CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents the theories involved in this research. It consists of

theory development mastery of vocabulary, the basic concept of TikTok for
learning vocabulary, the basic concept of frequency of media consumption, and the
students' frequency in watching English Tiktok videos and their vocabulary
Mastery.

A. Vocabulary

Vocabulary is a crucial aspect of language, encompassing a complex network

of words and phrases essential for communication (Nation, 2013). It represents the
range of lexemes that a language learner or user knows and utilizes, playing a
pivotal role in both understanding and producing language (Schmitt, 2014).
Vocabulary forms the foundation of language, as it is integral to both the historical
development of languages and the process by which individuals acquire their first
and additional languages (Thornbury, 2017). Without a robust vocabulary, effective
communication would be impossible.

In the study of vocabulary, two primary types are essential for learners:
receptive and productive vocabulary. Receptive vocabulary refers to the words that
learners can recognize and comprehend when they encounter them in reading or
listening. These words are understood passively and do not necessarily require
active use in everyday communication. Conversely, productive vocabulary includes
words that learners can actively use in speaking and writing. This type of
vocabulary reflects a learner's ability to apply and manipulate words in various
contexts, demonstrating their practical command of the language.

Receptive vocabulary is critical as it allows learners to understand and

process information, while productive vocabulary enables them to express ideas
and engage in meaningful communication. Effective language acquisition involves
developing both types of vocabulary. Strategies for enhancing vocabulary include
contextual learning, where words are taught within meaningful contexts, and active

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practice, which involves using new words in various communication scenarios.
Mastery of these vocabulary types supports overall language proficiency, enabling
learners to communicate more effectively and confidently. Thus, a comprehensive
approach to vocabulary development is essential for achieving fluency and
successful communication in any language.

1. Concept of English Vocabulary

The concept of English vocabulary is fundamental to mastering the language,

involving the complete range of words and phrases used for communication. This
includes not just recognizing individual words and their meanings, but also
understanding their various forms and grammatical structures, such as prefixes,
suffixes, and verb tenses. Effective vocabulary use requires grasping the nuances
of word meanings, which can vary depending on context. For example, the term
"light" might refer to illumination, weight, or metaphorically to ease. As Nation
(2013) suggests, vocabulary knowledge encompasses both form and meaning, as
well as the ability to use words correctly in different contexts.

Vocabulary also involves recognizing and using idiomatic expressions and

collocations common word pairings that are crucial for natural-sounding language.
Schmitt (2019) emphasizes that understanding collocations and idioms is essential
for language learners to achieve fluency and communicate more effectively in
everyday situations. The distinction between active vocabulary, which is used
regularly in speaking and writing, and passive vocabulary, which is understood but
not actively used, highlights different levels of language engagement (Webb &
Nation, 2017).

Learning vocabulary is not just about memorizing words but also about
integrating them into practical use. Techniques such as contextual learning,
repetition, and applying words in various scenarios support effective acquisition
and retention. Laufer and Hulstijn (2020) note that deep processing of vocabulary,
which involves using new words in meaningful contexts, leads to better retention
and recall. Cultural and social factors also influence vocabulary, as words can carry
specific cultural connotations and vary across different English-speaking regions

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(Pavlenko, 2015).

Additionally, various media can support vocabulary learning effectively.

Print media like textbooks and dictionaries provide definitions, usage examples,
and practice exercises. Digital media, including language learning apps such as
Duolingo and Memrise, offer interactive methods like flashcards and games.
Educational videos on platforms like YouTube and TikTok help visualize
vocabulary in real-life contexts, while social media and podcasts provide contextual
exposure through everyday conversation. Interactive media, such as websites with
game-based exercises and online courses, offer structured and enjoyable learning
experiences. Lin (2021) highlights that multimedia tools in language learning
engage learners by providing diverse and rich input, catering to different learning
styles and preferences.

To conclude, mastering English vocabulary involves a comprehensive

understanding of word forms, meanings, and contextual usage, and utilizing a
variety of media to enrich the learning process. By integrating learning techniques
and leveraging diverse media sources, learners can effectively enhance their
vocabulary skills and achieve fluency in English.

2. Types of Vocabulary

The types of vocabulary in language learning are categorized by experts to

understand various aspects of word usage and acquisition. Graves (2016) identifies
vocabulary as being divided into two main types: receptive and productive
vocabulary. Receptive vocabulary includes words that are understood when
listening or reading. This type of vocabulary is more passive, involving recognition
and comprehension rather than active use. In contrast, productive vocabulary
encompasses words that are actively used in speaking and writing, demonstrating
mastery of words in practical contexts and the ability to use language effectively.

Schmitt (2017) expands on this by introducing the concepts of active and

passive vocabulary. Active vocabulary refers to words frequently used by an
individual in everyday communication, both orally and in writing. This reflects an

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individual’s ability to not only understand but also apply these words in various
situations. On the other hand, passive vocabulary includes words that an individual
may recognize and understand but rarely uses actively in conversation or writing.

In additional Webb and Nation (2017) highlight the importance of academic

vocabulary in higher education. This type of vocabulary consists of words
frequently appearing in academic texts and is essential for understanding more
complex subject matter. Mastery of academic vocabulary enables learners to read,
write, and engage in academic discussions with greater confidence and
effectiveness.

Meanwhile, Nation (2013) also discusses the importance of distinguishing

between high-frequency and low-frequency vocabulary. High-frequency
vocabulary consists of words commonly used in daily communication, forming the
foundation of basic language skills. For example, words like "the," "and," and "is"
are very common and used in almost all forms of communication. In contrast, low-
frequency vocabulary includes less commonly used words, often specific to
particular contexts such as technical or professional terms.

Laufer (2018) underscores the significance of collocations in vocabulary

acquisition. Collocations are pairs of words that frequently occur together and are
crucial for natural-sounding language. For instance, in English, we are more likely
to say "make a decision" rather than "do a decision." Understanding and mastering
collocations helps language learners speak and write in a more natural and idiomatic
manner.

