ELS REVIEWER
EUKARYOTES-double cell/multicellular
-protist
-amoeba
-algae
PROKARYOTES-single cell/unicellular
-bacteria
-archea
ANAEROBIC-without oxygen
STROMATOLITES-LAYER
MICROFOSSILS-the tiny remains of bacteria, protists, fungi, animals, and
plants.
BIOTIC-Living things in an ecosystem, such as plants, animals, and
microorganisms. Biotic factors also include interactions between organisms, such
as predation, parasitism, and competition.
ABIOTIC-Non-living components of an ecosystem, such as water, soil,
atmosphere, temperature, pH, humidity, salinity, and sunlight.
CELL-BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
HOMEOSTASIS-CONDITION OF LIFE
a SYSTEM is organized group of interacting parts
The STRUCTURE is the shape of the object.
The FUNCTION is the object’s specific role.
a BODY SYSTEM includes organs that interact.
an ECOSYSTEM includes living and non-living things that interact.
EVOLUTION-is the change in living things over time. The genetic makeup of a
population of a species changes and decent with modification
The genetic information is encoded in the nucleotide sequences of the DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid).
ORGANISM-have evolved to live and interact with other organisms.
ECOLOGY- deals with the interactions of living organisms with one another
and their environment.
CHARLES DARWIN-proposed that species can change over time, that new
species come from pre-existing species, and that all species share a common
ancestor.
PERTAIN BOTH:
MICROEVOLUTION- Small-scale changes that occur within a population
over a short period of time.
MACROEVOLUTION - Large-scale changes that occur over a long period of
time and can result in the emergence of new species.
GRADUAL-progressing slowly
HERITABLE-namamana/congenital
Survival of the fittest- best adapted to their environment are most likely to
survive and reproduce
POPULATION-group of species
ONTOGENETIC- development change in an individual in the course of life time. ex:
egg—caterpilar—chrysalis--butterfly
COEVOLUTION-happen when the evolution of the one species depends on the
evolution of another species. ex: flower and bee.
PERPETUATION OF LIFE
Simple organisms reproduce through asexual reproduction – offspring come from
a single parent and has the exact copy of the genes hence referred as "clone"
Asexual reproduction- is defined as the formation of new individuals from the
cells of a single parent. This is very common in plants and is less common in
animals.
Asexual reproduction- does not involve the union of gametes (sperm cell and egg
cell) and it does not change the number of chromosomes present.
TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1.Fragmentation reproduction- is a method of asexual reproduction in which a
piece of the body, or fragment, of the parent breaks off and develops into an
independent offspring,in fragmentation asexual reproduction the offspring will be
a clone of the parent.
2.Budding - Organisms that produces a bud that breaks away to live on it's own.
3.Parthenogenesis - is a form if sexual reproduction where females can
reproduce even without a male to mate with.
4.Binary Fission - is a type of asexual reproduction where a parent cell divides,
resulting in a two identical cells.Each cell has the potential to grow to the size of
the original cell.
Sexual reproduction - is the perpetuation of a new organism from two organisms
with the use of gametes. In this process, male gametes which is the sperm cell
fuses with a female gamete known as the egg cell to form a diploid cell called
zygote containing two sets of chromosomes.
OVIPARIOUS-Animals that lay eggs and hatch from them. The young develop
outside of the parent's body. Examples include birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
VIVIPAROUS- Animals that give birth to live young. The young develop inside
the parent's body. Examples include humans, cats, and dogs.
GENETIC ENGINEERING- Also known as genetic modification, it is the process of
altering an organisms DNA using laboratory techniques.
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION - is a process where humans choose certain
traits in organisms and breed them to pass those traits on to future generation.
SELECTIVE BREEDING- involves choosing parents with particular
characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more
desirable characteristics.
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS-It is a laboratory technique that separates and
analyzes biomacromolecules like DNA, RNA or Proteins based on their size, charge and
spatial characteristics.
CLONING- is the process of creating an exact genetic replica of an
organism, cell, or tissue. The copied material is called a clone. identical, or virtually
identical, copies of an organisms, cell or DNA sequence.
HYBRIDIZATION- it is the process of breeding two different species or
varieties of organisms to produce offspring called hybrids. Ex: tiger+lion=liger
GENE SPLICING- a process that involves cutting and modifying DNA to create
new organisms or produce useful products
PROTEIN IN GENETICS - protein are large molecules made up of amino
acids that are created from instructions in genes.
(A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T).
INBREEDING- Is the mating of organisms that are more closely related that the
average relationship within their species or population .Examples of inbreeding include
mating between parents and offspring,siblings or first cousins.
