transport as
well when a tourist is on a multi-center tour. In well.
package tours, this is very common (when the -The accessibility, quality of the transport services,
package consists of more than one diversity of transport provisions, etc. are factors that
destination). determine the success of a destination.
-This phenomenon of visiting more than a single
destination gained momentum when long-haul tours Major Contributor in Tourism’s
began to evolve. The distance a tourist has to cover to Socio-Economic Benefits
reach a faraway destination may tempt them to visit -Transport enables the tourists in spatial interaction,
neighboring destination( s) as well. facilitates cultural exchange, paves the way for
-The mode of travel between destinations may vary, developing understanding between different cultures
unlike the transport between origin and destination and societies, and has other social benefits. Moreover,
which is dominated by air travel. Road and rail travel transport is the major tourism employer and generates
also have significant roles to play in inter destination other economic and social benefits as well.
travel.
Transport: From a Geographical Perspective
Determinant in Tourist Experience -Transport primarily deals with time and distance.
-Transport, being an integral element in the tourism Travel distance is a factor in the accessibility of a
system, provides an experience that is also a destination. Transport facilitates the movement with
determinant in the overall tourist experience. Certainly, respect to place and location and provides the
transport experience is an important element of the essential link. It enables the spatial interaction
tourist experience. between different tourist generating regions and
-The nature of tourism transport experience is destination regions.This flow of people from generating
defined either by a single mode or a combination of region to destination is almost impossible without
transport modes, it still involves movement from one transport. From a geographic perspective, travel
location to another, and a degree of attraction or more occurs to satisfy human desire for spatial movement
precisely a satisfaction of wants associated with the and transport facilitates the process of movement that
actual process of traveling. The key distinction in has economic and budgetary costs.
transport for tourism tends to offer low intrinsic value -According to Page (1994), “transport results from a
within the overall experience and the tourism transport desire for mobility and travel, and the provision of
experience a higher intrinsic value. (Lumsdon and different modes of transport aims to facilitate the
Page, 2004) efficient movement of goods and people”. Traditionally,
distance has been a bottleneck in the evolution of
Contributor in Tourist Attractiveness tourism in many destinations.
-A destination with good accessibility and -The proximity of tourist generating countries with high
high-quality transport infrastructure can attract travel propensity has been an advantage for
tourists. Even if a destination has attractive tourism destinations in attracting international tourists.
resources, transport is necessary to draw tourists. European destinations could enjoy the benefit of
However, lack of quality transport can deter the growth proximity to rich tourist markets.
of tourism.

By:Mehludi
 TRANSFORTATION MANAGEMENT

-The transformation in aviation in the post-Second

World War era has eased the difficulties in long-haul
travel through speedier and cheaper air transport
services. Yet, the cost in covering long-haul
destinations is a determinant in tourist buying
behavior. The distance has a geographical
perspective. In geography, spatial differentiation is
used to indicate spatial interaction between two
places, which is the basis of transportation.

According to Ullman (1980), there are three major

reasons for spatial interaction and, therefore,
transport development. They are:
-Complementarity
-Intervening Opportunities
-Transferability or friction of Distance

In order to optimize the transport potentials,

In addition to the accessibility aspect of transport
destinations essentially have
for a destination,there are other aspects to
to ensure the following:
consider. The major roles of transport for a
destination include the following:
1. Quality Vehicles
2. Provision of an integrated, efficient multimodal
1. Basic requirement
transport system
2. Catalyst in the growth of tourism
3. Safety and security
3. Determinant in destination success
4. Good connectivity
4. Component of tourist attractions
5. Quality transport infrastructure
5. Value proposition for destination marketing
6. Proficient travel and tourism information services
6. Determinant in tourist experience and satisfaction
7. Proper signboards and guidance
7. Recreational Option
8. Efficient and quality taxi system
8. Special interest tourism option (e.g. for safaris and
9. Efficient drivers/ couriers
adventure trips)
10. Fair rate system
9. Business and economic opportunities

-An integrated transport network with convenient Multimodal Transport for Tourism
transfers between different modes of transport is -It’s always better to ensure a multimodal transport
essential, as are reasonably priced system aimed at tourists is used in destinations.
travel options. Within the destinations, tourists need a Indeed, every destination will have different transport
choice of transport to transfer between port of arrival options. Some have a good road network. Rail
and their final destination. In most cases, tourism has transport may also be of a high standard. Airport
been developed in areas where extensive terminals and seaports may be an option. Public
transportation networks were in place and the transport as well as dedicated tourist transport
potential for further development was available. mechanisms are found in most tourist destinations.
Tourism demand has stimulated the rapid development However, these varied transport forms and
of transportation. infrastructure may not have been organized enough to
ensure a smoother and efficient travel experience for
In order to optimize the transport potentials, tourists.
destinations essentially have to ensure the -An integrated approach to transport encompassing all
following: forms or at least more than one form of travel