In conclusion, understanding the various types of vocabulary such as

receptive, productive, active, passive, academic, high-frequency, low-frequency,
and collocations is a key element in effective language learning. Mastery of these
types of vocabulary allows learners to develop their language skills more deeply
and applicably. This knowledge also assists educators in designing comprehensive
curricula, ensuring that students not only recognize words but also use them
confidently in diverse contexts.

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3. Mastery in Learning Vocabulary

Mastery in learning vocabulary goes beyond simply memorizing a list of

words; it involves a comprehensive understanding of how words function in various
linguistic and practical contexts. Schmitt (2014) explains that vocabulary mastery
is reflected in a learner's ability to recognize words, understand their meanings, and
use them appropriately in both spoken and written communication. This mastery
includes knowing the grammatical roles of words, their forms (e.g., singular, plural,
verb conjugations), common collocations (e.g., "strong coffee" vs. "powerful
coffee"), and how they fit into specific cultural or situational contexts. This depth
of knowledge is vital for communicating fluently and accurately in any language.

Nation (2013) highlights that vocabulary mastery also relies on strategic

learning methods such as spaced repetition, which helps with long-term retention
by revisiting words at optimal intervals, and contextual learning, which teaches
words through meaningful use in sentences or real-life scenarios. For instance,
understanding the word "run" not only as a verb ("I run every morning") but also in
idiomatic expressions ("run a business") demonstrates a higher level of mastery.
Mastery is evident when learners can recall and integrate vocabulary effortlessly,
using it with precision and confidence across various domains.

A critical aspect of vocabulary mastery is the understanding of collocations,

or words that commonly appear together. Webb and Nation (2017) emphasize that
mastering collocations such as "do homework" rather than "make homework"
allows learners to sound more natural and fluent in their speech and writing. This
understanding improves the authenticity of language use and helps learners avoid
common errors that could arise from direct translations or incomplete knowledge
of word pairings.

Additionally, regular and active engagement with vocabulary is crucial for

mastery. Gonzalez-Fernandez and Schmitt (2020) stress the importance of
consistent exposure to vocabulary through reading, listening, writing, and speaking
activities. For example, encountering a word like "sustainable" in multiple contexts
news articles, classroom discussions, or conversations helps learners fully

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understand its meaning and applications. Active usage further reinforces this
understanding, as applying the word in real-world settings solidifies the learner’s
confidence and ability to recall it when needed.

To conclude, vocabulary mastery is a multifaceted process that requires more

than just memorization. It involves an in-depth understanding of word meanings,
grammatical usage, collocations, and contextual applications. Employing effective
strategies such as spaced repetition and contextual learning, while regularly
engaging with vocabulary through active practice, is essential for building fluency
and precision in language use. Mastery of vocabulary ultimately serves as the
foundation for effective communication, enabling learners to express their thoughts
clearly and navigate diverse linguistic environments with confidence.

4. EFL Vocabulary Development

Vocabulary development in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) is a crucial

element for achieving fluency and proficiency in communication. Mastering
vocabulary not only helps in understanding written and spoken texts but also
enables effective interaction and expression in various contexts. Recent research
has highlighted several approaches and strategies for enhancing vocabulary
learning, underscoring the importance of context, repetition, and the teaching of
academic vocabulary. These insights offer valuable perspectives on how
vocabulary development can be integrated into language learning programs.

A foundational concept in vocabulary acquisition is the idea that words

should be learned in context. Hiebert and Kamil (2018) emphasize that vocabulary
learning must go beyond memorizing word lists. Instead, words should be
introduced within meaningful sentences and real-life contexts, where learners can
understand how they function in different situations. This approach helps students
grasp the nuances of word meanings, making it easier to remember and use them
appropriately. For example, teaching the word “run” by using it in multiple
contexts, such as “run a marathon,” “run an errand,” or “run a business,” helps
learners understand the word's flexibility and multiple meanings. By incorporating
context into vocabulary learning, students can better understand the cultural and

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emotional implications of words, which further enhances their ability to navigate
the subtleties of language.

In addition to context, effective vocabulary instruction includes diverse

techniques that enhance retention and application. Beck, McKeown, and Kucan
(2013) argue that successful vocabulary teaching involves direct explanations, the
use of visual aids, and opportunities for students to apply new words in varied
contexts. Direct explanations provide clarity on the meaning of words, giving
learners a strong foundation for understanding their use. Visual aids, such as images
or videos, help learners connect words with their corresponding visuals, reinforcing
their meanings. Additionally, creating opportunities for students to use new words
in different activities such as role-playing, discussions, or writing tasks—ensures
that words are not only recognized but also actively used. This active use of
vocabulary enhances retention and makes it more likely that learners will
incorporate these words into their everyday language production.

Another key aspect of vocabulary development is ensuring that newly learned

words are retained over time. Nation (2020) emphasizes the importance of spaced
repetition, a technique that involves revisiting vocabulary at gradually increasing
intervals. Spaced repetition strengthens long-term memory by reinforcing words at
strategic points, preventing them from being forgotten. This approach is particularly
effective for retaining a large number of words, as it encourages both receptive
(understanding) and productive (using) vocabulary. Nation also highlights the
importance of consistent practice, particularly in speaking and writing, to actively
integrate vocabulary into real-life communication. Repetition and practice are
essential for transforming passive knowledge of words into active, usable
vocabulary.

As learners progress in their studies, a focus on academic vocabulary becomes

increasingly important. Schmitt (2014) emphasizes that EFL students, particularly
those in higher education, must develop proficiency in academic vocabulary, which
is frequently found in academic texts and is necessary for participating in
discussions and written assignments. Academic vocabulary refers to words that are

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commonly used in scholarly writing across various disciplines, and mastering these
words is crucial for understanding complex academic materials. In academic
settings, words like “analyze,” “evaluate,” or “synthesize” are essential not only for
reading comprehension but also for expressing ideas and engaging in academic
discourse. Schmitt suggests that vocabulary instruction should focus on words'
frequency and relevance in academic contexts, which enhances students' ability to
understand and communicate in specialized fields.

Vocabulary learning in EFL varies significantly across different proficiency

levels. At the beginner level, the focus is on building a foundation of basic words
and phrases essential for everyday communication. Learners are introduced to high-
frequency words and simple phrases that enable them to navigate common
situations, such as greetings, asking for directions, or ordering food. At this stage,
repetition, visual aids, and simple contextual learning are critical in building a solid
vocabulary base. As learners advance to the intermediate level, the focus shifts to
expanding their vocabulary to include more complex and thematic words. Strategies
like learning idiomatic expressions and understanding word formation become
more prominent. At the advanced level, vocabulary instruction aims to refine
students' language use, focusing on specialized vocabulary, academic terms, and
collocations, as well as a deeper understanding of word nuances and connotations.

In conclusion, vocabulary development in EFL is a multifaceted process that

involves a combination of contextual learning, repetition techniques, and targeted
instruction. Research indicates that the most effective vocabulary learning occurs
when words are learned in meaningful contexts, supported by direct explanations
and active use. Spaced repetition techniques play a crucial role in ensuring long-
term retention, and consistent practice through speaking and writing helps integrate
vocabulary into real-life communication. For higher-level learners, academic
vocabulary becomes a key focus, essential for success in both academic and
professional settings. Vocabulary instruction should be tailored to learners'
proficiency levels, ensuring that the right balance of complexity and practical
application is achieved at each stage. These strategies help learners not only

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recognize new words but also use them effectively in both every day and academic
communication.

5. Strategies in Learning Vocabulary

Vocabulary learning strategies are essential tools that language learners use
to acquire and retain new words, with various experts categorizing these strategies
to facilitate effective language acquisition. Ghalebi et al. (2020), in their research
study "Vocabulary Learning Strategies: A Comparative Study of EFL Learners,"
identify various vocabulary learning strategies, including metacognitive, cognitive,
social, determination, affective, and memory strategies. They recommend that
future research explore these strategies across different academic levels, ages, and
genders to determine the most effective methods for vocabulary improvement.
Their study specifically focuses on memory strategies, highlighting their
importance in the vocabulary learning process.

1. Metacognitive strategies involve activities focused on self-regulation during

the learning process, such as planning, monitoring, and evaluating. According
to Oxford (2017), these strategies help learners become more aware of their
learning processes, enabling them to adjust their learning techniques to achieve
better results. Learners who frequently use these strategies tend to be more
successful because they can manage their time effectively and assess their own
progress.

2. Cognitive strategies involve direct manipulation of language material, such

as repetition or note-taking, to reinforce understanding and memory. O’Malley
and Chamot (2018) emphasize that cognitive strategies are crucial for direct
interaction with language material, such as practicing vocabulary through
repetition or using graphic organizers. These strategies facilitate deeper
processing of vocabulary, leading to better retention.

3. Social Strategies: These strategies emphasize learning through interaction

and collaboration with others. According to Gass and Mackey (2015), engaging
with peers, teachers, or native speakers enhances vocabulary acquisition

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 through meaningful communication. Social strategies might include group
discussions, language exchange partnerships, and practicing vocabulary in real-
life conversations, which fosters an interactive learning environment.

4. Determination strategies are used when learners attempt to discover the

meaning of words independently, such as by using a dictionary or guessing the
meaning from context. Schmitt (2014) highlights that these strategies are
important for self-directed learning because they allow learners to
independently uncover the meanings of unfamiliar vocabulary, strengthening
their ability to interpret and understand new language input.

5. Affective strategies involve managing emotions and motivation to create a

positive learning environment, such as reducing anxiety and enhancing
motivation. Dörnyei and Ryan (2015) argue that affective strategies play a
crucial role in language learning by helping learners manage their emotions,
reduce anxiety, and maintain motivation. These factors are essential for
sustained engagement and success in language acquisition.

6. memory strategies are strategies that help learners better remember and retain
new vocabulary, using techniques such as repetition, mnemonics, or
association. Nation (2020) states that memory strategies are very effective in
vocabulary retention because they utilize mental associations and repeated
exposure to new words, which enhances long-term recall. Techniques such as
keyword methods or creating mental images are very helpful in aiding learners
to remember vocabulary.

By understanding and applying these various vocabulary learning strategies,

language learners can significantly improve their ability to master new vocabulary.
Each strategy has its own strengths, and combining several of these strategies will
provide a more holistic and effective approach to achieving better language
proficiency.

6. Media in Learning English Vocabulary

In English Language Teaching (ELT), the strategic use of diverse media types

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can significantly enhance vocabulary development by offering unique advantages
in understanding and retaining new words. Each medium serves as a pathway to
engage learners in ways that are both effective and aligned with their preferences,
creating a holistic approach to vocabulary acquisition.

Textual media, such as textbooks, worksheets, and reading materials, remain

foundational in vocabulary teaching. These materials provide structured contexts
through carefully designed exercises, glossaries, and examples that allow learners
to encounter vocabulary in context. Schmitt (2014) emphasizes that repeated
exposure to vocabulary in context aids comprehension and retention, helping
learners internalize new words. Beyond traditional texts, digital textual resources,
such as e-books and online articles, offer flexibility and instant access to
dictionaries and annotations, which further support vocabulary learning.

Audio media, including podcasts, audiobooks, and language CDs, focus on

developing learners' listening skills while enriching their vocabulary. By exposing
learners to native speakers and various accents, audio media help refine
pronunciation, rhythm, and intonation. Vandergrift (2013) highlights that authentic
audio materials foster both phonological awareness and word recognition, building
learners’ confidence in understanding and using new words. Advanced features in
some audio platforms, like playback speed adjustment and interactive transcripts,
further aid learners in mastering vocabulary at their own pace.

Visual media, such as flashcards, infographics, and educational videos,

enhance vocabulary retention by linking words to images or visual cues. Paivio’s
Dual Coding Theory (2014) underscores that combining verbal and visual elements
engages multiple sensory pathways, improving memory and comprehension.
Platforms like Canva and Quizlet leverage this concept, allowing educators to
create visually engaging materials tailored to their learners’ needs. Animated
content, in particular, can make abstract vocabulary easier to understand by
providing dynamic and contextualized visuals.