By:Mehludi
 TRANSFORTATION MANAGEMENT

can ensure hassle-free travel around a destination. An almost all locations. Within the destinations, use of
integrated transport network can enable a tourist general transport services is very common among
to visit destinations and enjoy tourism with minimum tourists, except package tourists. International tourist
difficulties associated with changing transport travel also depends much on regular transport
and separate bookings for different transport types. services. The majority of international tourists use
Though different forms of transport may be used, scheduled air services for accessing destinations.
a single contract or ticket can often be enough to travel -Dedicated tourism transport services are also
the entire journey – making it more straightforward for present. Charter tour operation is in vogue in many
the tourist. regions. Both long haul and short-haul tourism rely on
charter services for tourist arrival and return. Coaches
TOURISM TRANSPORT:NATURE AND TYPES are also used intensively in tourism in many locations.
(WEEK5) Dedicated transport is usually part of package tourism
-Tourist transport has certain special characteristics services
compared to other passenger transport sectors -Experiential tourist transport refers to those
-Seasonality is one factor that influences tourism transport services that provide a unique experience for
transport, particularly in respect of variation in tourists as part of the tourism offering. Traveling on a
transport demand. vintage train along a hilly rail route can provide a
-Destinations that are more affected by seasonality mesmerizing experience. Luxury tourist transport is
are prone to increased variations in transport demand common in tourism. This aims to offer better comfort
and supply. Price elasticity is another factor. and service.
-Some of the transport forms face elasticity of demand. -Luxury tourist trains are the best examples for this
As price increases demand may decrease. For category of transport services.
instance, the air transport sector is one in which price -Recreational transport is widely used in tourism.
elasticity can be seen. Some of the transport sectors Recreational transport includes, among others: bikes,
are highly capital-intensive. bicycles, hopon, hop-off buses, safari vehicles,
-Cruise tourism operation is possible only when the pleasure boats and dhows.
cruise ship is ready to undertake service. Obtaining a -The use of multi-purpose vehicles, such as motor
ship is a costly affair. The same is true for air transport. homes, campervans, travel trailers, RV trailers, etc. is
Purchasing aircraft necessitates huge investment. on the increase in tourism.
Another feature of tourism transport is the presence of
too many regulations. This is applicable to some of the Factors Influencing Tourist Transport
transport forms, such as air transport. It makes the Selection
sector’s “barriers of entry” quite high. -Tourist choice of transportation can have varied
-Also, “oligopoly” is a feature of a few transport influencing factors. Usually a combination of different
sectors. Cruise tourism is dominated by a few factors will come into play during the transport
cruise liners. Airline sectors also feature oligopolies. selection process. Different types of tourists have
Tourism transport in general possesses the common different needs and consequently transport selection
service characteristics, including intangibility, determinants will also vary.
perishability and inseparability. With regard to tourism,
the following types of transport can be identified: Still, there are some common determinants/
1. General passenger transport factors in the selection of transport by tourists:
2. Dedicated tourist transport 1. Distance
3. Experiential tourist transport 2. Availability
4. Luxury tourist transport 3. Schedule
5. Recreational transport 4. Frequency
6. Multipurpose tourist transport (e.g. campervan) 5. Route
-Though not meant primarily for tourism, general 6. Convenience
passenger transport is a viable option for tourists in 7. Speed

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 TRANSFORTATION MANAGEMENT

8. Price -Transport is a facilitator of tourism growth and it links

9. Reliability the destination with its tourism markets.
10. Safety and security -Providing mobility and access within a destination and
11. Quality of service mobility within tourist attractions are some other
12. Type of tour functions that transport plays in tourism. Transport also
13. Unique experience/ recreation provides recreational options for tourists.
-Indeed, transport supply in tourism has expanded
Tourism Demand and Transport and now destinations are competing on the basis of
-Defining tourism demand is a difficult task as there various transport options to enhance the travel
are different approaches pertaining to it. A simple one experience for tourists and to make tourism transport
is a geographers’ view. According to this view, more attractive.
tourism demand is the “total number of persons who -Destinations are essentially enhancing their
travel or wish to travel, to use tourist facilities and accessibility to compete internationally.
services at places away from their places of work and
residence” (Mathieson and Wall, 1982).
-The UNWTO’s 2017 Tourism Highlights reveals that
there were around 1.2 billion international tourist
arrivals in 2016 (UNWTO, 2017). Domestic tourist
arrivals are much more than the international arrival
figures. This shows the quantum of tourism demand as
well. These numbers are not the number of tourists,
but rather the number of trips, which means that even
if one individual makes more than one trip, it will be
counted separately.
-Hence the numbers given are certainly more than the
actual number of tourists. According to Tourism
Towards 2030, a forecast by UNWTO, the number of
international tourist arrivals worldwide is expected to
increase by an average of 3.3 per cent per year
between 2010 and 2030. By 2030, international tourist
arrivals worldwide are expected to reach 1.8 billion
(UNWTO, 2017). UNWTO also reports that air and
land (road and rail) are the most widely used means of
transport by international tourist arrivals, the demand
for tourism transport is also steadily increasing, which
necessitates an increase in transport supply.
-Indeed, transport supply in tourism has expanded
and now destinations are competing on the basis of
transport options to enhance travel experience for
tourists and to make tourism transport more attractive.
-Transportation is a crucial sector of any country in
the world and plays a critical role in economic
development.
-It is classified on the basis of the medium in which the
travel takes place; as air transportation, water
transportation and surface transportation.
-Various modes of transport are interlinked and
interconnected.

By:Mehludi
TRANSFORTATION MANAGEMENT

By:Mehludi