Interactive media, such as language learning apps, websites, and online

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games, integrate gamified elements that make vocabulary practice enjoyable and
engaging. Through features like quizzes, leaderboards, and rewards, learners are
motivated to practice consistently. Deterding et al. (2011) highlight the
motivational benefits of gamification, emphasizing that these tools provide
immediate feedback and personalized learning paths, reinforcing vocabulary
through repetition and active recall. Apps like Duolingo and Memrise have been
particularly effective in engaging learners with interactive, game-like experiences.

Video media, especially on platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Vimeo,

offer a dynamic blend of visual and auditory stimuli to teach vocabulary. These
platforms allow learners to experience vocabulary in authentic contexts, from
instructional videos to real-life scenarios. Peters et al. (2019) found that video
content enhances learning by providing immersive language experiences, making
vocabulary more relatable and memorable. Moreover, video platforms offer
subtitles and playback options, enabling learners to follow along and review
challenging segments.

Social media platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, provide

informal yet immersive opportunities for vocabulary practice. By engaging with
posts, comments, and discussions, learners interact with real world language use,
including slang, idioms, and trending expressions. These platforms also enable
learners to join language learning communities, participate in discussions with
native speakers, and create their own content. This collaborative environment
promotes both active usage and contextual understanding of vocabulary. Moreover,
platforms like LinkedIn and Reddit introduce learners to professional and academic
vocabulary, broadening their language repertoire.

Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies are emerging
as powerful tools in vocabulary teaching. Applications like Mondly AR and
Immerse VR provide learners with immersive environments where they can interact
with objects and scenarios while practicing relevant vocabulary. These technologies
combine visual, auditory, and interactive elements, creating highly engaging and
memorable learning experiences.

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 Artificial intelligence (AI)-driven tools, such as ChatGPT and Grammarly,
also support vocabulary development by offering instant feedback and personalized
recommendations. AI chatbots can simulate real-life conversations, exposing
learners to practical vocabulary usage while allowing them to practice in a low-
pressure environment.

By integrating these diverse media types, ELT educators can cater to a variety
of learning styles and preferences, ensuring that students are not only engaged but
also comprehensively supported in their vocabulary acquisition journey. Gardner
(2013) emphasizes the importance of recognizing multiple intelligences in learners,
enabling teachers to tailor instruction to individual needs. This multimodal
approach not only maximizes engagement but also helps learners develop a deeper
and more practical understanding of vocabulary, equipping them with the tools
needed for effective communication in both academic and real-world settings.

B. TikTok as Social Media for Learning English Vocabulary

TikTok has emerged as a transformative platform in both social media and

education, particularly in learning English vocabulary. As a social media platform,
TikTok is distinguished by its ability to foster user-generated content, promote
interactive communities, and deliver personalized content recommendations
through its advanced recommendation algorithm. Marwick and Boyd (2014) define
modern social media platforms by their capacity to encourage user engagement and
build digital communities, and TikTok exemplifies these traits. Its unique features,
such as short-form videos and creative editing tools, allow users to express
themselves while actively engaging with content through likes, comments, and
shares. These interactions transform passive viewers into active participants,
fostering a sense of collaboration and connection.

The platform’s recommendation algorithm, as emphasized by Liu et al.

(2021), plays a key role in sustaining user engagement. By analyzing user behaviors
like viewing habits and interactions, TikTok delivers a personalized content feed
tailored to individual preferences. This ensures that users are exposed to relevant
material, enhancing their experience and extending their usage time. Moreover,

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Wang et al. (2018) highlight how TikTok’s short-form video format aligns with
modern attention spans, offering quick and engaging content that fits seamlessly
into fast-paced lifestyles. This innovative format promotes frequent interaction,
creativity, and content sharing, setting TikTok apart from traditional social media
platforms.

In the context of language learning, TikTok leverages these features to create

an engaging and effective tool for vocabulary acquisition. According to Leong and
Ahmadi (2017), multimedia platforms like TikTok enable educators to present
vocabulary in visually compelling and memorable ways. For instance, teachers can
create videos showcasing new words, demonstrating their use in context, and
enhancing understanding through visuals and sounds. This method capitalizes on
TikTok’s multimedia capabilities, making vocabulary learning more impactful and
retaining learners' attention.

TikTok’s interactive design further supports active learning. By encouraging

users to like, share, and comment on content, the platform transforms passive
consumption into active participation. Trends and challenges provide opportunities
for collaborative learning, allowing users to apply new vocabulary in practical
contexts, practice pronunciation, and receive feedback from peers. This
participatory approach strengthens vocabulary retention and enhances its practical
use in everyday language.

Additionally, TikTok’s algorithm-driven personalized recommendations

enhance the learning experience by tailoring content to match learners' interests and
preferences. This customization increases motivation, as students are more likely to
engage with content that resonates with their needs. As Liu et al. (2020) argue,
motivation is a critical factor in successful language acquisition, and TikTok’s
ability to provide enjoyable and relevant learning materials addresses this need
effectively.

To conclude, TikTok’s combination of short-form videos, interactive

elements, and personalized content delivery makes it a powerful tool for both social

26
engagement and educational purposes. In the realm of vocabulary learning, its
multimedia capabilities, collaborative opportunities, and algorithm-driven
recommendations provide a modern, dynamic alternative to traditional methods. By
offering a context-rich and interactive approach, TikTok not only enhances
vocabulary acquisition but also fosters practical application, making it a valuable
resource for contemporary learners.

1. Features of TikTok

TikTok has emerged as one of the most popular and influential social media
platforms globally, recognized for its innovative features that enhance user
engagement, creativity, and interactivity. Launched in September 2016 by
ByteDance, TikTok evolved from its predecessor, Douyin, initially focused on lip-
sync videos, into a multifunctional platform catering to a global audience
(Anderson, 2020). Its success is attributed to a combination of unique features that
align with modern digital consumption habits, including short-form videos, an
advanced content recommendation algorithm, and versatile editing tools (Kaplan &
Haenlein, 2010). These elements have not only transformed the platform into a hub
of creativity but also reshaped how users interact with and consume digital content.

One of TikTok’s defining characteristics is its short-form video format,

typically lasting between 15 and 60 seconds. This brevity aligns with contemporary
preferences for quick, digestible content, allowing users to engage with multiple
videos in a short time frame. The short format encourages users to convey ideas
succinctly, fostering creativity and innovative storytelling techniques. Furthermore,
the time constraint challenges creators to maximize the impact of their messages,
often leading to fresh and entertaining content that keeps audiences coming back
for more.

Complementing this is TikTok’s highly advanced recommendation

algorithm, which leverages machine learning to analyze user interactions, such as
likes, comments, shares, and viewing history. The algorithm curates personalized
content on the “For You” page, ensuring users encounter videos that align with their
interests. This personalized approach not only enhances user satisfaction but also

27
increases engagement by presenting relevant and appealing content. By
continuously adapting to user behavior, TikTok’s algorithm ensures a tailored and
ever-refreshing user experience, which contributes to the platform’s addictive
nature and high retention rates.

TikTok further empowers its users with a comprehensive suite of editing tools
that simplify the process of creating visually engaging and professional-quality
videos. Features such as filters, music overlays, text animations, transitions, and
special effects, combined with an extensive music library, allow users of all skill
levels to produce high-quality content. The availability of trending soundtracks and
popular effects fosters a sense of community and connection among users, as they
participate in shared cultural moments. This inclusivity democratizes content
creation, enabling users from diverse backgrounds to participate and showcase their
creativity without requiring advanced technical skills.

In addition to its technical features, TikTok fosters active user engagement

through interactive elements such as challenges, duets, and hashtags. Challenges,
often linked to trending music or themes, encourage mass participation by inviting
users to create content around specific ideas. These challenges often go viral,
uniting millions of users worldwide in shared activities. Duets enable collaborative
video creation, fostering a sense of community and creativity by allowing users to
engage directly with each other’s content. Hashtags serve as an organizational tool,
making it easier to discover content, join conversations, and participate in trending
topics, further driving user interaction and engagement.

Beyond entertainment, TikTok has found applications in education,

marketing, and social advocacy. Its short-form, dynamic videos are utilized by
educators to deliver engaging lessons, leveraging the platform’s appeal to younger
audiences to make learning more accessible and enjoyable. Marketers, on the other
hand, use TikTok to reach audiences creatively through viral campaigns, influencer
collaborations, and branded content. Additionally, activists have leveraged
TikTok’s wide reach and visual appeal to raise awareness about social issues,
mobilize communities, and inspire change. This versatility underscores TikTok’s

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impact as a platform that transcends entertainment to support learning, community
building, and brand promotion.

TikTok’s influence extends to shaping cultural trends, introducing new forms

of storytelling, and revolutionizing the digital content landscape. It has given rise
to countless viral phenomena, from dances and comedy skits to educational
“edutainment” content, redefining how people engage with social media. Moreover,
its global appeal has enabled it to bridge cultural and linguistic divides, creating a
shared space for creativity and communication across different regions.

In conclusion, TikTok’s success is driven by its innovative features, including

its short-form video format, advanced recommendation algorithm, and accessible
editing tools. These elements collectively create a dynamic and engaging user
experience, while the platform’s adaptability and global reach demonstrate its
potential to remain a dominant force in the evolving social media landscape. TikTok
not only redefines how content is consumed and created but also expands the
possibilities for digital interaction and creative expression in the modern era. Its
impact on entertainment, education, marketing, and culture positions it as a
transformative tool in the digital age, ensuring its relevance for years to come.

2. Benefit of TikTok for Learning English

In the modern era, English language teaching has evolved with the use of
various digital platforms, and one of the most prominent of these is TikTok. As a
platform that is widely popular among young people, TikTok provides a unique
opportunity for educators to engage and motivate learners by offering content that
is both relevant and entertaining. For English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners,
TikTok proves to be particularly valuable, as it allows teachers to create or discover
content that aligns with the learning objectives. For instance, teachers can find or
produce videos focused on various aspects of the language, such as pronunciation
guides in American and British English, grammar lessons, and vocabulary-building
activities. TikTok’s short, engaging videos, often featuring English educators or
native speakers, offer a dynamic and interactive alternative to traditional classroom
methods, thereby making language learning more accessible and enjoyable for

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students. The platform provides a vast digital library of English learning materials,
which is constantly updated with fresh content, further enriching the learning
experience for EFL learners.

Experts in educational technology emphasize the numerous advantages of

integrating platforms like TikTok into language learning. Mayer (2014), for
example, highlights the effectiveness of multimedia tools in enhancing learning by
engaging multiple cognitive processes. Multimedia learning, according to Mayer,
involves the simultaneous use of visual and auditory stimuli, which can improve
the understanding and retention of new information. TikTok fits this approach
perfectly, as it combines dynamic video content with both visual and auditory
elements, making complex language concepts more accessible and engaging. The
short, attention-grabbing format of TikTok videos appeals to the short attention
spans often associated with Generation Z learners, ensuring that educational content
remains engaging and stimulating. Whether through simple vocabulary exercises or
more elaborate grammar explanations, TikTok’s multimedia approach captures the
attention of students and makes language learning fun and effective. This
multimedia format allows learners to process information more easily by engaging
them in various cognitive processes, such as listening, seeing, and sometimes even
interacting with the content through comments or challenges.

TikTok’s unique appeal to Generation Z positions it as an invaluable tool for

modern language education. This generation is known for its digital fluency and
preference for fast-paced, interactive content. By incorporating TikTok into
language learning activities, educators can harness these preferences to enhance
engagement and create a learning environment that resonates with students. The
platform not only allows for the introduction of new vocabulary but also promotes
the practical application of language through real-world examples and authentic
materials. For example, educators can create videos that introduce new vocabulary,
demonstrate how to use it in context, and offer practical examples, which help
students retain and apply the words in their everyday language use. Furthermore,
TikTok’s repetition of content, through multiple views of the same video or

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exposure to different videos on the same topic, reinforces vocabulary and concepts,
aiding in long-term retention. This form of spaced repetition, coupled with the
varied contexts in which the vocabulary is presented, ensures that learners have
multiple opportunities to engage with and remember the words they encounter.

Research conducted by Plass et al. (2014) further supports the use of

multimedia platforms like TikTok for language learning. The study found that
multimedia presentations, which combine visuals, sounds, and interactive elements,
can significantly enhance understanding and retention. This aligns with the
structure of TikTok videos, where language learners are exposed to both visual
elements (e.g., gestures, images, and on-screen text) and auditory elements (e.g.,
spoken language, music, and sound effects). These combined elements provide
learners with multiple entry points to understand new vocabulary and language
concepts. For example, a TikTok video that introduces a new word might include a
visual depiction of the word’s meaning, a native speaker pronouncing the word, and
examples of the word used in various contexts. This rich multimedia approach helps
students solidify their understanding of the word and improves their ability to recall
and use it in conversation.

TikTok’s potential extends beyond just vocabulary acquisition. The platform

is also useful for practicing pronunciation, listening comprehension, and even
cultural knowledge. Teachers can create or share videos demonstrating the correct
pronunciation of words, with native speakers modeling the sounds and intonations
typical of natural speech. Additionally, TikTok allows students to listen to various
accents and dialects of English, providing them with exposure to different speech
patterns and helping them develop a more nuanced understanding of spoken
English. By engaging with content produced by people from different regions and
cultural backgrounds, learners can also gain insight into the cultural contexts that
shape language use. This exposure to diverse perspectives can deepen students’
understanding of the language and enrich their overall learning experience.

In conclusion, TikTok offers a valuable and innovative tool for modern

English language teaching. By leveraging the platform’s multimedia format,

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educators can create interactive, engaging, and effective learning experiences that
support vocabulary development, pronunciation, listening skills, and cultural
awareness. TikTok’s short-form videos, which combine visual, auditory, and
sometimes textual elements, cater to different learning styles and help make
complex language concepts more accessible. Moreover, the platform’s appeal to
Generation Z ensures that it resonates with a digital-native audience, enhancing
motivation and engagement in language learning. TikTok’s ability to provide
repeated exposure to new vocabulary, present language in authentic contexts, and
offer interactive content makes it an invaluable resource for enhancing students’
overall language proficiency. By incorporating TikTok into their teaching
strategies, educators can make language learning more dynamic, enjoyable, and
effective.

3. TikTok as Media for Learning English Vocabulary

TikTok is increasingly recognized as a valuable tool for vocabulary mastery

due to its dynamic, engaging, and multimodal approach to language learning. The
platform’s unique format, characterized by short and visually captivating videos,
fosters an interactive environment where learners can encounter new vocabulary in
a variety of meaningful contexts. The combination of visual, auditory, and
interactive elements on TikTok supports effective vocabulary acquisition, making
it a versatile tool for educators and learners alike.

TikTok's algorithm-driven content curation is a standout feature that enhances

vocabulary learning. The "For You" page presents personalized content based on
user preferences and interactions, exposing learners to vocabulary that aligns with
their interests. This tailored approach increases motivation and engagement, as
learners are more likely to encounter vocabulary that is both relevant and
comprehensible. By consistently presenting contextually rich and diverse language
content, TikTok supports incremental vocabulary growth through repeated
exposure.

The interactive features of TikTok, such as challenges, duets, and comments,

provide learners with opportunities for active participation and social interaction.

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Research by Godwin-Jones (2018) underscores the importance of context and
interaction in vocabulary acquisition, noting that platforms like TikTok foster these
elements effectively. For example, language challenges encourage users to create
videos using specific vocabulary, reinforcing their understanding and practical
application of words. Duets and comments enable collaborative learning and peer
feedback, promoting deeper engagement with the target language.

TikTok also incorporates authentic language usage, offering learners real-life

examples of vocabulary in action. From casual conversations to professional jargon,
the platform presents a wide range of linguistic registers and cultural nuances. This
exposure helps learners understand not only the meanings of words but also their
appropriate usage in different social and cultural contexts. Krashen’s input
hypothesis (1985) emphasizes the importance of comprehensible input in language
learning, and TikTok provides an accessible medium for delivering such input in
an engaging manner.

The platform’s multimedia approach aligns with Mayer’s Cognitive Theory

of Multimedia Learning (2014), which highlights the benefits of combining visual
and auditory stimuli for enhanced comprehension and retention. TikTok videos
often integrate text, speech, and visuals, creating a multisensory experience that
caters to various learning styles. This format helps learners associate words with
images and sounds, making it easier to remember and retrieve vocabulary during
communication.

For educators, TikTok offers a wealth of opportunities to create and curate

targeted learning content. Teachers can design videos that highlight specific
vocabulary themes, demonstrate pronunciation, and provide context for word
usage. These videos can be tailored to suit different proficiency levels, from
beginner to advanced learners, ensuring that vocabulary instruction remains
accessible and relevant. Additionally, educators can use TikTok as a supplementary
tool to traditional teaching methods, bridging the gap between formal instruction
and informal learning.

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 TikTok’s ability to gamify vocabulary learning also contributes to its
effectiveness. Features like trending hashtags, language-themed challenges, and
collaborative projects add an element of fun and competition, motivating learners
to engage more actively with vocabulary practice. Deterding et al. (2011)
emphasize the motivational benefits of gamification in education, noting that it
encourages consistent practice and fosters a positive attitude toward learning.

Moreover, TikTok introduces learners to modern and colloquial expressions,

helping them stay updated with current language trends. Unlike traditional
resources that may focus on standard or academic vocabulary, TikTok provides
access to slang, idioms, and culturally relevant phrases used by native speakers.
This exposure equips learners with practical language skills, enabling them to
communicate effectively in real-world settings.

In conclusion, TikTok’s innovative features and multimodal content delivery

make it a powerful tool for vocabulary acquisition. By combining personalized
content, interactive engagement, and authentic language exposure, the platform
supports effective and enjoyable learning experiences. As digital technologies
continue to reshape language education, TikTok exemplifies how social media can
transcend its entertainment roots to serve as a meaningful resource for vocabulary
mastery in a globalized world.

Several TikTok content creators from both Indonesia and abroad exemplify
the platform's potential for improving language skills. International creators like

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 Figure 2.1 TikTok English vocabulary content
@englishwithlucy, @theenglishcoach, and @bbclearningenglish are standout
accounts offering a wealth of resources for English learners. @englishwithlucy
provides engaging lessons on vocabulary, pronunciation, and English language
hacks, catering to learners at all levels, including those seeking advanced
vocabulary. The combination of clear explanations and real-life examples makes
this account appealing to a wide audience. Similarly, @theenglishcoach focuses on
practical lessons covering idioms, phrases, and real-life examples, emphasizing
vocabulary retention and comprehension. This approach is particularly beneficial
for advanced learners who wish to understand more nuanced language uses.
@bbclearningenglish, as a trusted educational source, provides high-quality content
across various language aspects, including series tailored for advanced learners. Its
focus on idioms, grammar, and pronunciation ensures learners receive well-rounded
instruction. @englishwithdenis specializes in sophisticated vocabulary, offering
clear explanations, example sentences, and pronunciations that cater to learners
striving for fluency. These accounts collectively demonstrate how TikTok can
support vocabulary learning through engaging, accessible, and professional
content.

Figure 2.2 Indonesian TikTok English Vocabulary content

Indonesian TikTok creators also play a vital role in enhancing vocabulary
acquisition. For example, @enankurniawan0 offers content that covers vocabulary,
pronunciation, grammar, and common phrases, often blending engaging delivery
with occasional advanced topics to keep learners motivated. @aarons.english

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provides bilingual explanations in English and Bahasa Indonesia, ensuring clarity
for learners at various proficiency levels. This bilingual approach bridges language
gaps, enabling more effective learning. Similarly, @ibuinggris incorporates real-
life examples to teach vocabulary and pronunciation, occasionally venturing into
complex vocabulary, which appeals to learners aiming to elevate their skills. These
creators highlight the diversity and creativity of TikTok’s Indonesian English-
teaching community, making vocabulary learning relatable and accessible for their
audience.

Figure 2.3 TikTok English Advance Vocabulary content

Creators like @antonioparlati focus on teaching advanced vocabulary,
idioms, phrasal verbs, and uncommon expressions. These are essential for learners
aspiring to achieve a higher level of fluency. Through engaging content and
contextual examples, such creators help learners understand and apply sophisticated
vocabulary effectively. Accounts such as @linguatip_com and
@learnenglishwithangela delve deeper into advanced vocabulary, exploring
nuances of word usage, context, and connotation. This in-depth approach equips
learners with the tools to master English at a professional or academic level,
improving their ability to express complex ideas. Such specialized content
showcases TikTok’s capacity to cater to advanced learners, providing structured
and high-quality learning opportunities.

To conclude, TikTok’s integration of visual and auditory elements, coupled

with its interactive and personalized features, makes it an exceptional platform for

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vocabulary acquisition. The dynamic format allows learners to engage with
language in innovative ways, offering bite-sized yet impactful lessons. Educators
and learners alike can leverage TikTok’s engaging content to build and refine
vocabulary skills. From beginner to advanced levels, TikTok provides a modern,
accessible, and effective approach to mastering English vocabulary, making
language learning more appealing and adaptable to the needs of diverse learners.

C. The Frequency in Watching English TikTok Content

TikTok, as a leading social media platform, has become an integral part of

students' daily lives. With its dynamic short-video format, TikTok caters to diverse
interests, including education and language learning. The frequency with which
students watch TikTok English content plays a significant role in shaping their
language skills, particularly in vocabulary acquisition and listening comprehension.
This frequency encompasses how often students interact with English-language
videos, the time spent engaging with the platform, and their level of interaction,
such as liking, commenting, or rewatching videos.

The educational potential of TikTok lies in its unique ability to provide

authentic and contextualized language exposure. Zeng et al. (2022) argue that
TikTok's micro-learning approach, characterized by short and focused video
content, aligns well with contemporary learning preferences. The platform allows
students to access English-language content in manageable doses, making it ideal
for informal language learning. This repeated and consistent exposure is critical, as
Zhou and Wang (2021) highlight that frequent interaction with language input
strengthens vocabulary acquisition and listening skills. By presenting content in
realistic and engaging contexts, TikTok helps learners internalize vocabulary more
effectively than rote memorization.

The frequent consumption of TikTok English content is supported by

Krashen’s Input Hypothesis (1985), which emphasizes the importance of
comprehensible input for language acquisition. TikTok videos provide a rich source
of such input, often supplemented with visual aids, subtitles, and engaging
narratives that enhance comprehension. Moreover, Mayer’s Cognitive Theory of

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Multimedia Learning (2009) underscores the effectiveness of combining text,
visuals, and audio to optimize learning outcomes. TikTok seamlessly integrates
these elements, creating an immersive environment that supports both
understanding and retention of new vocabulary.

Furthermore, TikTok’s unique algorithm tailors content individual

preferences, ensuring that students are exposed to videos that match their interests
and language proficiency levels. This personalized exposure fosters motivation, as
students are more likely to engage with content that resonates with them. According
to Liu et al. (2020), motivation is a critical factor in successful language learning,
and platforms like TikTok can significantly enhance learners' willingness to interact
with the target language.

In addition to vocabulary acquisition, the multimodal nature of TikTok videos

supports the development of listening skills. Xu and Peng (2021) note that authentic
audio input, as found in TikTok content, helps learners improve their pronunciation
and listening comprehension. Videos created by native speakers expose students to
various accents, speech patterns, and real-life conversational phrases, making them
more adept at understanding spoken English in diverse contexts. This exposure also
aids in the acquisition of idiomatic expressions and colloquialisms, which are often
challenging for non-native speakers to learn through traditional methods.

Moreover, TikTok serves as a gateway to cultural immersion. Many videos

incorporate cultural nuances, idioms, and references that help students understand
the interplay between language and culture. Chen and Li (2021) emphasize the
importance of cultural competence in language learning, as it enables students to
use language appropriately in different social contexts. Through TikTok, students
not only learn vocabulary but also gain insights into cultural practices, humor, and
traditions, enriching their overall language proficiency.

Despite its benefits, the use of TikTok as a language learning tool is not
without challenges. The platform’s primary focus on entertainment can lead to
distractions, and the quality of English-language content varies. Li and Fu (2020)

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caution that not all content is linguistically accurate or pedagogically sound.
Therefore, it is essential for educators to guide students in identifying reliable and
educationally valuable videos. By incorporating TikTok into structured learning
environments, teachers can curate content that aligns with learning objectives and
provides meaningful language input.

Another consideration is the balance between passive consumption and active

engagement. While watching videos exposes students to new vocabulary, active
participation—such as creating their own English-language videos—can further
enhance learning. According to Bai et al. (2020), active engagement promotes
deeper cognitive processing, enabling students to internalize vocabulary and
language structures more effectively. Encouraging students to produce TikTok
videos using the vocabulary they have learned fosters creativity and reinforces their
understanding of the language.

In conclusion, the frequency with which students watch TikTok English

content significantly influences their language learning journey. By providing
engaging, authentic, and multimodal input, TikTok serves as a powerful tool for
vocabulary acquisition and skill development. However, to fully realize its
potential, students should approach the platform strategically, with guidance from
educators to navigate its vast array of content. Recent studies, including those by
Zeng et al. (2022), Zhou and Wang (2021), and Khlaif & Salha (2021), affirm that
TikTok can complement formal language instruction, offering a modern and
effective avenue for enhancing English proficiency in the digital age.

C. The Students' Frequency in Watching English Tiktok Videos And

Their Vocabulary Mastery.
The frequency at which students engage with English TikTok videos can have
a significant impact on their vocabulary development. TikTok, as one of the most
popular social media platforms today, offers users an engaging experience through
short yet captivating video content. These videos often feature contemporary,
conversational language that resonates with students, providing a real-time window
into how English is used in daily, informal contexts. Regular interaction with such

39
content not only helps reinforce students’ understanding of various vocabulary
words but also aids in improving their ability to recall and use these words in
different contexts. TikTok’s video format encourages repeated exposure to
vocabulary in a dynamic, fun way, which enhances retention and supports the long-
term learning process.

The effectiveness of TikTok in vocabulary acquisition can be attributed to the

platform’s integration of both visual and auditory elements. These components
serve as contextual clues that help learners understand the meaning and proper
usage of words. For example, seeing a word used in a specific context within a
video, along with hearing its correct pronunciation and intonation, provides learners
with a more holistic learning experience. This combination of visual and auditory
input facilitates comprehension and aids in better pronunciation, which are key
aspects of mastering vocabulary. By incorporating visual cues such as gestures,
facial expressions, or situational settings, TikTok videos allow learners to connect
words with their meanings in a way that pure text-based learning cannot replicate.
This multimodal approach strengthens memory and comprehension by engaging
multiple sensory pathways, making learning more engaging and effective.

Recent studies emphasize the importance of multimedia and interactive

content in language learning, aligning well with TikTok’s unique characteristics.
Mayer (2021) stresses that multimedia learning learning that integrates both visual
and auditory components significantly enhances comprehension and retention of
new information. TikTok’s video format, which combines sounds, images, and
sometimes on-screen text, embodies this multimedia principle. The platform’s
interactivity further enhances its educational potential. Students can like, share, and
comment on videos, engaging directly with the content, which increases their active
participation in the learning process. This active engagement helps solidify the
vocabulary they encounter, as it encourages learners to not only passively consume
content but also to reflect, interact, and apply new words in their own language use.

Furthermore, TikTok provides a space for language learners to encounter and

practice vocabulary in diverse, authentic, and relatable scenarios. According to

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Chen and Wang (2021), frequent exposure to varied content on platforms like
TikTok allows learners to encounter new words within the context of everyday
situations. For example, a student might come across vocabulary related to popular
culture, current events, slang, or expressions used in everyday conversation. This
type of exposure is far more meaningful than rote memorization of isolated
vocabulary lists, as it helps students understand how words function in different
contexts. The frequent encounter with different accents, dialects, and speech
patterns further enriches the learner’s understanding, allowing them to familiarize
themselves with the natural flow of language and colloquial expressions that are
often not covered in traditional textbooks.

Moreover, TikTok offers opportunities for cultural immersion. Students can

learn more than just vocabulary; they also gain insights into cultural references,
humor, idiomatic expressions, and trends that shape the language. This kind of
cultural context is vital for understanding the connotations and appropriate usage
of certain words, phrases, and slang. For instance, students who follow creators
from different English-speaking countries might learn regional variations of the
same word, expanding their understanding of the global nature of the language. This
exposure fosters a deeper connection with the language, as students begin to see
how language evolves and changes in response to culture and society.

In addition to its linguistic benefits, TikTok’s short-form, visually appealing

content makes language learning enjoyable. The entertainment factor of TikTok
videos, combined with educational potential, ensures that students remain engaged,
even when learning difficult or unfamiliar vocabulary. This engagement, coupled
with the repetition that naturally occurs through frequent viewing, can increase
vocabulary retention. The brief nature of TikTok videos allows learners to consume
small chunks of information at a time, making learning less overwhelming and more
manageable. Repeated exposure to the same words in different videos further
reinforces vocabulary, ensuring that students encounter the words often enough for
them to be internalized.

In conclusion, using TikTok as a learning tool can significantly enhance

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students' vocabulary acquisition. The platform's integration of visual and auditory
elements, its ability to offer authentic, contextualized language exposure, and its
interactive, engaging nature make it an invaluable resource for language learners.
Regular interaction with TikTok content helps students not only learn new
vocabulary but also practice and retain it in a natural, enjoyable way. By providing
opportunities for repeated exposure to diverse languages, allowing learners to
engage with content in real-life contexts, and offering cultural insights, TikTok can
play a pivotal role in helping students expand their vocabulary and improve their
overall language proficiency. Therefore, incorporating TikTok into language
learning routines can be an effective and enjoyable strategy for enhancing
vocabulary development.

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